eChapters

In any scientific investigation and research, a comprehensive review of literature is very essential. Its main function, apart from determining the work done before concerning the problem area i.e., area of investigation, to provide an insight into the methods and procedures and create a basis for interpretation of findings. As direct references of all the items are not in abundance, certain specific references along with some indirect references have been incorporated in this chapter for the purpose of meaningful use. In the present study, reviews of literature have been summarized in the following table

4.1 Research Setting

In any social science research, it is hardly possible to conceptualize and perceive the data and interpret the data more accurately until and unless a clear understanding of the characteristics in the area and attitude or the behavior of people is at commend of the interpreter who intends to unveil an understanding of the implication and behavioral complexes of the individual who live in the area under reference and form a representative part of the larger community. The socio-demographic background of the local people in a rural setting has been critically administered in this section. A research setting is a surrounding in which input and elements of research are contextually imbibed, interactive and mutually contributive to the system performance. Research setting is immensely important in the sense because it is characterizing and influencing the interplays of different factors and components.

The present research had been conducted to study the Entrepreneurial behaviour of farmers in farmer producer organisations(FPO) in selected block of Odisha and in the end the comparison is made. The study had been conducted on 2 Farmer producer organisations (FPO) of Ranpur block from Nayagarh district of Odisha. A pilot study was conducted to understand the area,its people, institution ,communication and extension system of these states.

An exhaustive list of respondents was prepared critically with the help of FPO members. From the list, 100 respondents were selected for the study through Snowball sampling method. The primary data were collected with the help of structured interviewschedule by following the personal interview method. The secondary data werecollected from our departmental library, internet, Department of Agriculture, Odisha, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya ,etc.for establishing the conceptual framework of the study.

Introduction

Sustainable farming, rooted in the harmonious interaction between nature and agriculture, stands as a beacon of hope for India's agricultural landscape, paving the way for a resilient and ecologically balanced future. In a world increasingly confronted by environmental challenges, the urgency to adopt sustainable farming practices has become paramount, and India, with its rich agricultural heritage, exemplifies a tapestry of wisdom and innovation in this regard.For millennia, India's agrarian communities have cultivated a deep relationship with the land, inheriting traditional farming practices that fostered harmony with nature. From the ancient techniques of the Indus Valley Civilization to the holistic principles of Ayurveda influencing farming methods, the country's agricultural history is a repository of sustainable wisdom. These practices, ingrained in the cultural fabric, not only sustained livelihoods but also preserved the ecological equilibrium.

Introduction

Agriculture came into existence around 12,000 years ago laying foundations for human civilization, helping people to live in a permanent settlement instead of a continuous nomadic lifestyle. The primitive form of farming was subsistence farming, where all the crops and livestock raised by the farmers was solely for the consumption of their family or community. People exchanged what they produced. The activity of marketing was just an activity of distribution. With development of civilization with social stratification, developed transportation and communication, the process of marketing became necessary and complex at the same time.

Introduction

The agricultural sector stands at a crossroads, facing the dual challenge of meeting the escalating global demand for food while grappling with the impact of climate change and an aging farming population. In this context, the empowerment of youth emerges as a beacon of hope, holding the key to transforming agriculture into a dynamic, sustainable, and innovative sector. This chapter embarks on a journey to explore the pivotal role of empowering youth in agriculture, underscoring its significance not only on a global scale but also within the vibrant context of India, notably in the state of Odisha.

Introduction

In the verdant landscapes and bustling fields of India, the heartbeat of a nation pulses through its agriculture. For millennia, farming has been not just a livelihood but an intrinsic part of the cultural fabric, shaping traditions, festivals, and the very essence of community life. Yet, the modern agricultural practices, driven by the pursuit of higher yields, have strained the very soil that nurtured this civilization for centuries. In this crucible of tradition and progress, a beacon of hope emerges - regenerative agriculture - offering a path to restore, revitalize, and safeguard India's precious ecosystems.

1. Introduction

A key element in the world of agriculture, agricultural extension has long been seen as the link between scientific knowledge and the practical needs of farmers. This chapter examines how technological advancements, particularly those related to artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT), are fundamentally altering agricultural extension services and the agricultural industry as a whole.

1.1 Definition of Agricultural Extension

The process of sharing knowledge, information, and innovations with farmers and rural communities in order to enhance their agricultural practices and, in turn, their livelihoods, is known as agricultural extension.

