eChapters

Pulses are important crops in the State of Jammu and Kashmir as they are the only source of protein, an essential part of the vegetative diet. Besides that, pulses enrich the soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the root nodules and improve the soil structure (Thakur et al., 2009). The tap root system explores the deeper soil strata and heavy leaf litter increases the soil organic matter. Pulses in J& K state are ideal crops for mixed and inter-cropping as well as vegetable and fodder crops. It has been estimated that by 2020 the pulse requirement for Jammu region of J&K alone will be 1.51 lakh tonnes (based on average per capita consumption of 68 grams for the projected population of 60.75 lakh) whereas the estimated requirement of J&K state as a whole works out to be 3.85 lakh tonnes (Digest of Statistics 2008-09).

Jamun, Syzygium cumini Skeels, belongs to the family Myrtaceae and genus Eugenia which comprises about 1000 species of evergreen trees and shrubs. Some of the old-world Eugenia spp., are now placed in the genus Syzygium. The genus Syzygium is a multipurpose genus with many important species.

The original home of jamun is considered to be India (Singh, 1969), while it is also found in Thailand, Philippines, Madagascar and other African countries. In India, jamun is mainly grown in eastern Himalaya, Kumaon, Gangatic plains, Tamil Nadu, Assam and Andamans. It grows well in marshy land and also in neglected wastelands.

Cultivars/Varieties: There are no improved variety of jamun for commercial cultivation. The most common type grown in north India is known as Raja jamun. This is a large-fruited type having oblong fruits of deep purple colour. A type having large- sized fruits is known as Paras in Gujarat. Another type found in Varanasi has no seed. A selection with desirable traits has been located by the CSA University of Agriculture and Technology at Faizabad. It has been named as Narendra Jamun 6.

Uses

Jamun fruits are deep purple to violet in colour and are, therefore, very attractive. The anthocyanin pigment is responsible for the colour. The products made from jamun are jellies, jams squash, beverage, wine vinegar and pickle. In Goa and the Philippines, jambolans are an important source of wine, somewhat like Port, and the distilled liquors, brandy and “jambava” have also been made from the fermented fruit. Jambolan vinegar, extensively made throughout India, is an attractive, clear purple, with a pleasant aroma and mild flavor.

Jamun fruit holds a dear place in Indian literature and religion. One such tale states that when Rama was exiled from Ayodhya, he lived on nothing but jamun for 14 years. Hindu mythology also likens Krishna’s blue skin to the color jamun. Its correlation with Krishna is one reason why the fruit is planted near temples honoring him, even today. Another text states how the Puranas split the cosmos into seven continents. The continent at the center and the one on which humans live was regarded as the island of jamun. At the center of the earth was a single jamun mother tree that produced fruits so large that, upon falling, gushed life-giving rivers for all to enjoy.

Introduction:Jamun (Syzygium cumini) belonging to the family Myrtaceae is a popular indigenous fruits Of India. It is also known as black plum, Indian black cherry, Ram jamun etc. in different parts of India. The tree is tall and handsome, evergreen, generally grown for shade and windbreak on roads and avenues. In India, the maximum number of jamun trees are found scattered throughout the tropical and subtropical regions. It also occurs in the lower range of the Himalayas up to an elevation of 1,300 meters and in the Kumaon hills up to 1,600 meters. It is widely grown in the larger parts of India from the IndoGangetic plains in the North to Tamil Nadu in the South.

Soil:The jamun tree can be grown on a wide range of soils. However, for high yield potential and good plant growth, deep loam and a welldrainedsoil are needed. Jamun can grow well under salinity and waterlogged conditions too.

Climate: Jamun prefers to grow under tropical and subtropical climate. It is also found growing in lower ranges of the Himalayas up to an altitude of 1300 meters. The jamun requires dry weather at the time off towering and fruit setting.

Varieties: The common variety grown under North Indian conditions is “Ram Jarnun”. It produces big sized, oblong fruits, deep purple or bluish-black in color at full ripe stage. The pulp of the ripe fruit is purple pink and the fruit is juicy and sweet. The stone is small in size. The variety ripens in the month of June- July and it is very common both in rural as well as in urban markets.

Jamun is an evergreen tree commonly known as Java plum. It has its origin from Southeast Asia, India, Myanmar and East Indies. It belongs to the family Myrtaceae (which has flowers consisting of characteristic numerous stamens) and species Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels. Closely related to an important spice Syzygium aromaticum “Clove”. It is cultivated in tropics as an evergreen tree with dense foliage and can provide lot of shade. It is a very popular avenue tree. A unique fast growing tree, known to be tolerant to high rainfall and also to water deficit conditions, it is present in both moist and dry situations, occurring in the tropical wet evergreen forests, tropical semi-evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, littoral and swamp, tropical dry deciduous, tropical dry evergreen, subtropical broadleaved hills, and subtropical pine forests. The tree favours moist, damp or marshy situations, where it tends to form gregarious crops. It tolerates prolonged flooding, and once established it can tolerate drought.

Jamun is tall evergreen tree indigenous to India.  According to Hindu tradition, Rama subsisted on the fruit in the forest for 14 years during his exile from Ajodhya, because of this, many Hindus regard jamun as a ‘Fruit of the Gods’. It is known by different names in different regions of India: these names are java plum, black plum, jambul and Indian blackberry. Though the fruits of jamun are liked by all and sell at a good price, but it has still not grown as an orchard tree and is generally known as an avenue tree or as a wind break. Jamun is a hardy fruit plant which can be grown under adverse soil and climatic conditions. It is one of the hardiest fruit tree and best suited for wastelands. It is drought tolerant and at the same time can tolerate water stagnation as well as marshy wetlands. 

