eChapters

I. General information

1. Bonsai is defined as Japanese art of growing trees & shrubs by extreme dwarfing in a shallow container
2. Bonsai, the name is derived from two words, Bon & Sai
3. The meaning for the word ‘Bon’ is tray or shallow container
4. The meaning for the ‘Sai’ is to grow
5. Origin of Bonsai is china
6. In Mamie bonsai, plant height is 2-6 inches
7. In small bonsai, plant height is 6-12 inches
8. In medium bonsai, plant height is 12-24 inches

Bonsai is an art of growing and training of a woody plant in a miniature form in a shallow container imitating natural look of an old aged tree. It differs from a pot plant where either the foliage or the flower is the main criterion, but here the artistic look of the tree in a miniature and natural form maintained for many years is desired.

The word Bonsai’ is a combination of two Japanese words, Bon (meaning shallow pan) and Sai (meaning plant), which can be translated as “tray planting”. By growing the trees in shallow containers, the growth is checked or dwarfed but the plant is not starved. A properly maintained bonsai should outlive a full size tree of the same species. Bonsai is a small tree in comparison to its huge life-sized tree of the same species. Thus, Bonsai is specially trained ordinary tree or plant, not special hybrid dwarfs. Bonsai culture is viewed as a hobby that allows greater understanding and association with nature. This art of bonsai is linked with Zen Buddhism - where this art originated as pastime that merged with natural elements and developed into a unique method of meditation and expression. The bonsai is even expressed as “heaven and earth in one container”

Bonsai is developed from seeds, cuttings, layering or grafting from young trees or from naturally occurring stunted trees transplanted into shallow containers. Most bonsai range in height from 5 centimeter (2 inch) to 1.2 meter (4 ft). Bonsai is kept small and trained by pruning branches and roots, periodic repotting, pinching off new growth and wiring the branches and trunk for giving desired shape. Tradition holds that three basic virtues are necessary to create a bonsai: shin-zen-bi standing for truth, goodness and beauty which are parallel to Hindu concept of Satyam, Shivam, Sundaram. The bonsai must look natural and should never show the intervention of human hands (with the exception of Chinese bonsai which in many cases depicts images of dragons and other influential symbols of the culture at the time of origination). Bonsai is primarily kept outdoors in partial shade with exception of some plants suited, trained and indoor grown. In traditional Japanese rooms, there is a tokonoma, the alcove, specially designed for the display of bonsai on special occasions. Bonsai can live for hundreds of years with utmost care and the prized specimens are being passed from generation to generation, admired for their age and valued as a reminder of those who have cared for them over the centuries.

Bonsai culture is an important branch of Ornamental horticulture. History of Bonsai is very old dating back to many centuries in China where it originated, as most Chinese arts and from there it spread to Japan and became highly specialized.  In fact, bonsai culture is in the present day more known as Japanese than as a Chinese art.  In Japanese homes, there are plants which are hundreds of years old. This treasured art is passed from generation to generation in Japanese society.

The word Bonsai is a combination of two Japanese words, Bon (meaning shallow pan) and Sai (meaning plant) which can be interpreted as ‘Tray planting’.  The idea conveyed is that of a small beautiful tree growing in a container as in nature with all its parts performing their natural functions throughout the times.  The artistic look of plant in a miniature form maintained for many years is the prime criteria.  Bonsais are grown outdoors and are displayed in living room, as and when, needed.  They cannot be treated as house plants.

Definition: Bonsai is an art of growing dwarfed, ornamentally shaped trees or shrubs in shallow containers or trays. It’s an art that expresses in miniature form of a natural tree. The word Bonsai is a Japanese term which literally means “planted in a container”.

This art form is derived from an ancient Chinese horticultural practice, part of which was then redeveloped under the influence of Japanese Zen Buddhism. Thus, origin of bonsai culture is China. Though it was popularized by Japanese. The ultimate goal of growing a bonsai is to create a miniaturized but realistic representation of nature in the form of a tree. In Japan bonsai is not only a hobby but also act as status symbol.

LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS, MARKETIG, ACCOUNTANCY & ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELELOPMENT IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & DAIRYING

• A Textbook of Agricultural Extension Management (2019). C. Karthikeyan, R. Sandilkumar & D.Jagannathan. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
• Accounting Principles for Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension (2014). Samaresh Kumar Das, Puspa Publishing House Kolkata.
• Agricultural Extension 1998. Van Den Ban and HS Hawkins. CBS Publishers New Delhi.
• Banerjee, A. and S. Majumdar, D. (2011). Business Economics and Business Environment, ABS Publishing House, Kolkata.
• Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication 2020. Sagar Mandal, BCKV, Kalyani Publishers New Delhi.