Introduction

The agricultural landscape is not just about cultivating fields; it's a narrative woven with resilience, dedication, and untold stories of women who have been the backbone of this fundamental sector for centuries. Their contributions, often overlooked or undervalued, are the bedrock of agricultural sustenance worldwide. Throughout history, women have played multifaceted roles in agriculture, nurturing crops, tending to livestock, and managing households while being instrumental in the evolution of farming practices. Despite their pivotal roles, societal norms and systemic biases have marginalized their contributions, limiting access to resources, land ownership, education, and decision-making power.

Introduction

The foundation of human civilization has traditionally been agriculture, which offers sustenance, economic security, and a strong bond with the land. Nevertheless, although playing a crucial role, the global agricultural sector faces many difficulties, including resource shortages and climate change as well as a fast-expanding population. The empowerment of women and young people in agriculture stands out as a critical answer in this situation, driving not only agricultural sustainability but also promoting social and economic advancement. In agriculture, empowerment refers to the fair inclusion and active involvement of women and young people in all facets of the industry, including leadership and decision-making as well as production and distribution. It admits that despite these groups' enormous latent potential, they have been ignored and underutilized for far too long.

Introduction

Another limitation in a remote area such as the high-altitude region is the steady supply of wholesome and fresh food. Indian troops are stationed up to 2200 feet above sea level; generally speaking, high altitude is defined as elevations between 8000 and 15,000 feet above sea level. When someone who is not acclimated to high altitudes is exposed, they can experience a set of symptoms known as acute mountain sickness (AMS). One of the most severe symptoms of AMS is hypoxia. There may be neurological and cerebral symptoms, such as diminished ability to focus for extended periods, memory problems, problems with hearing and vision, vertigo and tinnitus, and irritability. The low appetite may persist; additional issues linked to high altitude include anorexia with weight loss, sleeplessness, and physical and emotional exhaustion.

Introduction

Human resources are the most important assets of an organization. The success of an organization depends on the talent and caliber of the employees working therein. It is true in the case of service-oriented institutions like libraries and Information centres. Libraries of the university are a treasure trove of information and knowledge. The library is one of the important components of a university. Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals are the assets of libraries and information centres. Libraries are undergoing transformational changes across the world as a result of disruptive technologies. Libraries are becoming informal, relaxed and collaborative spaces.

Any organization which is in the process of scaling heights should find job motivation for its personnel. The job motivation of personnel in any organization should support the personnel and improve productivity and services. The chapter gives accounts of the significant findings of the study, followed by tenability of hypotheses and further areas of research in the related areas, suggestions and conclusion. The present study has been undertaken to find out the job motivation of LIS professionals working in Kerala's major eight state universities. The data of the study were collected from 266 (two hundred and sixty-six) Library and Information Science professionals. The study's objectives are examined with reference to the analysis of data gathered through questionnaires and realized. 

Introduction

The term 'research ethics' in social science research refers to human values, norms, and society approved arrangements that regulate scientific understanding go for society. It consists of the set of values, standards, and principles that serve as benchmark to determine appropriate and acceptable conduct tall stage soft he research process. It is the implementation of ethical practices that specifies norms and values as well as responsibility towards the academic community and society as a whole. 

Introduction

Impact assessment (IA) is defined as "a set of logical steps to be followed in the preparation of policy proposals. It is an essential tool to ensure that policies are crafted based on transparent, inclusive, and balanced procedures, define the various quality standards, and provide basic instructions to the impact assessment process" (European Commission).

In simple words, Organisational Behaviour is the study of Individuals and Group behaviour within an organisation and indicates how these interactions affect an organization's performance toward its goals. It also examines the impact of various factors on behaviour within an organization and help in understanding and predicting organisational life.

Organizational Behaviour is a 'Specialised Stream' drawing inputs from multiple academic domains such as psychology, sociology, political science, anthropology, science, economics, and technology to name a few.

Introduction

In the vast tapestry of challenges confronting humanity, few are as fundamental as ensuring a secure and sustainable food supply for a burgeoning global population. As the world's inhabitants surpass 9 billion by 2050, the pressure intensifies on agriculture to deliver higher yields, reduce environmental impact and adapt to the uncertainties of climate change. In this pivotal moment, the convergence of technology and agriculture emerges as a beacon of hope, offering unprecedented opportunities to revolutionize farm management and secure our agricultural future. The role of technology in precise farm management has transcended mere convenience to become an indispensable cornerstone of modern agriculture.