Genus : Syzygium 
Species : cumini (L.) Skeels
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 40

Syzygium cumini Jamun, Genus name Syzygium in from Greek word united, referring to the calyptra petals and is an important minor fruit of considerable commercial significance besides being tall growing with evergreen handsome foliage is often used as road side avenue plantation to provide shade. As with other genera this fruit crop is indigenous to the East Indies, is cultivated for its fruit which is refreshing when taken with salt in scorching summer heat in India. The plants are small evergreen with attractive glossy light green foliage found growing along river sides and also planted in avenues.

The Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) is a nutritious fruit with a variety of uses; virtually every part of the tree has been utilized by both urban and rural dwellers. The fruit is good source of iron, sugars, minerals, protein and carbohydrate etc (Table 1). Fully ripe fruits are eaten fresh and can be processed into beverages like jelly, jam, squash, wine, vinegar and pickles. The Jamun fruit has sub-acid spicy flavour and squash is very refreshing drink for quenching the thrust in the summer season. A little quantity of fruit syrup is much useful for curing the diarrhoea. The vinegar prepared from juice extracted from slightly unripe fruit is stomachic, carminative and diuretic, apart from having cooling and digestive properties (Thaper, 1958). However, small jamun fruits not suitable for table use but suitable for use in the beverage industry as they contained a high amount of acidity, tannins and anthocyanins (Anon., 1986). The volatile oil from the jamun fruits can also be extracted (Vijayanandet al., 2001). Fruits are used as an effective medicine against diabetes, heart and liver trouble (Singh, 2001). The Powdered seeds have also reputation of being useful in the treatment of diabetes. Oral administration of an aqueous jamun seed extract for 6 weeks caused a significant decrease in lipids, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and an increase in catalase and superoxide dismutase in the brain of diabetic rats (Prince et al., 2003). Leaf extract of jamun also reduces the radiation induced DNA damage in the cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Jamun seed can be used as concentrate for animals, as it is rich in protein, carbohydrates and calcium. Its timber wood is used for railway sleepers, construction of buildings, agricultural implements and for well work, as it resists the action of water (Chundawat, 1990).

• S. fruticosum (Jamiya), a small edible fruit, is grown as a wide break.
• Ross apple (Gulab Jamun) bears rose-scented fruits with fibrous flesh.
• Cultivar – Raij Jamun, Paras (Large size) N.J.-6 (Seedless).
• Syzygium Jambos – Rose apple (Gulab Jamun)
• Fruit trees for sodicity tolerance.
• Syzygium grows in tropical and subtropical climate under a wide range of them temperature and rainfall.
• Jamun, in general, prefers dry atmosphere at the time of flowering and fruiting.
• Water apple and rose apple are usually planted in home garden at a distance of 7.0 m × 8.0 m.
• Propagation of seed and shield and patch budding.
• Irrigation the use in May-June requires 5-6 irrigations in a year.
• Intercropping – peach, guava, kagzilime, as fillers, field crop – gram, peas, moong etc.
• Jamun exhibits maximum growth and flowering during February.
• Flower bud differentiation has been observed on 5-10 months old branches, starts in the last week of January and continues for 43 days.

1. Basic Information and Agrarian Status

1.1. Geography

Japan is a crescent-shaped archipelago consisting of four main islands named Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and of a few thousand small islands, with a total area of 3,77,907 square kilometers. The country is mountainous, with forests accounting for 66 per cent of the total area, and arable land 13 per cent.

1.2. Climate

The archipelago is almost 3,000 km in length and stretches from north to south, and  includes subartic, temperate and subtropical zones.

In winter, the side of the country facing the Sea of Japan, include Niigata and Fukui, is known worldwide for its heavy snowfall, but the side facing the Pacific Ocean has little or no snowfall. From spring to fall, there is no big difference between these areas. The summer season starts with an almost one month long baiu (rainy season) around June. After the baiu, the temperature rises to more than 30 degree Celsius, and it become very humid. In the fall, a few typhoons hit Japan, occasionally causing a major disaster.

1. OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL SCENARIO AND EXTENSION SYSTEMS IN JAPAN

1.1. Japanese Agricultural Policy and its Short History

The modernization of Japan’s agriculture was started through mechanization such as cultivators, rice planting machines, tractors and combines in the 1960s. Mechanization led to a large decrease in hours spent on rice cultivation, and the redundant labor force moved from agriculture to the manufacturing industry. This movement resulted in the modernization of rice cultivation, high productivity and high income for farm households.

On the other hand, a decreased demand for rice caused by westernization of the diet, e.g. greater consumption of animal products, became a serious problem. The national government decided to regulate rice production, and the acreage of paddy fields equivalent to the excess rice production has been used to cultivate other plants since 1978. Nowadays, the permitted area for planting rice is about 60 per cent of the paddy fields, with the other 40 per cent used to cultivate other plants such as barley, soybean, buckwheat and so on.

This is an acute viral encephalitis having public health importance. It is under the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae. The genus Flavivirus comprises of group of arbovirus though a few members of the genus have no known vector. The genus contains over 70 viruses of which 40 are mosquito borne, 16 are tick borne and 18 have no known vector. The type species of the genus is yellow fever virus. Although all flaviviruses are serologically relate, they can also be grouped serologically into distinct groups: dengue serological group, the JE serological group and a less serologically cohesive yellow fever virus group. The disease has been recognized in Japan since 1871 and was named Japanese B encephalitis to distinguish it from 'encephalitis A' (encephalitis lethargica, Von economo's disease) which was then prevalent. The virus was first isolated in Japan during an epidemic in 1935.

