eChapters

Principle: The copper in the Fehling solution is reduced to red, insoluble cuprous oxide in the presence of invert sugars like glucose and fructose. The quantity of sugars solution liquids for complete neutralization of a known quantity of Fehling mixture is determined by titration using methylene blue as the indicator.

(Lane and Eynon Method)

Government

Government is a territorial based body that makes authoritative decisions (for which it has constitutional or legislative authority) that are binding on residents and businesses within its boundaries. It is the executive arm of the state. Government refers to actions carried out within a formal legal setting; governance involves all activities of government along with formal activities even outside a formal governmental setting, which are meant to achieve common goals.

Governance is the process of governing through which decisions are made that are intended to affect societal outcomes, including economic, social, environmental and other important outcomes. It encompasses the direct and indirect roles of formal institutions of local government and government hierarchies, as well as the roles of informal norms, networks, community organizations, and neighborhood associations in pursuing collective actions.

Leucaena leucocephala, commonly known as Subabool or Koobabool, is a fast-growing leguminous shrub often used as fodder for livestock due to its high protein content and palatability. Despite its nutritional benefits, long-termor excessive feeding of Subabool can lead to adverse health effects, including dwarfism in livestock. This condition is primarily caused by the presence of toxic compounds in the plant, notably mimosine and its breakdown products, which interfere with normal growth and metabolic functions.
Nutritional profile of subabool
Subabool is a valuable fodder crop due to its high protein content (20–30%) and digestibility. It also contains significant levels of vitamins and minerals, making it a preferred choice for supplementing livestock diets, particularly in regions with limited forage availability. However, its nutritional benefits are overshadowed by the presence of anti-nutritional factors, particularly mimosine and its derivatives.
Mimosine and its toxic effects
Mimosine, a non-protein amino acid, is the primary toxic compound in Subabool. It constitutes about 5–12% of the dry weight of the plant and can exert toxic effects on animals through:

Background
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure used to obtain cells from a mass or lesion for examination under a microscope. It’s a valuable tool in diagnosing tumors in canines (Figure 5) and other species of animals, including humans.
Advantages of FNA
• Minimal invasiveness to the animals. Thus, no sedation of animals is required.
• Rapid results - Results are obtained faster as cell processing is not required.
• Cost-effective
• Risk-free
• FNA can be performed under image guidance, such as ultrasound, CT, and MRI, for precise identification of the location of cells inside the tissue.
• May be able to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors
• Can assess tumor grade
• FNA helps monitor treatment response. FNA is helpful as it can help pre-plan the treatment of the dogs. If the tumor is malignant, then the treatment can be given immediately, and if it is benign, then the treatment can be postponed.

Food extrusion technology is a popular means of preparing snacks and ready-to-prepare food items. It is a method of size enlargement in which tiny granular food or powdered particles are strengthened into bigger parts with various forms, texture, color, etc. Extrusion cooking or thermoplastic extrusion is a common extrusion technology considered to be a process of HTST (high temperature, short time). It allows the manufacturing of a wide range of food products with little or no alteration of the fundamental equipment and adequate process control. Extrusion cooking is used for starchy and protein substances to make nutritious foods. Generally, such products are rich in calories and incorporation of protein rich fish improves its nutritional value. Most of the cereal-based extruded snacks were primarily made from maize, wheat and rice. However, these cereals (e.g. rice) have comparatively low protein content (6 - 8 g/100 g db) and an elevated amino acid profile in glutamic and aspartic acid, whereas lysine is the restricting amino acid. Therefore, it is recommended that protein food ingredient (e.g. fish) be added to the extruded snack products to develop nutrient rich diets.

Fish is considered to be great sources of protein of high dietary importance with a balanced profile of essential amino acids and lipids containing omega-3 fatty acids, in particular essential fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. EPA and DHA are very essential to normal growth and development. To avoid or moderate coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, other inflammatory and autoimmune illnesses, these vital fatty acids are discovered. The benefits of fish-based extruded products will assist in providing a big population in the nation like India with nutritious and balanced diets.