Plants requires a number of nutrients for their growth and reproduction, of which six are primary in nature and they are,

1. Carbon - Plants are taking carbon from the air and soil
2. Hydrogen from water
3. Oxygen from water and air
4. Nitrogen from soil and it helps plants to synthesize protein for their growth they need to produce new tissues. Nitrogen is often in shortage in soil for the plants, and plants will try to take as much available from the soil at the same time too much of nitrogen will help the foliage growth and but not the setting of flowers and fruits.
5. Phosphorus stimulates root growth and helps the plants set flowers and seeds. Organic matter and activity of soil organisms increases the availability of phosphorus.

Q1. The exit of drug from C.S.F. irrespective of its entry is by:

1. Passive diffusion
2. Filtration
3. Facilitated diffusion
4. All of the above.

Q2. The number of half-lives required to reach 99% of steady state concentration is:

1. 3.3
2. 4.4
3. 5.5
4. 6.6

Q3. The receptor concept was first introduced by:

1. J.N. Langely in 1878
2. Simonis in 1964
3. Paul Ehrlich in 1926
4. Wakcsman in 1826

Q1. Alpha naphthyl thiourea is less toxic

1. In an empty stomach
2. With oily food
3. Full stomach
4. Not affected

Q2. A rodenticide that blocks tricarboxylic acid cycle by competitive inhibition of the enzyme aconitase

1. Fluoroacetamide
2. Pindone
3. Chloralose
4. All the above

Q3. ANTU is less toxic in an empty stomach a) In an empty stomach it will irritate the stomach wall resulting in vomiting and throwing away the poison and hence no toxicity.

1. Absorb only with fatty materials
2. Immediate absorption and detoxification
3. All the above
4. None of the above

Q1. Halothane is metabolized in to

1. Trifluoracetic acid
2. Inorganic chloride
3. Bromine
4. All the above

Q2. Psychomotor stimulants causes

1. Excitement
2. Relieve fatigue
3. Increase motor activity
4. All the above

Q3. Repeated administration of barbiturate causes

1. Tolerance
2. Drug dependence
3. Toxicity
4. All the above

There are three sizes of rabbit farms: small, medium, and giant. Initially, their owners typically had a small number of does and a stock of growing bunnies for their personal use. Rabbit farms began expanding and selling animals when butchers began to sell rabbit meat. Breeds, housing conditions, feeding practices, and management strategies were all developed in accordance with the increase in does. In Europe, backyard stock owners have a mediocre interest in expertise. 

Poultry production in India has emerged as a rapid growing sector among agricultural and livestock sector. Indian poultry industry has made a significant impact in economic, nutritional and socio-cultural aspects including livelihoods of poor rural households. Ever since its inception and is presently emerging as sun rise sector with a growth rate of 10-15% and overall turnover of Rs 70,000/- crore. Despite of frequent ingress with various pathogenic avian diseases including avian influenza, which is a severe setback for the industry, India has sustained globally as 3rd and 5th biggest country for egg and meat production respectively. Emerging and re-emerging poultry diseases in the country are posing significant challenges to the poultry industry.

Organic farming has undergone rapid growth in recent years across various agricultural and livestock sectors, including poultry production. The escalation of health concerns stemming from the presence of numerous medications and pesticide residues in conventional products has underscored the importance of ensuring the quality of egg and meat products. In this global context, there is a notable surge in demand for organic meat, prompting nations to explore organic poultry production.

Introduction

In shrimp farming practice, the production cost of shrimps mainly depends on the feed cost and its associated water quality management issues. Hence, the success of shrimp aquaculture is wholly depends on the feed input cost and this feed cost involved can be reduced to a greater extent by enhancing the organic productivity of the ponds, particularly by enhancing the plankton productivity, which include, the assemblages of phytoplankton and zooplankton.

Introduction

Corals are made up of hundreds of soft-bodied organisms called coral polyps that secrete, caco3 over time. It belongs to the phylum Cnidaria. Polyps varies in size from a pinhead to a foot in length. Each polyp has a symbiotic relationship with a host zooxanthellae, which gives color to the coral. Zooxanthellae absorb carbon dioxide, convert it through photosynthesis, and release oxygen and other essential nutrients, which are then utilized by the host polyp. All other photosynthesizing species, including corals, require adequate sunlight exposure. Most corals are therefore restricted to shallow, clean, and transparent environments.