Etiology: JE virus is under the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae. The genome is about 11 kb which encodes 3 structural proteins (C, capsid protein, PrM the membrane precursor protein that is cleaved proteolytically by a cellular protease to form the M protein in mature virions, and E, envelope protein) and 7 non-structural (NS) protein (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5). The Eglycoprotein is the most immunologically important protein. The Japanese encephalitis serological group of flaviviruses comprises eight virus species and two subtype viruses with a geographic range encompassing all continents except Antarctica. The major virus species and their geographic range are as follows: the Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV) in eastern, southern and southeastern Asia, Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait of northern Australia; the West Nile virus (WNV) in Africa, southern and central Europe, India, the Middle East and North America and as Kunjin virus ( a subtype of WNV) in Australia and Papua New Guinea; the Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the western Indonesian archipelago and the St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) in North and South America. The other minor members of the group are Usutu (USUV), Koutango and Yaounde viruses in Africa; Cacipacore virus in South America and Alfuy, a subtype of MVEV, in Australia.

Introduction
Jasmine is commonly known as Chameli, Champa, Juhi, Mogra, and Motia in India. French jasmine, Spanish jasmine and Catalonian jasmine are also found in India. It consisted of both as vines/climbers and shrubs.
Origin
‘Jasminum’ word is derived from an Arabic word ‘Yasmin.’ It is native to the Himalayas and mostly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It originated in the north-east foothills of Himalayas in Indo-Burma. It is known
for characteristic smell and beautiful colours of flowers for our indoor as well as outdoor gardening. Jasmines are a group of ornamental domesticated plants, grown perennial for their fragrant flowers. However, its potential for production of perfume has also been first exploited in France.
Distribution
It was first introduced on commercial scale for production of essential oil in Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Syria, Algeria, Tunisia, United Arab Republic, China and India. Keeping in view the manual picking of flowers, it is labour
based agro-industry. Presently,

Bud-worm : Hendecasis duplifascialis : Pyraustidae

This pest is serious on J.sambac. The larvae are dark green with black head which bores into immature buds.  They make a hole on the buds, and feed inside, leaving behind faecal pellets entangled in few silk strands. Webbing is seen in severe infestation and pupation takes place in soil.

Jasmine (Jasminum spp) is one of the oldest fragrant flowers cultivated by man. They are the most common flowers in India gardens.

Importance and Uses

They are traditionally important flowers not only as fresh flowers but also as source of high grade perfume oil. Mention of jasmine is there in ancient Indian literature like Kamasutra (AD 300-400) and Mahabharatha (500 BC). The odour of jasmine flowers cannot be imitated by any known synthetic chemical or natural isolates, thus giving it a unique status in the perfume world.

Jasmine (Jasminum spp.) belongs to the family Oleaceae, order Oleales are climbing, trailing or erect shrubby plants and there are both deciduous and evergreen species. The generic name Jasminum is derived from Arabic word “Jassamine”, “Jasmin” and “Jasminum” (Bailey, 1963). Flowers are white, yellow or rarely reddish. Flowers are used for making garlands and Veni. Jamine oil extracted from the flower is highly valued in perfumery industry. France, The Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Algeria, Turkey, Morocco and Tunisia are major jasmine oil producing countries (Singh, 2006).

Jasmine (Jasminum spp.) belongs to the family Oleaceae, order Oleales are climbing, trailing or erect shrubby plants and there are both deciduous and evergreen species. The generic name Jasminum is derived from Arabic word “Jassamine”, “Jasmin” and “Jasminum” (Bailey, 1963). Flowers are white, yellow or rarely reddish. Flowers are used for making garlands and Veni. Jamine oil extracted from the flower is highly valued in perfumery industry. France, The Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Algeria, Turkey, Morocco and Tunisia are major jasmine oil producing countries (Singh, 2006).

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

Jasmine is native to tropical and subtropical regions; a large number of species are centred on the regions comprising India, China and Malaysia. Jasmines distributed in warm parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and Pacific region, nearly absent from America (Bailey, 1963).

Jasmines have adorned the gardens of central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, Nepal and many other tropical and sub tropical countries. The distribution patterns of nearly 72 species in India, Malaysia and China provide a strong base to claim that India is one of the principal centers of origin of Jasminum species. Among these, about 40 species are reported to occur in India and mostly cultivated in South India (Bhattacharjee, 1980). Large number of species are however, centered to the region comprising of The Himalayas, China and Malaysia. Other countries where jasmine is cultivated are France, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, North Africa, Spain and Egypt. The cultivated jasmines fall into four species viz., Jasminum sambac, Jasminum auriculatum, Jasminum grandiflorum, and Jasminum multiflorum (Kakada).

In India, the three species Jasminum sambac, Jasminum auriculatum and Jasminum grandiflorum have been mentioned in the ancient Tamil Literature of ‘Sangam’ period (500 B.C. to 200 A.D.). Jasmines are commercially grown in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Other growing states are Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

INTRODUCTION

Jasmine is one of the first plants that come to mind when one thinks of sweet fragrance. A single jasmine vine can perfume an entire room or garden. Jasmines have adorned the gardens of central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, Nepal and many other tropical and sub tropical countries. India exports jasmine flowers to the neighbouring countries like Srilanka, Singapore, Malaysia and also the Gulf. Jasmine contributes substantially to the national economy and annually about Rs. 20 crores worth of flowers are produced in India.

