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The term biodiversity is used by Walter and Roses in 1985. Biodiversity means the existence of a large number of different kinds of animals and plants which make a balanced environment. According to “Convocation on biological diversity (1992)”-Biodiversity is present in terrestrial, ocean and aquatic ecosystem. This diversity present in between same species, different species and in different ecosystem.

Environment: Environment means “surrounding”. First definition of environment was given by “Ernst Haeckel”. According to this - The relation between all organic and inorganic atmosphere of any animal is called environment.

Natural resources are the resources present naturally in the environment. These resources are used by human being for their survival. Minerals, building stones, forests, and various energy resources are known as natural resources. Natural resources have been extracted and utilized since ancient times but as the population increased, the demand of natural resources are increasing day by day.

About 25% of worldís total food production is lost due to insects, bacteria and rodents after harvesting.

Indiaís exports of Processed Food was Rs. 31563.43 Crores in 2014-15, which includes products like Mango pulp (Rs. 841.39 Crores), Dried and Preserved vegetable (Rs. 847.11 Crores), Other Processed Fruit and Vegetable (Rs. 2,569.93 Crores), Pulses (Rs. 1,209.51 Crores), Groundnuts (Rs. 4,675.35 Crores), Guargum (Rs. 9,480.00 Crores), Jaggery and Confectionary (Rs. 1,161.81 Crores), Cocoa Products (Rs. 848.62 Crores), Cereal preparations (Rs. 3,038.79 Crores), Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic beverages (Rs. 2,231.58 Crores) and Miscellaneous preparations (Rs. 2,437.77 Crores).

Medicinal plants are non-food non-plantation crops.

These are rich in secondary metabolites viz. alkaloids, glycosides, coumarins, flavonoides and steroids, etc.

Union government of India has started a project on 'Traditional Knowledge Digital Library' under which it is documenting all Ayurvedic formulations in a digital form to avert patent threats from companies in the developed world

Spices: It is defined as vegetable products (non-leafy parts) or mixture thereof, used for flavouring, seasoning and imparting aroma in food. It may be whole form or in ground form e.g. Pepper, Cardamom, Clove, Cinnamon, etc.

These crops are cultivated in an extensive scale in large contiguous areas, owned and managed by an individual or a company and whose produce is utilized only after processing e.g. Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Coconut, Cocoa, etc.

USA ranks 17th in per capita cut flowers consumption.

India ranks 2nd in flower cultivation next to China.

India stands 14th in the world in exporting floricultural products, while the Netherlands and Columbia rank 1st and 2nd, respectively

Olericulture is Latin term ‘Olerus’ meaning ‘pot herb’ and ‘Cultra’ meaning ‘cultivation’.

Definition: Vegetables are those plants wherein parts such as leaf, stem or root can be used for food.

Herbs: Are those plants that are used for food, medicine, scent or flavour.

GENERAL POMOLOGY

Word pomology: Derived from Greek word ëpomeí means ëdevelopment of fruit from inferior ovaryí and ëlogosí means ëto studyí.

Father of systematic pomology: De Candolle.

T. A. Knight attempted 1st artificial hybridization in fruit crops

Definition of farmer (National Policy for Farmers, 2001): A person actively engaged in the economic and/or livelihood activity of growing crops and producing other primary agricultural commodities and will include all agriculture operational holders, cultivators, agriculture labourers, share croppers, tenants, poultry and livestock rearers, fishers, beekeepers, gardeners, pastoralists, non-corporate planters and planting labours, as well as persons engaged in various farming related occupations such as sericulture, vermiculture, and agroforestry. It also includes tribal families/ persons engaged in shifting cultivation and in the collection, use and sale of minor and non-timber forest produce.

A pH meter is very commonly used for the measurement of the reaction of a solution or a medium. The pH determination with the help of a pH meter is based on the measurement of the electromotive force (e.m.f) of a pH cell consisting of an electrode sensitive to W ions and a reference electrode.

The quality of irrigation water is a crucial factor for long-term soil productivity. Poor quality water if used for a long time can make the soil less productive or even barren, depending on the amount and type of constituents present in it and the texture of the soil in question. Low or marginally saline waters sometimes appear to stimulate crop growth because of the higher amounts of nutrient ions present.

Accumulation of nutrient elements in plant tissues indicates the accessibility of the concerned elements from the soil to the plant. Although different plant species and even different varieties of the same species may vary in their nutrient requirements, composition of a part or of the whole plant may well be adopted as a guideline to support the soil-test results for factual assessment of soil’s nutrient supplying power.

Soil sampling is the first step of soil analysis. As very small fraction of the huge soil mass is used for analysis, it becomes extremely important to get a true representative soil sample of the field.

Pongamia pinnata or Mellettia pinnata or Pongamia glabra or Derris indica (2n=2x=22) is a tropical ever green fast growing leguminous tree, with glabrous, glossy and deciduous leaves. The tree is native to India and South Asia and also found in Oceania.