All India Coordinated Research Projects

1. AICRP on Nematodes, New Delhi

2. AICRP on Maize, New Delhi

3. AICRP Rice, Hyderabad

4. AICRP on Chickpea, Kanpur

Definition: Agro-forestry is a land use system where woody perennials (or trees) are deliberately grown in conjunction with field crops, horticultural crops and pasture, with the objective of meeting various requirements of the farmers from the farm; it also acts as an insurance against the risk of uncertain / abnormal weather condition

Introduction to 3D Modeling Software
The world of 3D modeling has transformed design, enabling users to create digital representations of objects, buildings, and landscapes with precision and detail. Whether for architecture, product design, or art, 3D modeling software has become invaluable for professionals and enthusiasts alike. This chapter explores Google SketchUp, one of the most accessible tools for 3D modeling, alongside other popular software, comparing features, strengths, and applications.
Key Concepts in 3D Modeling
• Meshes and Polygons: Basic building blocks of 3D models. • Rendering and Texturing: Applying materials and lighting for realistic effects.
• Exporting and Compatibility: Sharing and integrating models across platforms.
Overview of Google SketchUp
Google SketchUp is known for its user-friendly interface and versatile tools, making it a popular choice for beginners and professionals.

Thrips – Chaetanaphorothrips  orchidii, Thripidae: Thysanoptera

It is a polyphagous feeder that attacks other ornamentals, herbs, fruits, vegetables, grasses, and weeds, but shows preference for Anthurium species. It is a widely distributed species infesting green houses and out door landscapes.

Both adult and immature thrips start feeding within unopened Anthurium spathe. Damage appears as white streaks on the upper and lower surface of the spathe, resulting in deformed spathe and bronzing of the injured tissue with age. In severe cases, spathe  fails to open and the foliage may be deformed with streaming and bronzing and thereby reduced plant growth.

Object: Measurement of absorption spectrum of chloroplastic pigments.

Material required: Spectrophotometer, plant leaves, ethanol, electric balance, beaker, test tubes and water.

1. Botanical name : Choerospondias axillaris Roxb.

2. Family: Anacardiaceae

3. Common Name : Nepalese Hog plum

4. Name in Indian languages : Lupsi (Sikkim), Lapsi (Nepali)

5. Description

Nepalese Hog plum is a evergreen tree that can grow up to 10 metres tall, though is usually smaller. The bole is buttressed and about 30 - 40cm in diameter. The plant is especially valued for its edible fruit and is being increasingly cultivated for this purpose, the fruit being used locally and traded internationally. It is also used as a pioneer fruit tree in reforestation projects. Currently products of Lapsi fruit are mostly consumed locally. Lapsi fruit tree possess immense potential for income generation for hill farming communities. In Nepal, the tree is known for its delicious fruit. The Lapsi fruit tree which produces pistillate flowers are locally called as “pothi lapsi” which is a female tree and the other which produces staminate flowers is known as bhale lapsi which is a male tree. In Vietnam it is known for medicinal importance and in China for timber usage.

Technical Term           Definition

Soil erosion                Transportation & deposition of soil particles from one place to other after detachment from soil mass.

Canine domestication is an age-old practice which started with guard for humans and other animals, dogs being the favorite companion animals. They have many positive social effects on lives of their owners including enhanced emotional sense and companionship and even reduction of anxiety and mental disorders. Though dogs have proven good for human health, it should be kept in mind that are prone to many disorders and infectious diseases. Healthy life of dogs is attributed to healthy lifestyle, good feeding practices and regular medical care. In addition, an equally important practice is vaccination. Since dogs live in close proximity to human beings and their environment, regular check on their immunity becomes essential, especially when kept as indoor pets. Their illnesses vary from minor issues like dental tartar to fatal diseases like tumors and rabies. Depending upon lifestyle patterns and subsequent body parameters, many predisposing factors increases the susceptibility of dogs to various diseases.

