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Cashewnut is an important delicious and dollar earning cash crop of India. This crop was remained neglected due to its poor yield potential and prolonged harvesting season. Cashew was introduced mostly for soil conservation purposes. In the beginning of the 20^th century cashew kernels gained importance in the international trade as edible nut and the crop began to be considered as having commercial value. Cashew is commercially grown for its kernels although cashewnut shell liquid (CNSL) and apples are also valuable by - products. It is considered to be the most important edible nut in the world trade (Ascenso, 1986). India is the largest producer and exporter of cashewnut in the world. Cashew kernel is the rich source of protein, carbohydrate, unsaturated fats and minerals like calcium, phosphorus and iron. Cashew proteins are complete with all essential amino acids. Fats of cashewnut are considered as complete, attractive, easily digestible and non fattening, it can be used by both olds and infants. The cashew apple juice is rich in vitamin C and it has some medicinal properties.

21.1 Introduction

Cashewnut or cashew is an export-oriented crop grown for its nuts, a true drupe. It is often referred to as ‘wonder nut’. It is highly delicious and nutritive. Its nutritional composition compares well with almond, hazelnut and walnut. The economic part is kernel which is a unique combination of fats (47%), protein (21%), carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Nutritionally it is equivalent to milk, egg and meat, it is good appetizer, an excellent nerve tonic, stimulant, body builder. India is the largest producer, processor and exporter; and second largest consumer in the world. Cashew is grown in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra along the west coast and in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal along the east coast.

Induced spawning is a widely used method in aquaculture for breeding catfish and exotic fish species. This process involves administering hormones to stimulate the release of eggs and sperm, enabling controlled reproduction in captive environments. Such techniques are particularly effective for species like African catfish and various exotic carps, ensuring reliable propagation and stock maintenance. In aquarium settings, breeding catfish can be both fascinating and educational for hobbyists. With over 150 known species, catfish exhibit diverse breeding behaviors and environmental requirements. Popular species such as Corydoras, Bristlenose, and Ancistrus are favored for home breeding due to their adaptability and relatively simple care needs. Successful breeding begins with replicating the fish’s natural habitat. This includes maintaining appropriate water temperature, using suitable substrates, and providing proper tank configurations. A balanced, high-quality diet is also crucial for encouraging spawning. By understanding and managing these factors, breeders can promote healthy reproduction, ensure the survival of the fry, and enjoy a rewarding aquaculture experience.
MAGUR, PANGASIUS, AND CLARIAS SPP
Breeding techniques for Magur (Clarias batrachus), Pangasius, and Clarias spp. in Indian aquaculture involve induced breeding, often using hormonal injections. Magur and Clarias spp. are typically bred during specific seasons, and the process involves collecting eggs and milt from broodfish, followed by fertilization and incubation. Pangasius breeding also involves induced breeding techniques, with hormone injections to induce spawning

Citrus constitutes a major group of fruits comprising of mandarins, oranges, lemon, pummelo, grape fruits, tangelo, trifoliate orange, citron, citranges etc. Despite of inter-specific and inter-generic hybrids, Poncirus and Fortunella also belong to genus Citrus. During its long history, citrus has given the world numerous varieties both by open pollination, bud sports and of recently by controlled pollination and artificial induction of bud variation. Citrus fruit cultivation lies between latitude 40 0N also 40 0S where conditions are neither cold nor moist and dry. India is considered to be the home of several citrus species and they are found growing wild in some parts of the country. Many types of citrus still remain unexploited by man and such types are considered as semi wild. The productivity of citrus plant in our country is very low which is 7.65 tonnes/ha as acompared to Spain, Italy and Japan where it lies between 17-35 tonnes/ha. Sweet oranges cover an area of 42.4 thousand ha with an annual production of 510.8 thousand tonnes (Ghosh, 1985).

5.1 Introduction

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. It is grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The top ten citrus producing countries are China, India, Nigeria, Brazil, Mexico, USA, Spain, Egypt, Italy and Argentina. The citrus industry in India is the third fruit industry after mango and banana. The important groups of crops in citrus are sweet orange, mandarins, limes, lemons, grape fruits and pummelo. The most important commercial Citrus species grown in India are mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.), followed by sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). The major citrus producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab.