1 Hepatosis dietetica in swine is caused by

a) Deficiency of vitamin-E & Se

b) Feeding of high energy diet

c) Excess of unsaturated fatty acid in the diet

d) Deficiency of vitamin A

1 Ovine ketosis is more common during

a) Early lactation b) Late Pregnancy

c) Early Pregnancy d) Late lactation

1 Hypoxia caused due to defective oxygenation of blood in pulmonary circulation

a) Anoxic anoxia b) Anaemic anoxia

c) Stagnant anoxia d) Histotoxic anoxia

1 The focal point of any disease investigation in animal is making of

a) Treatment b) Diagnosis

c) Management d) Prognosis

1 The system that is most susceptible to hypoxia is

a) Respiratory System b) Cardiovascular System

c) Nervous system d) Digestive system

1 Goose stepping gait is observed due to deficiency of

a) Biotin b) Pyrodoxin

c) Pantothenic acid d) Niacian

1 Deficiency of which of the following trace minerals leads to parakeratosis of skin in pigs

a) Zinc b) Copper

c) Cobalt d) Iron

1 Study of distribution of diseases and the factors determining its distribution in a population is known as

a) Ethology b) Epidemiology

c) Ecology d) Etiology

1 The causative agent of red water fever in cattle is

a) Babesia bigemina b) Leptospira interrogans

c) Theileria annulata d) Theileria parva

1 The serotype of aphthovirus causing most outbreaks of FMD in India is

a) A b) O

c) C d) Asia-1

1 Which of the following diseases is also known as Equine Distemper?

a) Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis

b) Western Equine Encephalomyelitis

c) Strangles

d) Glanders

1 Many of active ingredients in chemically manmade drugs are derived from plant components

a) Pyrethroids b) Organophosphorous

c) Carbamate d) Organochlorine

1 In emergency medicine, first aid measures do not include examination of

a) Airway b) Breathing

c) Circulation d) Blood Pressure

1 Increased concentration of delta aminolevulinic acid is an indicator of toxicity due to

a) Lead b) Nitrate

c) Arsenic d) Cadmium

1 Delayed post natal diseases occurs within _______ days after birth

a) 10 days b) 2-7 days

c) 2 days d) 15-30 days

1 Application of lime reduces plant minerals namely

a) Ca b) Zn

c) Mn d) All of the above

1 Metabolic profile test to know the nutritional status of a dairy animal, by assessing the blood used components

a) Complete profile test b) Metabolic profile test

c) Compton metabolic profile test d) Dairy animal metabolism test

1 Inflammation of meninges and spinal cord along with brain is called

a) Encephalomyelitis b) Encephalitis

c) Meningitis d) Meningoencephalitis

1 The clinical manifestations of disease of muscle, bones and joints are generally characterised by

a) Lameness b) Failure of support to stand

c) Incoordination of movement d) All of the above

1 Condition characterised by bran - like scales on skin surfaces is called

a) Pustule b) Parakeratosis

c) Erythema d) Pityriasis

Lymphnodes are found in every part of the body except

a) Digestive system b) Respiratory system

c) Cardiovascular system d) Central nervous system

1 Homeostasis in kidney is generally maintained by

a) Glomerulus b) Renal tubules

c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above

1 Defective oxygenation of blood in pulmonary circulation

a) Anaemic anoxia b) Stagnant anoxia

c) Anoxic anoxia d) Histotoxic anoxia

1 Major haematopoetic organ in adults is

a) Spleen b) Liver

c) Bone marrow d) Kidney

1. Inflammation of pericardium or pericardial sac is known as

a) Endocarditis b) Pericarditis

c) Myocarditis d) Epicarditis

1 Inflammation of peritonium is called

a) Peronitis b) Peritonitis

c) Laminitis d) Oophonitis

1 True vomiting is seen in

a) Pseudoruminants b) Monogastric animal

c) Ruminants d) All

1 What percentage of body weight is intracellular water

a) 60 b) 40

c) 20 d) 15

1 The changes in functioning at the cellular level and establishment of disease process is termed

a) Pathogenesis b) Virulence

c) Prognosis d) None of the above

1 Diagnosis of a disease includes

a) Determination of specific cause

b) Abnormality of structure and functions produced by causative agent

c) Clinical manifestation associated with the abnormality

d) All of the above

Health is defined as a state

a) Where all body system function normally

b) Absence of disease

c) Activities continue within normal physiological limits

d) All of the above

Study of animal diseases at patient bed side for diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring and treatment comes under

a) Veterinary Epidemiology b) Preventive Medicine

c) Veterinary Jurisprudence d) Veterinary Clinical Medicine

Presentation takes place all the time in organization. We are required to make presentation in meeting, seminar, conference etc. The presenter should know certain techniques to make his presentation effective.

The extension professionals are interested to disseminate technology to the users. The users are rural people. The users of technology are to read and understand technology designed for them. Rural readers have different interests like, crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry etc.