Plants are grown both as shrub and climber. Flowers and flower buds are used for making garlands, bouquets and veni and for religious offerings. Jasmine oil extracted from the flower is highly valued as it is used in manufacturing perfumes, cosmetics, creams, hair oils, soaps and shampoos. Flowers are used in jasmine tea or herbal or black tea. As a medicinal plant, jasmine has traditionally been considered an aphrodisiac and calmative. In India, it is grown in different states especially Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal because their flower and floral buds are in great demand.

Abstract: Genus Jasminum contains 90 species to be true in existence and use, range from landscape to hair adornments, and perfumes. It is native to Indo-Malayan region. Morphological variants from different species have been developed in different regions in India. Unfruitfulness, cross incompatibility, pollen and seed sterility, delicate flower parts, peak and active night flowering, endosperm antagonism often pose significant challenge to breeders. Genetic information and trait heritability is almost unknown for this crop. Phenotypic traits requiring future improvement include recurrent flowering for fresh flower market, high concrete recovery, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Future breeding and genetic studies are needed for further transform this crop.

Introduction

Plants are grown both as shrub and climber. Flowers and flower buds are used for making garlands and Veni and for religious offerings. Jasmine oil extracted from the flower is highly valued as it is used in manufacturing perfumes, cosmetics, creams, hair oils, soaps and shampoos.

Flowers are used in jasmine tea or herbal or black tea. As a medicinal plant, jasmine has traditionally been considered an aphrodisiac and calmative. In India, it is grown in different states especially Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal because their flower and floral buds are in great demand.

Genetics

The genus with basic chromosome number of n=13 generally consists of forms with 2n=26. However, natural occurrence of higher ploidy was also observed in J. sambac cv. Gundumalli (2n=39), cultivated variety of J. flexile (2n=52), J. primulinum (2n=39) and J. angustifolium (2n=52).

Jasmine is one of India’s most important fragrant loose flower crops, valued for garlands, Veni, Gajra, religious ceremonies, festivals and perfume production. Flowers and buds are also important raw materials for jasmine oil, cosmetics, soaps and other fragrance products. The chapter describes jasmine’s origin, distribution, genetics and commercially cultivated species, particularly Jasminum sambac, J. auriculatum and J. grandiflorum. It discusses climate and soil requirements, propagation, planting, nutrient management, irrigation, pruning and other cultural practices. Major pests and diseases and their management are included. The chapter also explains harvesting, postharvest handling, marketing and the value-addition potential of jasmine flowers and essential oil.

Jasmines constitute a group of traditional flower crops which are commercially grown for their fragrant flowers and essential oil production. There are trailing, climbing, and erect growing species and cultivars in the genus Jasminum. The genus Jasminum comprises of more than 200 species which are known to occur in different tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The countries growing Jasmines on a commercial scale are India, France, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, North Africa, Egypt and Spain. More than 80 Jasminum species are found in India, of which only four species viz., Jasminum sambac (Mogra / Gundumalli), Jasminum auriculatum (Jui / Mullai), Jasminum multiflorum syn Jasminum pubescens (Kunda / Kakda) and Jasminum grandiflorum (Jai / Pitchi) are widely used for commercial cultivation. Jasmines are commercially grown in many parts of the country as a dry land crop. The leading states in jasmine production are South Indian states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In India, the commercial cultivation of jasmines are popular in Athoor, Coimbatore, Dharampuri, Dindigul, Erode, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Nilakottai, Periakulam, Salem, Thiruchirapalli, Thirunelveli, Thiruvallur, Tirumanagalam, Vellore, Virudhunagar etc. in Tamil Nadu; Bangalore, Bellary, Kolar, Mysore, Shimoga, Tumkur etc. in Karnataka ; Hyderabad, Khammam, Mahbubnagar, Mancherial, Ranga Reddy, Sangareddy, Vikarabad, Warangal Rural, Yadadri etc. in Telangana; Anantapur, Chittoor, Cuddapah, East Godavari, Guntur, Krishna, Kurnool, Nellore, Prakasam, West Godavari etc. in Andhra Pradesh; Ahmednagar, Aurangabad, Pune, Sangli etc. in Maharashtra; Ahmedabad, Anand, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Kutch, Vadodara etc. in Gujarat; Gazipur, Jaunpur, Kannauj etc. in Uttar Pradesh; Ajmer, Jaipur, Kota, Udaipur etc. in Rajasthan; Panskura Ranaghat etc. in West Bengal; Guwahati, Hoja, Jorhat etc. in Assam ; and parts of Punjab and Delhi. Jasmines contributes markedly to the national economy and it is estimated that annually more than 20 crores worth of jasmine flowers are produced and traded in India and are also exported to countries like Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, UAE and United States (Safeena et al., 2017).