Coconut is a monocotyledonous woody plant belonging to the family Arecaceae or Palmae. It is presumed that the generic name Cocos and popular name coconut are derieved from Spanish word ‘Coco’ meaning “Monkey face” a probable reference to the three scars on the base of the shell resembling two eyes and a nose of monkey face. Coconut is valued most for its nut, the other components are coconut water, kernel, shell and husk. Coconut water is one of the most refreshing drinks which is also known for its medicinal value. It increases blood circulation in kidneys, causes profuse diuresis and eliminates mineral poisoning. It is a good substitute for saline glucose under gastroenteritis conditions. The coconut has been regarded as Kalpavriksha (tree of heaven) because all the parts of the palm is useful to mankind in one way or the other.

The dried kernels commonly called as copra is richest source of vegetable fat i.e. 60 to 67% oil. Coconut is major source of edible oil and it is propagated through seeds. India is largest producer of coir and its product. The coconut plant has about 4-6 years of juvenile phase with 60 years of productive life.

19.1 Introduction

Coconut is valued most for its nut. The other components are coconut water, kernel, shell and husk. Coconut water is one of the most refreshing drinks. It is also known for its medicinal value. It increases blood circulation in kidneys, causes profuse diuresis and eliminates mineral poisoning. It is a good substitute for saline glucose under gastroenteritis conditions. The coconut has been regarded as ‘Kalpavriksha’ because all the parts of the palm is useful to mankind in one way or other. The dried kernels commonly called as copra is the richest source of vegetable fat (60-67 % oil). Coconut is major source of edible oil. India is the largest producer of coir and its product. The major coconut growing areas of the world are found in Asia, Oceania, West Indies, Central South America, East and West Africa. In India, coconut is commercially grown in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha and West Bengal.

23.1 Introduction

Coffee is the second important popular beverage for its aroma and mild stimulant action. Its dried beans are roasted, ground and brewed to make a stimulating and refreshing beverage. Use of coffee has evolved from original chewing of leaves and beans of the plant to relieve pain, hunger and fatigue to the present more sophisticated uses, like espresso and decaffeinated coffees. Its use was first discovered in Arabia around mid-15th century.

Breeding of coldwater and hill stream fish involves managing their natural reproductive cycles and, in some cases, using artificial methods to enhance breeding success. This includes collecting brood stock, selecting ripe spawners, and ensuring suitable environmental conditions for spawning and larval development. The cold water fishes adopted to live below 10°C to 20°C temperature. The upland water at high altitudes of mountains and the spring water at low altitude in temperate regions remain cooler than the rest and the cold water fishes flourish in these region. Such water bodies comprising several hill streams, rapids, pools, lakes and reservoirs are abundantly found in the Himalayan region and in the Deccan plateau region of peninsular India. These are either fed by melting snow and the springs as in north or by the rain water as in Deccan plateau. During recent years, there has been growing realization for development of cold water fisheries in India, since the production from cold water is neglisable in comparison to total inland catch. The trout hatchery established in Kashmir is one of the potential sources from where the brown trout have been transplanted to the upland waters of Jammu, Kashmir, Kullu, Simla, Kangra, Nainital, Shilong and Arunachal. Other hatcheries constructed at Nilgiris and Kerala.
INDIGENOUS COLD WATER FISHES
The primary coldwater fish species native to the mountainous regions of India include Mahaseer, Snow Trout, and the Indian Hill Trout.

Date palm is one of the oldest fruits and was known to man many thousand years before Christ. It is staple food of the Arabs. Large quantities of date are imported by India from the Arabian countries. Wild date palm are seen growing even up to an altitude of 1500 M (Pareek, 1990), of course they do not fruit at this altitude every year. Raw sugar and a fermented drink ‘toddy’ are prepared from the sap of this palm. In the Indians valley, date palm is believed to have been introduced by the soldiers of Alexander the great in the fourth century B.C. and some wild groves of seedling date palm are found in the coastal belt in the Kachchh district of Gujarat. Investigations to develop indigenous production of dates in India were initiated during the 1950 by the ICAR at Regional Fruit Research Station, Abohar (Punjab). Some commercial varieties of date palm were introduced from USA, Pakistan and Middle East countries during 1955-1962. The extremely dry areas comprising Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Jodhpur in Rajasthan, Abohar in Punjab and Kachchh in Gujarat are the potential regions for the date growing in India.

Adult female is called bitch and adult male is called dog.

Female comes to heat which is called season. Comes to season for first time at 6-8 months of age. Smaller breeds mature faster than large breeds.

SYMPTOMS OF HEAT

Females in heat becomes nuisance to both owner and public since the animal becomes unmanageable, goes out of house and sometimes street male dogs gets into house because of peculiar pheromone smell.