Introduction

Numerous low-value fish are underutilized for several reasons, including appearance, colour, presence of intermuscular spines, odour, flavour, and taste, as well as size and texture. Creating value-added products from such fish, including surimi and other restructured products, will raise their market value and bring more significant profits. At the same time, the fishing pressure on the commercially important fishes can also be reduced and results in the complete utilization of fish landing. One of the most effective methods for utilizing f ish at a low cost is surimi technology.

Introduction

Water resources, both freshwater and marine, are abundant and diverse in our nation, India. The nation is traversed by 14 significant perennial rivers. Our Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 2.02 square kilometers, and our coastline reaches a maximum length of 8129 km. All of this gives us many options to exploit aquatic resources sustainably. In terms of fish production globally, India comes in second. She is ranked second globally in both aquaculture production and inland capture fisheries. Over 1.60 crore people get their livelihood from the fishing industry.

Introduction

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) play a vital role in the rapidly developing field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. CNTs, discovered by Ijima in 1991, are another allotrope form of carbon with a cylindrical graphite structure (Iijima, 1991). They exhibit excellent mechanical, electronic, thermal, optical and chemical properties, which have revolutionised the state of the art in nanotechnology (Arora and Sharma, 2014). CNTs have been categorised into single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), double walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs).

Introduction

Brood Fish are the mature parent fish that are used in hatcheries for breeding purposes, they are mature enough to give sperm and egg, and their size is usually large. Generally, 2-3 years of old fishes weighing about 2-3 kg are used as brood fish. Brood fishes usually show gonadal maturity to give ovum or sperm and its management means the act of running and controlling brood f ishes. Broodstock nutrition is one of the most vital constituents for many cultured fish species. The changeable and erratic reproductive performance is an important limiting factor for the maturation, fecundity, and survival of larvae.

Introduction

Complex mixtures of synthetic and/ or natural ingredients are used to create f lavors through flavors and aromas. These ingredients can either be mixtures, like vanilla bean extract, or single substances, like benzyl acetate, depending on the application to enhance the flavor of (processed) food products. The introduction of the first synthetic flavor and scent chemicals, Vannillin and Coumarin, in 1868 marked a significant milestone in the food industry's ability to create flavors artificially.

Introduction

Age determination, a fundamental discipline within fisheries biology and ecology, is a critical tool for unraveling the life histories and population dynamics of aquatic species. The ability to accurately estimate the age of individual fish holds immense value in various scientific, management, and conservation contexts.

Introduction

Mangroves are commonly characterized as halophytic arboreal plant groups that are found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions (Biswas et al., 2012). As stated by Tomlinson (1986), a genuine mangrove species is characterized by its unwavering commitment to the mangrove ecosystem, its capacity to establish exclusive populations, its possession of distinct morphological and physiological traits that facilitate adaptation to the mangrove habitat, and its typical taxonomic separating from terrestrial counterparts.

Introduction

The maritime industry, a cornerstone of global trade and commerce, has always been a complex and challenging domain. With the vastness of the world's oceans and the diversity of activities that take place within them, effective monitoring and management of maritime activities are crucial. This is where Systems for Monitoring Vessels come into play. VMS are a form of satellite based surveillance system designed to monitor the location, course, and speed of vessels. They provide real-time data to maritime authorities, contributing to the safety, security, and sustainability of marine operations.

9.1. Fruit Spot and Blisters

9.1.1. Colletotrichum

The pathogen forms papery or watery brownish areas at the site of infection, with a large number of acervuli on the infected parts. In the acervulus, the conidiophores are slightly curved, short, and club-shaped. The conidia are hyaline and falcate, borne singly on the conidiophores. Numerous black colored and thick-walled setae are also produced in the acervulus. In culture, most isolates produce cottony, fluffy, or suppressed colonies (Fig. 9.1).

Introduction

Agriculture is a vital sector in the world economy, as it helps to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development, especially in developing countries. However, agriculture also faces challenges such as increasing productivity and reducing environmental impacts. Therefore, new technologies and methods are needed to improve agricultural practices. One of these methods is precision agriculture (PA), which is based on the principle of sustainable agriculture and healthy food production. PA is a science that uses high technology sensors and analysis tools to improve crop yields and support management decisions. PA is a new concept that aims to increase production, reduce labor time, and optimize the management of fertilizers and irrigation processes.

Introduction

Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) is the dynamic, field-specific management of nutrients in a particular cropping season to optimize the supply and demand of nutrients according to their differences in cycling throughsoil–plantsystems(Sarkar etal.,2017).Thisnewmethodofnutrient recommendationsisprimarilybasedontheinitialnutrientstatus(INS)from thesoil andthecrop’sneedfornutrients toachieve thedesiredyield.