Introduction 
Jatropha, a genus belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, comprises 175 species and has its origins in tropical America and Mexico, later spreading to the tropics and subtropics of Asia and Africa (Divakara et al., 2010). In Asian countries, India, China, and Myanmar account for more than 85% of Jatropha cultivation, while Africa and Latin American countries like Brazil and Mexico make up 12% and 2%, respectively. India stands as the largest cultivator of Jatropha (Kumar and Sharma, 2008). Historically, Jatropha has been utilized for various purposes, including storm protection, soil erosion control, firewood, hedges, and traditional medicines (Openshaw, 2000; Gubitz et al., 1999; Heller, 1996; Kaushik and Kaushik, 2011). The seed oil of Jatropha has also been used as lamp fuel, soap manufacturing ingredient, paints, and lubricant (Gubitz et al., 1999; Achten et al., 2007; Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010). The characteristics of Jatropha seed oil closely resemble those of diesel (Pramanik, 2003; Foidl et al., 1996; Augustus et al., 2002), earning it the title of a biodiesel plant (Pandey et al., 2012). Jatropha thrives on diverse wastelands without requiring agricultural inputs like irrigation and fertilization and its seeds contain 40 to 60% oil content (Pandey et al., 2012; Achten et al., 2007). The plant’s easy propagation, rapid growth, drought tolerance, pest resistance, higher oil content compared to other oil crops, adaptation to a wide range of environmental conditions, short gestation period and optimal plant size and architecture which facilitate seed collection (Divakara et al., 2010), make it a promising crop for biofuel production (Abou Kheira and Atta, 2009; Fairless, 2007). The oil extracted from Jatropha curcas L. is primarily converted into biodiesel for use in diesel engines. The protein-rich cake resulting from oil extraction can be used as fish or animal feed after detoxification. Additionally, it serves as a biomass feedstock for electricity generation or biogas production and is a high-quality organic fertilizer (Gubitz et al., 1999). Crop improvement in Jatropha curcas L. focuses on enhancing its potential as a biodiesel feedstock by addressing challenges like low yield, variable oil content and narrow adaptability. Efforts in selection and breeding aim to identify highyielding genotypes with desirable traits such as high oil content, early maturity and resistance to pests and diseases. Hybridization and mutation breeding are used to introduce genetic diversity and develop improved varieties suited to diverse environmental conditions. Biotechnological approaches, including genetic engineering and marker-assisted selection are employed to accelerate

Jaundice is a disease marked by a yellow discoloration in the skin, or in the whites of the eyes. This is due to excessive amounts of bile in the blood stream. Jaundice may arise from a number of different causes. Some types of jaundice arise from conditions outside the liver. Also in some cases the patient may have jaundice in a sub clinical form. That is, the bile pigment may be elevated but not sufficiently to actually discolour the skin.

Normally there is a certain rate at which the red blood cell are broken down and destroyed in the body. The average life of a red cell is about four months. But certain disease conditions may cause an excessive breakdown of red cells and this increases the bile pigment in the blood. Such a rapid breakdown of cells may be seen in haemolytic anaemia, sickle cell anaemia, pernicious anaemia, jaundice of the newborn child, as well as in malaria, pneumonia, yellow fever and certain bacterial infections of the blood.

Obstructive jaundice means that the bile is backing up into the blood stream because of some obstruction involving the larger bile ducts. The normal liver produces one pint of bile every twenty-four hours. This is transported to the gall bladder where it is concentrated and becomes green, or else passes directly to the small intestine where it acts as a lubricant. Bile is also necessary for the absorption of fats and for its laxative effect in the large intestine.

Jelly:-Jelly is a semi solid product prepared by boiling a solution of pectin containing fruit extract free from pulp after the addition of sugar and acid. A perfect jelly should be transparent, well set, should have original flavour of the fruits, attractive colour and it should be free from dullness. Jelly is mainly prepared by guava, sour apple, wood apple, loquat and papaya. Apricot, pineapple, strawberry etc of low pectin containing fruits can also utilize after addition of pectin powder because these fruits have low pectin contain.

Jharkhand, a newly created (15 November, 2000) state having total geographical area 79.72 lakh hectares, net sown area 18.1 lakh hectares with cropping intensity 114%, is rich in natural resources such as minerals, coal, soil, water, forest cover (29.3%), biodiversity but deficient (50%) in food grain production because of meagre irrigation facilities (10% of cultivated area) in absence of perennial rivers. This state is primarily rainfed and crop production largely depends on monsoon. The south-west monsoon contributes nearly 85% of rain water. Accordingly, the success or failure of crop production is closely linked with the onset, progress and withdrawal of monsoon. Delay in onset, intermittent dry spell (1-3 weeks), early withdrawal of monsoon are also usually observed. Failure of rain has adverse impact on the reproductive phase of rainy season crops and thus on crop yield as well as establishment of winter season crops. Sometimes high rainfall (140 mm/day) coupled with light soil texture and undulating topo sequence provides congenial environment for soil erosion with runoff. This also offers opportunity for water harvesting. Infact, soil and water are the two basic natural resources which must be conserved and utilized efficiently on long term basis.

Abstract

In the present paper an attempt is made to study the job inspirational element of employees of Small and Medium Enterprise’s, Guntur.  It is well known fact that job satisfaction plays major role in satisfying an employee himself as well as the organization in terms of attaining the needed output.  As job inspirational elements are the deciding factors of job satisfaction, HR managers will have an eagle eye towards in this aspect in the organization that intern has to bridge the gap between the personnel and the management.  The present study attempted to understand the well as the source of recruitment through which they have entered the organization.

Whenever a person acquires desired qualifications, he needs a forum to express his talents and a place where he can fulfill his dreams and make important attainments. This may be achieved by two ways. One is, he becomes an entrepreneur and plans his own organization. As we are discussing biological research, there are good opportunities to start a Pharmaceutical firm to produce a drug, or a biotechnology firm to produce some biochemical molecule, enzymes, bio-fertilizers, vaccines against important human/animal/poultry diseases or a firm to supply diagnostic kits or immunological products etc. These are not hypothetical suggestions, difficult to achieve by a middle class person, but part of reality achieved by middle class family in India with laurels in their field of work. We may cite examples of firms like Dr Reddy Laboratory (Dr K.A Reddy), Biocon India (Ms Majumdar), Venky (poultry vaccines etc), Biorad (Bangalore based biochemical molecules supplier) who are working in India and leading their respective field. All this have been possible with tremendous change that has occurred in Indian scenario where there are many venture capitalists (or PE firms) who are willing to invest any amount of money provided they like your new idea of establishing a new enterprise. A somewhat more detailed information, in this regards, is provided elsewhere (see Research for money-chapter 13). Here I have not mentioned to pursue a Dairy or Poultry farm as these are not parts of research activities but related to animal production and any other person may also enter in such commercial activities.