Has different stages

1. International Rice Research Institute is located at

   a) Mexico

   b) Philippines

   c) Nigeria

   d) Columbia

2. Use of combining ability as a measure of gene action was first suggested by

   a) Wright (1921)

   b) Griffing (1956)

   c) Sprague and Tatum (1942)

   d) Hayman (1954)

Grapes are being grown commercially in the tropics. The region between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, which was once considered to be unsuitable for growing quality grapes (Winkler, 1962) is producing good quality grapes. Tropical countries, where grapes are grown are South–East Asia (India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, South China and Australia), Central and South America (Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Mexico, Venezuela and West Indies) and Africa (Kenya, Nigeria and Zimbabwe). In India, about 90% of grapes are being produced in the tropical region of the peninsular states i.e. Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. However, now-a-days grape is becoming popular in North India due to good income. The vines of tropical region grape are evergreen in nature and do not shed their leaves. In this condition, pruning is done twice in a year during April and September–October. But under North Indian conditions, grapes shed their leaves during winter and pruning is done in the month of February.

6.1 Introduction

Grapes are being grown commercially in the tropics. The region between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn which was once considered to be unsuitable for growing quality grapes is producing good quality grapes. Tropical countries where grapes are grown are India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, South China, Australia, Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Mexico, Venezuela, West Indies, Kenya, Nigeria and Zimbabwe. In India, about 90% of grapes are being produced in the tropical states including Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. There are three main commercial uses of grape, viz., table, raisin and wine.

Guava is also known as the “Apple of the Tropics”. It is very rich and cheap source of vitamin C and also contains a fair amount of calcium. Important guava growing states in the country are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Allahabad district of Uttar Pradesh has the reputation of growing the best quality of guava fruits in the world (Mitra and Bose, 1990). The importance of guava is due to the fact that it is the hardy fruit which can be grown in alkaline and poorly drained soil.

8.1 Introduction

Guava is the fourth important fruit crop next to mango, banana and citrus. It is known as the ‘Apple of tropics’. It is very rich and cheap source of Vitamin C and also contains a fair amount of calcium. Important guava growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Allahabad district of Uttar Pradesh has the reputation of growing the best quality of guava fruits in the world. The importance of guava is due to the fact that it is the hardy fruit which can be grown in alkaline and poorly drained soil. Guava fruits are used for making jam, jelly and various culinary purposes. The fruit can be canned in sugar syrup.

———————— is a thornless and seedless selection from Kagzi lime.

A. Pramalini            B. Vikram

C. Chakradhar        D. Jai devi

Breeding of Indian Major Carps (IMCs) and Minor Carps involves specific practices to induce spawning in these fish species. IMCs, like Catla, Rohu, and Mrigal, are typically bred during the monsoon season through induced breeding methods, which involve injecting hormones or chemicals to trigger spawning. Minor carps, while also bred during the rainy season, may have slightly different hormone injection dosages and breeding practices.
The carps are freshwater fishes which contribute about 85% of aquaculture production in India. It has the first position in global freshwater aquaculture production. Commonly cultivated carp varieties are catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) which are of Indian origin and are collectively called as Indian Major Carps (IMC) which depends on different niches of a water body.

Litchi is a delicious fruit and generally consumed as a table fruit. It is one of the most popular fruits of India which is commonly taken as fresh or in dried forms. Litchi is also recognized as “Queen of the fruits”. Dried litchi commonly known as ‘Litchi nut’ is very popular among the Chinese living all over the world. This subtropical fruit cannot tolerate frost in winter and dry heat in summer. An interesting feature of the litchi plant is the symbiotic growth of Mycorrhiza fungi on roots of the tree. These fungi form nodules on the roots of litchi. The trees and the fungus live together to benefit each other. Litchi makes an excellent canned fruit and highly flavoured squash is prepared from inferior fruits. Besides, fruit, other parts of the plant like leaves, bark and roots are also used for various purposes. In China leaves are used for making poultices, bark and roots for making decoctions for throat gargle.

10.1 Introduction

Litchi is a delicious fruit and generally consumed as a table fruit. It is one of the most popular fruits in India. It is also recognized as “Queen of Fruits”. It is a subtropical evergreen fruit crop. Its climatic requirements are highly specific. Thus, its commercial cultivation is restricted to only a few subtropical countries of the world. The major litchi producing countries are China, India, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. In India, the important litchi growing states are Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Litchi makes an excellent canned fruit and highly flavoured squash is prepared from inferior fruits.