Introduction

We, the participants of ITAF2023 with Dr. B. R. Chavan and Dr. Prashant Bodake, visited Boonsawang Co. under the guidance of Asst. Prof. Dr. Naphat Panthukumbol and Mr. Suthi Mahalao on 18/10/2023 at 09:00 am. Boonsawang Co. in Chonburi, owned by Suthi Mahalao, also exports fry to Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Australia, and Israel. In addition, Suthi runs his sea bass farm and is a feed distributor to farms in the province. The purpose of the visit was to learn about the seabass culture system and get familiar with technical aspects. The farm occupies an area of 10 hectares and is covered in 11 ponds. The farm is aimed to grow from fry to marketable size seabass. The single crop duration is divided into 4 periods.

Abstract

This chapter will look at the major reasons why farmers in India are unable to take advantage of Agricultural profession as a mode of generating income and suggest ways to change this by employing new technologies. Agriculture has basic processes which require identifying the season for planting the seeds at the right time, watering the plants to the required level, undertaking maintenance for the different plants and then finally harvesting at the right time to ensure that the effort that has been put into the agricultural process results in useful output. In business terms the output when it is valued in terms of money, should enable the farming business to sell their output at a certain price that will enable them to pay off the money that has been used for setting up the crop for that cycle. This chapter will underscore the valuable contribution of remote sensing data in farming to enhance operational decisions. We will look at how low-cost technologies can be implemented into the existing agricultural extension activities and help farmers make better decisions that will enable them to be more business oriented. It is envisaged that incorporating high technology-based data into simple to understand terminology willhelp reduce the burden on farmers. This is due to the lack of knowledge but also due to the low volume of information that is possible to be fed to the farmers through the agriculture extension network in the country. However, due to the varied nature of farming in India it is difficult for extension officers to specialise but concentrate their efforts on widely utilised crops in an area. The following figure below explains in simple terms how the cycle of activities occur in a farmer’s world and where business decisions are taken that will have an impact on the profitability.

1. Bordeaux Mixture

It was invented in the Bordeaux region of France by PM Millardet (1982).

Also called Bordo Mix.

Mixture of Copper sulfate (CuSO₄), Slaked lime and Water.

It is known locally in France as Bouillie Bordelaise.

to be coccobacillary.They are strict aerobes and do not attack carbohydratesbut derive energy by the oxidation of amino acids. B. avium and B. bronchiseptica are motile by peritricholls flagella but B. pertussis and B. parapertussis are non-motile. All are catalase-positive and oxidase-positive. B. bronchiseptica and B. aium willgrow on MacConkey agar.
The genus Bordetella contains four species, B.pertussis, B.parapertussis, B. bronchiseptica and B. avium. Bordetella pertussis, the type species, and B.parapertussis are human pathogens associated with whooping cough in children. Bordetella bronchiseptica infects a wide range of animal species including man, while B.avium is a pathogen of avian species. The bordetellae are occasional pathogens which have an affinity for ciliated respiratory epithelium.
Bordetella bronchiseptica and B.avium are small (0.2 to 0.5 x 0.5 to 1.5 pm), Gramnegative rods with a coccobacillary appearance. They are catalasepositive, oxidase-positive aerobes and are motile peritrichous bacteria. Because they cannot utilize carbohydrates, they derive their energy mainly from the oxidation of amino acids and have no special growth requirements. They grow on MacConkey agar.
Natural Habitat
The bordetellae are inhabitants primarily of the upper respiratory tract of healthy and diseased humans, animals and birds. B. pertussis and B. parapertussis are human pathogens causing whooping cough and a mild form of whooping cough, respectively. B. bronchiseptica can be present in the upper respiratory tract of pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats, horses and possibly other animals. B. avium inhabits the respiratory tract of infected poultry, principally turkeys. Mammalian infections are mainly transmitted by aerosols but in turkeys indirect spread can occur via water and litter.