1. Introduction Plants have played a crucial role in fulfilling human needs for centuries, and among the vast array of plant species, Job’s Tear (Coixlacryma-jobi L), also known as adlay, coix, and Chinese pearl barley, holds significant potential as a crop in the Poaceae family. There are four main varieties of Job’s Tear, including C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen, C. lacryma-jobi var. Puellarum, C. lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi, and C. lacryma-jobi var. Stenocarpa. The Indo-Maynmar region serves as the primary producing area for Job’s Tear millet, with other significant production countries being China, Japan, the Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and India (Laxmisha et al.,2022). The versatile crop has earned the status of a staple in many regions, not only ensuring food security but also improving the livelihoods of rural farmers. Beyond its nutritional significance, Job’s Tear has garnered recognition for its potential health benefits.

1.1 Introduction Millets are small-grained ancient cereal crops that were renowned as one of the oldest sources of nourishment in prehistoric times. They are believed to have been cultivated since 8000 BC. Apart from providing nutritious grains, these crops are well adapted to the marginal and dryland ecosystems due to their climatic resilience, biotic stress tolerance, and capacity to flourish in the wild. Among the millets, small millets make up a distinct subgroup and comprise of finger millet (Eleusine coracana), little millet (Panicum sumatrense), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) and brown top millet (Brachiaria ramosa L.) in India along with a few more cereals like teff, fonio, job’s tears and guinea millet in some other parts of the world. As fine cereals gained popularity after the 1960s, the acreage and significance of these crops began to decrease. In recent years the drastic climate change has made us to focus on underutilized crops.

Joint disarticulation: Unwanted limb is amputed by joint disarticulation method.

Site of amputation along with skin-muscle flap ratio

Fore limb:
Elbow disarticulation
Carpo-metacarpal disarticulation
Fetlock disarticulation

Joint supply : Some products or production processes have more than one use. For instance, cows can both provide milk and be eaten.

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schn.) is a non traditional crop in arid and semi-arid areas. The search for a replacement for sperm whale oil has led to the investigation of jojoba, as a potential crop plant, because its seeds contain a wax that is essentially identical to the whale oil. Development of jojoba as an economically viable crop requires improved methods of propagation and culture since it is a dioecious in nature. Jojoba is a new oil-producing industrial crop that has attracted much attention in recent years. Jojoba oil is unique in nature. No other plant is known to produce oil like jojoba. It is remarkable to note that, in spite of the variability in size or where grown, each jojoba seed contains an average of 50% pure oil by volume. Jojoba is native to the semiarid regions of southern Arizona, southern California and north western Mexico. Now Jojoba is being cultivated in many countries like Israel, Egypt, Arizona and Mexico. In Rajasthan (India) it provides a renewable source of unique high-quality oil. It is suitable oil yielding plant for hot arid region (Muthana,1981)  because of its adoptive nature to arid environment. Much of the interest in jojoba worldwide is the result of the plant’s ability to survive in a harsh desert environment. Jojoba can be grown as an oil-producing cash crop. Jojoba is a drought resistant plant and can be grown on marginal lands without replacing any existing crops. Moreover, for optimum production, the crop needs irrigation, management and a good cultivar.

1. Introduction

Jordan is an Arab country located in the heart of the Middle East. It is a highly centralized country in both political and economic terms, with a constitutional monarchy. The parliament consists of an upper-house appointed by the king and an elected lower-house. The king appoints the prime minister, who in turn, appoints a cabinet of ministers.

1.1. General Information

The country shares borders with Iraq to the east, Israel and the Palestinian Authority to the west, Syria to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. In 2005, the population of Jordan was estimated at 5.5 million people with a population growth rate around 2.3 per cent, living in an area of about 89,300 sq. km. Most of the population is urbanized (82 per cent), with more than half living in the capital, Amman, and in the Zarqa governorate. About 60 per cent of the total population is under 25 and 38 per cent is under the age of 15 (United Nations, 2006). Jordan is classified as a lower-middle income country, with an economy that is severely affected by water scarcity and limited land resources. The capital Amman dominates over  80  per cent of the country’s economy.

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Agriculture, as one of the most important economic sectors in Jordan, is under increasing pressure due to rising population, consumer affluence, pressure from globalization and a shrinking resource base. Previous production challenges in Jordan have been met largely through improvements in traditional agricultural inputs such as seeds and agrochemicals, but the present challenges need different solutions. Better management, which involves higher degrees of information and knowledge, is widely seen as a way to address these challenges. The potentials that ICT has to offer range from the sharing and re-use of data, research findings, lessons learned and best practices among R&D institutions to developing quick response mechanisms for agricultural and natural resources crises situations; from permitting informed decision making among the agricultural officials to sounder policy making among the legislators; from improving the extension delivery systems in the rural areas to bringing e-Commerce to the farmers.

Agricultural extension is about the application of information into knowledge and adoption, such as application of scientific research to agricultural practices through farmer training. ICT broadly defined as facilitation by electronic means the creation, storage, management and dissemination of information. Two types of ICT – old and new are practiced in extension service; the former refers to radio and TV which are low cost and require little skill to use while the latter forms of ICT include networked computers, satellite-sourced communication, wireless technology and the internet. Assume key factors explaining different ICT taken up by country are: per capita income; levels of education; the rural concentration; and dispersal of a country’s population.