Introduction

Nanotechnology is a scientific and technological field that manipulates matter at the nanoscale to create, design, characterize, and use structures, systems, and devices with novel properties (Sattler 2016). Nanoparticles are one of the most important products of nanotechnology, as they exhibit different features from their bulk counterparts due to their size and shape (Sabir et al., 2014). Nanoparticles have applications in various disciplines, such as materials science, medicine, agriculture, physics, and chemistry.

Introduction

Nanofertilizers are products of nanotechnology that are created or modified from conventional fertilizers, bulk fertilizer materials, or plant extracts. They use different methods such as chemical, physical, mechanical, or biological processes to produce nanosized particles that can enhance soil fertility, crop productivity, and quality (KhetiGaadi 2022). Nanofertilizers have a size range of 0.1–100 nm, which is similar to the size of plant cell wall (20 nm), making them easier to be absorbed by plants (Tiwari 2022).

• General considerations

 • Indications

 • Limitations

 • Techniques of bone marrow examination

 • Cell types

 • Cellular composition of bone marrow

 • Morphology of the cells

 • Interpretation of bone marrow examination

• General considerations

 • Collection

 • Preservation

 • Examination

 • Physical examination

 • Chemical examination

 • Microscopic examination

 • Organized sediment

 • Unorganized sediment

 • Cultural examination

• General considerations

 • Collection of synovial fluid

• Examination of synoival fluid

 • Physical examination

 • Chemical examination

 • Cytological examination

 • Microbiological examination

 • Examination for immune complexes

 • Miscellaneous examination

 • Inflammatory conditions of joints

 • Non-infectious arthritis

 • Infectious arthritis

 • Immune complex mediated arthritis

• General considerations

 • Indications

 • Collection of cerebrospinal fluid

 • Sub-occipital puncture

 • Lumbar puncture

 • Examination

 • Physical examination

 • Chemical examination

 • Cytological examination

 • Microbiological examination

• General considerations

 • Steps in validation

 • Step1- Feasibility studies

 • Step 2- Assay development and standardization

 • Step 3- Determining assay performance characteristics

 • Step 4- Monitoring validity of assay performance

 • Step 5- Maintenance and enhancement of validation criteria

 • Measurement of uncertainity of a diagnostic test

• General considerations

 • Purpose and goals of laboratory

 • Standards, guides and references

 • Accreditation for competence

 • Identification of scope

 • Test methods

 • Benefits of ISO17025 accreditation

 • Processing of application

Parasitic weeds are a major constraint in tropical agriculture. These are plants that are adapted to live on other plants sharing their nutrients and water. They constitute 1% of flowering plants, approximately 3000 - 5000 species coming under 20 families. Parasitic weeds from five families viz. Orobanchaceae, Convolvulaceae, Santalaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Loranthaceae are considered troublesome weeds as they infest economically important crops in many parts of the world and are very difficult to control by normal weed management measures.

4.1 Introduction

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major food security crop in South Asia, with 42% of the wheat in this region grown following rice (Oryza sativa L.) on 13.5 million hectares of land. Resource-conserving technologies offer considerable potential for improving the sustainability and productivity of wheat in the rice-wheat system of South Asia. These include raising input use efficiency, cutting costs, providing various environmental benefits, and ultimately improving farmer livelihoods and helping to reduce poverty.

8.1 Introduction

Conservation agriculture (CA) is an approach to regenerative agriculture and land management practices based on three interlinked principles: (1) continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance using no-tillage or reduced tillage based crop cultivation, (2) maintenance of permanent soil cover using crop residues and cover crops and (3) diversification of cropping system using economically, environmentally and socially adapted crop rotation including legume crops and cover crops coupled with other complementary agronomic management practices (FAO, 2014).

1. What is the main negative impact of physiological disorders on root crops?

a) Deterioration of quality and visual characteristics

 b) Nutritional imbalance

 c) Decrease in yield

 d) None of these

2. Forking is a common physiological disorder of which root crop?

a) Radish

c) Beetroot

b) Carrot

 d) Turnip

1. The soils best suited for leafy vegetables are:

a) Clayey soils

c) Sandy soils

b) Well drained loamy soils

 d) Any type of soil 

2. How long does itgenerally take for leafy vegetables to grow?

a) 35-50 days after sowing

 b) 100-120 days after sowing  

c) 90-95 days after sowing

 d) 50-60 days after sowing