Boron (B) de?ciency has been realized as the second most important micronutrient constraint in crop production after that of Zn in the world (Ahmed et al., 2012). However, in Nepal, B de?ciency is more wide-spread than Zn de?ciency, as 80 to 90% of soil samples were de?cient in B, 20 to 50% in Zn and 10 to 15% in Mo (Anderson, 2007). In India, B de?ciency has increased from 2% of the soil samples de?cient in B in 1980s (Katyal and Vlek, 1995) to 52% soil samples in 2000s (Singh, 2012). Total B content in Indian soils varies from 7 to 630 mg kg^–1 soil (Kanwar, 1976); being the highest in arid regions of the country and the lowest in wet humid regions of the country (Behera et al., 2009; Prasad et al., 2014). Boron de?ciency is most in the heavy rainfall areas of Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Karnataka and the eastern states of Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh states of India (Fig.13.1). The wide-spread de?ciency of B in India can be seen from the fact that B fertilization recorded the highest bene?t : cost (B : C) ratio in rice–wheat cropping system at Palampur (Himachal Pradesh), Ludhiana (Punjab), Faizabad, Modipuram and Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) and in rice–rice cropping system at Maruteru (Andhra Pradesh), Karjat (Maharashtra) and Jorhat (Asom) (Singh and Goswami, 2014). Response of wheat to B fertilization is also reported from Bangladesh (Halder et al, 2007).

Borreliae, which are longer and wider than other spirochaetes, have a similar helical shape. In addition to a linear chromosome, which is unique among bacteria, borreliae possess linear and circular plasmids. Although these spirochaetes can cause disease in animals and humans, subclinical infections are also common. Borreliae are transmitted by arthropod vectors.
Usual Habitat
Borreliae are obligate parasites in a variety of vertebrate hosts. Although these organisms persist in the environment for short periods, they depend on vertebrate reservoir hosts and arthropod vectors for long-term survival.
Differentiation of Borrelia Species
Borreliae can be differentiated from other spirochaetes by their morphology, by the low guanine and cytosine content of their genomic DNA and by ecological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Identification of Borrelia species depends mainly on genetic analysis. At least nine genospecies or genomic groups of B.burgdorferi sensulato, have been identified using DNA-DNA hybridization, 16s rRNA sequencing and other molecular techniques.
Clinical Infections
The species of particular veterinary importance are B. burgdorferi sensu lato, the cause of Lyme disease in animals and humans, and B. anserina which causes avian borreliosis. The significance of two other species, B.theileri andB.coriaceae, as animal pathogens, is uncertain.
Lyme Disease
This condition, also known as Lyme borreliosis, was first identified in 1975 following investigation of a cluster of arthritis cases in children near the town of Old Lyme, Connecticut. The causative agent, a spirochaete, was named Borrelia burgdorferi.

ABSTRACT

Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. known as ’Indian Frankincense’ is a multiferous medicinal plants known for boswellic acid and it has application in traditional ayurvedic formulation. The plant possess anti-rheumatic, anti-pyretic, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-coronary, analgesic and hepatoprotective properties due to the presence of several loaded bioactive compounds such as α-amyrins, β-boswellic acid, acetyl-β-boswellic acid, 11-ketoβ-boswellic acid, acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid, tetracyclic triterpenoic acids and several others in minor quantities in different parts of plants. Mostly oleo-gum resin is usually used in Indian system of medicine, and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) is the most potent 5-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitor responsible for inflammation, anti-cancer (G1 phase arrest) and other group of enzymes liable for allied activities. Besides, it yields essential oils and its major constituents are monoterpenoids such as pinene (2.05-64.7%), cisverbenol (1.97%), trans-pinocarveol (1.80%), borneol (1.78%), myrcene (1.71%), verbenone (1.71%), limonene (1.42%), thuja-2,4(10)-diene (1.18%) and p-cymene (1.0%). The copaene is the only sesquiterpene reported in minor quantities from essential oils of this species. Its essential show different actvities in relation to anti-cancer and antiinflammatory. From future perspectives, there is a need to carry out more research on its constituents for the development of value added products and drugs. Investigation on ecology and application of biotechnological intervention would helps in varities improvememnt, cultivation and conservation of this species.

In previous Chapter, a list was furnished mentioning common names, botanical names, family and types of the all plants mentioned in the Ramayana. The purpose was to know the total number of plants and trees mentioned besides providing reference of the Shlokas as well. This information led to identification of the plants and trees but details about their morphological and floral characters were not mentioned. Therefore, in this Chapter details of the trees and other plants have been provided. This will help to know all about their botanical standing, conservation status, nativity, morphological and floral characters so that one can know the full details including present-day status, availability and importance (Cowen, 1950; Randhawa, 1983; Roy, 2015; 2024).

1. Botanical Name: Adenanthera pavonina L.

Synonym: Adenanthera gersenii Scheff.