Selection is an important tool for changing gene frequencies to better fit individuals for a particular purpose. It may be defined as a process in which certain individuals in a population are preferred to others for the production of the next generation. Selection is of two kinds

1. Botanical Name : Chrysophyllum roxburghii G.Don

2. Family: Sapotaceae

3. Common Name : Indian star apple

4. Name in Indian languages

Pale pan (Kodwa), Bon-pitha (Assamese), Pulichakka, Noolambazham, Athappala, Mannanchakka, Aatha, Kappalam, Athapala (Malayalam).

5. Description

Chrysophyllum roxburghii is an evergreen tree with a dense crown. It can grow 10 - 20 metres tall, occasionally reaching 30 metres. The trunk diameter may be up to 40 cm. The tree is harvested from the wild for local use as of its edible fruit, for medicinal purposes and for timber. It is occasionally cultivated for its fruit and the wood is sometimes traded.

Agricultural University

17.1 Central Agricultural Universities

1. Central Agricultural University, Imphal Manipur

2. Rani Laxmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh

3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)

First aid is the initial treatment of a person suffering from a pesticide exposure, before seeking proper medical attention. The first action is to remove the person from the source of the exposure by removing pesticide from the skin, removing contaminated clothing, or getting the person to fresh air. While doing this, be careful to avoid contaminating yourself.

In the realm of natural elements, there exist approximately one hundred and three distinct elements. Among them, nearly ninety elements are absorbed by plants. To differentiate essential elements from those that plants can assimilate but are not vital, Arnon (1954) established the following criteria:

1. The plant must be incapable of normal growth or completing its life cycle in the absence of the element

2. The element is specific and irreplaceable by another

3. The element directly participates in plant metabolism

By applying these criteria, molybdenum and chlorine are not deemed essential, even though they serve a functional role in plant metabolism. This is because they can be substituted by vanadium and halides, respectively. Subsequently, D. J. Nicholas refined the definition of essential elements, replacing the term “functional or metabolic nutrient” to encompass any mineral element that contributes to plant metabolism, regardless of whether its action is specific.

The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed video creation processes, enabling faster production, improved quality, and increased personalization. This chapter delves into the role of AI in video creation, exploring its applications, tools, techniques, and implications. It highlights how AI-powered tools enhance scripting, editing, animation, and special effects, and provides insights into real-world applications across industries such as marketing, education, entertainment, and more. The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in video production has transformed the landscape of media creation. From automating mundane tasks to enhancing creativity through intelligent algorithms, AI offers innovative tools that streamline the video production process. This chapter provides a comprehensive bibliography of
key texts, research papers, articles, and online resources that delve into various aspects of creating videos using AI. These resources will be instrumental for scholars, practitioners, and enthusiasts seeking to deepen their understanding of AI in video production.
The integration of AI into video production has disrupted traditional workflows, making video creation more accessible, efficient, and innovative. From automating mundane tasks to introducing new creative possibilities, AI is shaping the future of visual storytelling.

1. Botanical Name : Cordia myxa Roxb.

2. Family : Boranginaceae

3. Common Name : Indian cherry, Lasoda , Goonda

4. Name in Indian languages

Lasoda (Hindi ), Chalhanu (Kannada), Bahubara, Bohari(Bengali), Gundomoto (Gujrati ), Aruvili (Tamil), Cheruviri (Malyalam), Bhokar (Marathi), Bahuvaraka (Sanskrit), Gondi (odiya), Chinnabotuku(Telugu).

5. Description

Cordia myxa is a medium size tree with a dense crown, that can grow up to 12 metres. The stem is stout. It is a multi-purpose tree and use as a food, medicine and source of wood, fibre etc. It is originated in Indian subcontinent but cultivated in western African countries for it’s edible and medicinal fruits.