The development of ICT in Jordan is fast and the Jordan’s IT capacity related to agro-information dissemination needs to be vastly improved at the local level to allow the effective horizontal transmission of information and communication between the farmers and institutions. However, technological challenges have still to be addressed such as the lack of trained communicators, poor ICT infrastructures high costs and limited access to ICTs and lack of relevant content.

The word journalism is derived from the word “Journal” which means a daily register or a diary.

• Journalism is the written, spoken, or visual dissemination of information about a day’s events.

• A journalist is someone who works as a writer or editor for a newspaper or magazine.

• Father of journalism: Joseph Pulitzer

• Father of journalism in India: James Augustus Hicky

4.1 The Meaning of Journalism

The profession and practice of journalism entail gathering, confirming, analysing, and distributing news and information to the general public. Reporters, often known as journalists, are essential to the accurate, timely, and insightful coverage of events, problems, and advancements that have an impact on society. They are responsible for presenting the facts, providing diverse viewpoints, and conveying information in a clear, objective, and ethical manner.

A. Research journal

1. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Science (Quarterly)-Society of Haryana, Department of Vegetable Crops, CCS, HAU, Hisar (Haryana).
2. Hort. Science (Annualy)-American Society for Horticultural Sciences 600, Camerun Street, Alexandria, USA
3. Horticulture Research (Half yearly)-ScottishAcademic Press, 25, Perth Street, Edinburgh.
4. Indian Journal of Horticulture (Quarterly)-Horticulture Society of India, Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, IARI, Pusa, (New Delhi).
5. Journal of Applied Horticulture (Half yearly)-Managing Editor, Journal of Applied Horticulture, A-859, Indiranagar, Lucknow (UP).
6. Progressive Horticulture (Quarterly)- Hill Horticulture Development Board, Horticultural Experiment and Training Centre, Chaubattia, Ranikhet, (Uttarakhand).
7. Scientia Horticulture (Annualy)-Elsevier Science P.O. Box 945, New York,

Introduction

Indian agriculture began by 9000 BCE as an after effect of earlier agriculture of plants, and conduct of crops and animals. Settled activity once again followed with accessories and techniques accepting developed for agricultural heritage system. Previously, double monsoons led to two harvests accepting reaped in one year alike various countries. Indian online inscription once again able the prime via complete trading networks and adopted crops were at variance in India. Plants and animals are advised basal to their adjustment by the Indian that came to be admired and venerated. The boilerplate ages are of saying irrigation channels adeptness a new affiliated of accord in India and Indian crops affecting the economies of added regions of the world. Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of accouterment accordant growth and crop productivity. Despite some stagnation during the afterwards strike era the Republic of India was able to beforehand a complete agricultural programme. In India, there are about 110 crore of farmers engage i.e. two-third of complete workforce, contributes to 26 per cent of the GDP and about one-sixth of the complete address earnings. India associated a repulsive agricultural system at the time of expertise growing at a ritual quantity in advance of 0.3 per cent in the earlier bisected of the stand for the century. Perplexing building up of lateral population pressure provided by agricultural scientists and harder plan put in by the farmers due to the planned Government agricultural policies. Indian agriculture has able to provide a service in advance an amount of 2.7 per cent in the procession expertise in the following era. The beforehand in food particle accession was a lot of arresting at about 3.7 per cent compared to population before of 2.2 per cent during the decade of 1980’s. Unfortunately, it slowed down in 1990s to 1.8 per cent, lower than the population earlier by 2 per cent. Further, rural agriculture across too, the development has been admit in accession and prosperity of crops in several regions. All said and done, overriding the three-fold in advance at population by a four time admission in food stuff succession from the earlier 5 year plan to the change about of the period by all agencies an admirable achievement. The key macro indicator of borough expertise in agriculture comprised in advance jump in food succession from budgetary provision of rupees 50.8 crore in 1950-51 to 212 crore in 2000-2001. It is annual budget up to date that 92 per cent of the entrance in achievement has been technology-led. Thanks to the agricultural scientists for developing location based technologies and animate off to the Indian farmers for their activity to ideas, activity to acclimatize and as able to accepting of new and bigger authentic knowledge.

The exile of Rama and his journey to the forests (vanvasa) for 14 years was started from Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh, India) and ended to Lanka (Sri Lanka), through different forests, territorial regions, lands, hills, lakes of old India. The whole journey to those places was candidly portrayed in Ramayana with vivid descriptions, from narrations of the night sky, the position of different stars to descriptions of the flora, fauna and landscape. In this chapter, a retrospection of the places, forests, Rama passed through during his entire journey has been documented. The present status of those forests and places has been considered to evaluate a comparison over the thousands of years and the changes taken place besides significance they hold till date (Anonymous, 2024; Iyer, 2014).

Journey to the Forest and Route Map

Ayodhya, the capital city, kingdom of Kosala, was situated on the banks of holy river Saryu and was the birthplace of Rama. To fulfill the wish of his father, king Dasharatha, Rama left Ayodhya for 14 years of exile to the forest, along with Sita and Lakshmana. Their journey started from Ayodhya and passed through different places / forests.

I. INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW

Intellectual property rights may be defined as the legal relationships that arise out of an individual’s creative gifts and the communication to society of his or her intellectual creations. Intellectual property is challenging as well as rapidly widening horizon of law. The purpose of law is to encourage and reward creativity and intellectual effort. The prominence of this branch of law in India is partly due to India’s economic structure and its geographical position in the world. Many international companies operate in India either directly or through licensees or agents. Numerous goods, services, and technological developments have overseas origins. Foreign companies often control their interests through contract but they invariably do so by means of copyright law, obtaining of patents or by registration of trade-marks and designs. It follows that in particular circumstances intellectual property remedies are most convenient method of maintaining control, or at least a useful adjunct to other remedies based on contract. Another important factor is the upsurge in “piracy” that is occurring not only in India but also in almost every other part of the world. Piracy may originate outside India, or, it may also originate in lndia. While devising legal apparatus for the welfare and protection of creative people, we must not lose sight of the public interest in the greatest measure of access to information and culture. Intellectual property rights are significant wealth- creating assets and their protection and commercialization are of increasing economic significance. In past the value of such rights was often overlooked and it is only in recent years that the economic potential of intellectual property has started receiving greater recognition. The dawn of the third millennium which has led to the emergence of knowledge capitalism with emphasis on intangible assets such as knowledge, competencies and intellectual property is a defining movement in the history of mankind. It is a defining moment in the history of mankind because the historical forces set in motion by the digital revolution has spawned a new civilization characterized by path breaking inventions and technological innovations and the opening up of the electronic frontier. It is an age of digital renaissance which combines the marvels of the Age of Discovery and the excellence of medieval Renaissance rolled into one. As a result of the information technology revolution there is a transition from industrial society to information society. Convergence of computer networks and communication technologies facilitated by the digital revolution has given birth to Cyberspace which in turn has ushered in knowledge economy. Hence, the intellectual property law faces challenges. In this background the concept, nature and development of intellectual property rights are proposed to be examined. The paper will be divided into V more parts. Part II of the paper will outline the meaning concept of intellectual property and range of subject matter protected by law, part III will examine the jurisprudential justifications of intellectual property protection, part-IV will explore the evolution and development of intellectual property rights under international law, part-V will demonstrate the evolution and development of intellectual property rights under Indian law. And part-VI will conclude the subject.

History of jute in India: In Mahabharata times the mention has been made regarding Jute garments as pattagam (patta produced) for jute fibre products and kitajam (insect produced) for silk products. In Ain-e-Akbari, there is mention of sack cloth made from jute, in Rangapur district.

A. Diseases

1. Bacterial leaf blight

Occurrence & severity status

The disease Bacterial leaf blight, also known as ‘Bacterial leaf spot’, occurs on white jute (Corchorus capsularis) and tossa jute (C. olitorius) in seed crops of jute at the ICARCRIJAF research farm, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India (Biswas et al., 2013, 2014), in Formosa (Elliott, 1951) and Sudan (Sabet, 1957). The incidence of the disease varies from 25% (Borker and Yamlembam, 2017).

Symptoms

The disease initially appears on leaves as small brown circular spots of 25mm diameter (in tossa jute) or angular brown spots (in white jute), In most cases, the spots are surrounded by a yellow halo and the angular spots coalesce at later stage show larger blighted areas on lamina (Borker and Yamlembam, 2017). The lesions on the stems are elongated; sometimes the spots girdle the stem. The disease on the capsules produces small sunken brown spots. Defoliation and death of the plants may result in severe infections. In the later stages of disease, brown sunken spots were found on the green capsules (Sabet, 1957; Biswas et al., 2013, 2014).

I. FILL UPS

1. The isolation distance is _____ for foundation seed production of jute.
2. The maximum permitted limit of off types for foundation seed is _____.
3. The water requirement of jute crop is _____.
4. Seed rate recommended for olitorius type of jute is _____.
5. Seed rate recommended for capsularis type of jute is _____.

Juvenility is referred to the phase of plant growth following germination from seed during which flowering does not occur and the bud meristem is not competent to respond to seasonal environmental inductive cues, and hence plant remains vegetative. The changes from juvenile to mature characteristics are well known as phase changes phenomenon. Plants are unable to initiate flowering after germination and have to undergo in a juvenile developmental phase.

Juvenility

Juvenility is referred to the phase of plant growth following germination from seed during which flowering does not occur and the bud meristem is not competent to respond to seasonal environmental inductive cues, and hence plant remains vegetative. The changes from juvenile to mature characteristics are well known as phase changes phenomenon. Plants are unable to initiate flowering after germination and have to undergo in a juvenile developmental phase. This transition period (phase) is a gradual and continuous process until the flowering takes place. The length of this phase varies considerably between different species. In annuals like Arabidopsis, the juvenile phase is typically very short, whereas in perennials like hybrid aspen, it is several years.

A plant is considered juvenile from the time it is at seedling stage until it is mature and capable of initiating flowering. Length of juvenile period in most of woody plants is still considered as a big problem. Indeed, it affects the plant breeding efficiency, plant propagation, and selection of new cultivars. In fact, juvenility is a complex phenomenon still not fully understood. Juvenility period extends from seed germination until the plant attains the ability to flower. Furthermore, all the stages namely seed germination, juvenile growth period and transition to the reproductive stage until fruitful inflorescence development are long and not always synchronous in the seedling population. It arrives at the age 30-40 years in Fagus sylvatica L., and at l0 years or even more in olives. Juvenile period is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Attempts made in past to overcome juvenile period in most woody plants on the environmental level have shown very limited success.

Ketose: A simple sugar in which carbonyl group is a ketone.

Kinases: Enzymes that catalyse phosphorylation of an acceptor molecule such as protein molecule by ATP.

Kerria japonica var. pleniflora Witte. (Rosaceae): Eng.- Jew’s Mallow / Japanese Rose [NI]. A deciduous ornamental shrub with vigorous and upright green shoots; alternate, ovate, pointed, sharply toothed, bright green leaves; produces very attractive, solitary, pompon like, double yellow flowers in April.