Common Name: ‘Red Bead Tree’, ‘Curly Bean’, ‘Red Sandal Wood’

Family: Fabaceae

Nativity: India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia to Queensland

Conservation Status: Common (Not Threatened)

Type: Tree

Morphological and Floral Characters: Red Bead Tree is a timber tree found wild in India. Leaves compound, bipinnate, green when young, turning yellow on maturity. Flowers small, yellowish, grows in a dense, drooping almost cat tail like flower-heads. Fruits curved pods, hanging, green that turn brown, coil up and split open on ripening, showing small bright red seeds which are attractive, used as beads in jewellery.

Maize is a tall, determinate annual C₄ plant varying in height from (1-4) meters producing large, narrow, opposing leaves (about a tenth as wide as they are long), borne alternately along the length of a solid stem. The botanical features of various plant parts are as follows: 

Root

Root system of maize consists of seminal roots, crown or coronal or adventitious or fibrous roots and brace, pop or aerial roots. Seminal roots - which develop from radical and persist for long period. Crown roots developing from the lower nodes of stem below ground level which are the effective and active roots of plant and.  Brace or prop roots, produced by lower two nodes. The roots grow very rapidly and almost equally outwards and downwards. Favorable soils may allow corn root growth up to 60 cm laterally and in depth.

12.1 What are Botanical Gardens?
Botanical gardens are the institutions that maintain the living plant collections of different varieties of plants, including the ornamental and cultivated ones, wild, medicinal, of economic importance, of various geographical regions, of special interest, etc. They are of value not only to the botanists, horticulturists and foresters but also to the millions of tourists
A big botanical garden contains plant species from several corners of the globe. It also includes green houses, a library, a herbarium, research laboratories, and several miscellaneous resources including photographs, paintings, illustrations, reprints, note books, and specimens of several types. It is, therefore, not merely a garden but a botanical institution.
Modern botanical gardens serve as centres for documentation, research, reference, data storage, education, conservation, and several other biological facilities to mankind.At present, there are over 600 botanical gardens in the world.

Pyrethrum is the most widely used botanical insecticide. The active ingredient, pyrethrin, is extracted from a chrysanthemum plant, grown primarily in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Ecuador. Pyrethrum is the powdered, dried flower head of the pyrethrum daisy, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium.

A botanical and horticultural library is a library specializing in the preservation and collection of literature and materials about plants. Botanical libraries are like special libraries are specialized information resources tailored to the unique needs of a particular organization, profession, or subject area. A botanical library is a specialized resource center dedicated to the study of plants and plant science. It typically houses a vast collection of books, journals, and other materials related to botany, horticulture, plant biology, and related fields. The mission of many botanical and horticultural libraries is to make accessible and available to those who use it the information on this topic. Botanical and horticultural libraries can be found in arboretums, botanical gardens, research institutions, horticultural societies, conservatories, governmental offices, colleges, and universities as part of a larger university library.
The collections within these types of libraries cover such topics as flowers, grasses, trees, fungi, aquatic plants, weeds, algae, pests, and fertilizers. The typical collection is composed of books, periodicals, and photo collections. The types of materials depend on the types of patrons. A public botanical
garden library may contain books for children, nursery catalogs, seed catalogs, popular how-to publications, movies, and various other media resources. At an academic library, there may be such archived materials, such as historical letters, autographs of famous botanists, plant lists, field notes, and reports of botanic expeditions. These libraries might include:

Abstract

Higher plants can be exploited for the discovery of new bioactive products that could serve as lead compounds in pesticide development because of their novel modes-of-action. Different secondary metabolites of higher plants have been reported to exhibit efficacy as fungitoxicants as well as mycotoxin inhibitors. Pest controls using the botanicals are safer to the user and the environment because they break down into harmless compounds within hours or days in the presence of sunlight. The article presents different plant products found efficacious as antimicrobial and inhibitory to mycotoxin secretions by fungi. Their prospect as safe alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials in plant protection has been discussed.

Botanicals

Botanicals play a significant role in the development of a disease management approach that is both ecologically sound and acceptable to the environment. Plant products have been found to have fungicidal, bactericidal, and antiviral properties. It is known that 346 plant species have fungicidal, 92 have bactericidal, and 90 have antiviral properties. This proves conclusively that the plant kingdom is home to a sizable stockpile of chemicals that can control a range of plant diseases. Because many of them employ many modes of action and plant compounds are safer for species other than the targeted, there is also less chance of resistance developing.Plants and plant products known as botanicals are safer for protecting plants against pathogens.