eChapters

1. Individual or mass selection
The terms individual selection and mass selection are often used interchangeably, and they refer to selection solely based on the individual´s phenotype. This is a well-known and widely used method of selection in animal breeding. It can be used on characteristics that can be measured in the candidate animal itself, as weight gain is most efficient in characteristics of high heritability. Individual selection is usually the simplest method to operate and, in many circumstances, it yields the most rapid response. It does not require individual identification or the maintenance of pedigree records, hence, it may be considered the least costly method. In principle, it can produce rapid improvement if the heritability of the trait(s) under selection is high. It can be suitable for growth rate and morphological traits (easily assessed, expressed in both sexes). By contrast, individual selection is not suitable for situations in which the estimation of breeding values requires the slaughter of the animals (carcass and flesh quality traits). When applying individual selection, the evaluated animals must be under equal environmental conditions; therefore, the environmental conditions must be controlled. In this case, the influence of external conditions should be minimal and kept the same for all individuals to be compared at any life cycle stage. In this manner, the probability of correct ranking of the individuals based on thus genetic merit is maximized. Differences between individuals or groups of individuals for environmental factors may reduce the accuracy of the selection substantially, and in that way, can also reduce the possibility for genetic improvement. it is important to form contemporary groups and select within them. To obtain as equal environmental conditions as possible all individuals to be compared should be reared under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to form groups of animals with similar ages, grown in the same production systems, with similar control of environment, handling, and feeding. However, mass selection may be unsuitable if there is large uncontrolled systematic environmental variation (for example age differences). Additionally, there is no control of inbreeding with mass selection.

Thus the average value of progeny genotypes in response to selection of parental phenotypes depends largely on Cov (G, g), the genetic covariance of parent and offspring which is half the additive genetic variance of the parents.
We know that on an average, half of genes of a parent are passed to the offspring and with them a random half of his additive merit. One-fourth of his additive x additive gene combinations are also transmitted and lesser fractions of higher additive combinations. No dominance combinations are transmitted, since only one member of each allelic gene pair reaches the offspring. Similarly all epistatic gene combinations involving allelic gene pairs are broken up at gamete formation. If dominance and epistatic gene combinations involving allelic gene pairs are important in determining genetic superiority for the trait, then direct selection of superior parents will not produce genetically superior offspring. Some form of mating system which will recreate these combinations in the offspring, together with the formation of lines or groups within the population is needed in these circumstances.
Thus, the aim of selection is to identify and select as parents individuals with high additive genetic merit. By selecting the parent on additive merit, we also ensure that a fraction of any parallel merit for additive type epistasis is also passed on. In considering response to selection, little is lost by treating the response as if it were wholly determined by the additive effects of genes

Reproduction is the backbone of animal production and productivity is the key to development. Reproductive inefficiency is one of the most important causes of economic losses in animal industries and it is realized throughout the world. Despite the remarkable advancement that has been made in the field of reproductive physiology in recent years, infertility due to low conception rate and high embryonic mortality rate remains a major problem. To meet future needs and to be able to sustain agricultural production, agricultural research and its applications need to use all emerging technologies one of which is modern reproductive biotechnologies.5 Thus, various assisted-reproductive techniques have been developed and refined to obtain a large number of offspring from genetically superior animals or obtain offspring from infertile (or sub-fertile) animals in addition to disease control. Reproductive biotechnologies intend to be used routinely to shorten generational intervals and to propagate genetic material among breeding animal populations. To achieve this goal, reproductive technologies have been developed in generations over the years, namely artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), manipulation of fertilization in vitro (IVF), cloning and transgenesis. These, together with sperm separation techniques, including that of selection of spermatozoa for chromosomal sex (commonly named sex-sorting) all face today a strong wave of increasing commercialization.9 Hence, this review paper highlighted the reproductive biotechnology options and their roles in the improvement of livestock production.
Roles of Reproductive Biotechnology in Animal Production
Biotechnology is defined as a technique that uses living organisms to make or modify and improve products. The emergence and development of reproductive technologies have been driven by the economic gain offered by the potential increase in the number of offspring from genetically superior animals or simply to safeguard the genetic pool of infertile or sub-fertile animals. In other words, reproductive technologies were developed to offer possibilities for wider use of superior germplasm.In recent times, there has been increasing challenges for

Insolation is a term that might sound abstract but is fundamentally the driving force behind nearly all physical processes on Earth, including those within our precious aquatic environments. In this chapter, we will unravel the journey of solar energy from the vast expanse of space to the surfaces of our oceans, lakes, and rivers, and understand its profound influence on the life within. For you, as future professionals in fisheries and aquaculture, grasping the concept of insolation is paramount. The amount of solar radiation reaching a water body dictates its surface temperature, influences the rate of photosynthesis by aquatic plants and algae (the base of many aquatic food webs), affects water stratification, and even plays a role in phenomena like ice formation and melting. Think about it: the warmth of a lake on a sunny day, the intensity of light penetrating the surface waters, the seasonal changes in algal blooms – all are directly linked to the amount and intensity of solar radiation received. Understanding insolation allows us to begin to explain why some aquatic environments are more productive than others, why water temperatures vary geographically and seasonally, and how changes in solar energy input (whether natural or human-induced) can ripple through entire aquatic ecosystems.
In this chapter, we will delve into
• What insolation is: Defining the term and understanding its measurement.
• Factors affecting insolation: Exploring how latitude, time of year, time of day, and atmospheric conditions (like clouds) influence the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface and water bodies.
• The fate of insolation upon reaching water: Examining how solar energy is absorbed, reflected, and transmitted within aquatic environments.

Clouds, those ever-present features of our sky, are more than just aesthetically pleasing; they are fundamental components of Earth’s weather and climate systems. This chapter, “Cloud Formation and Classification,” will embark on a journey to understand the fascinating processes that lead to their creation and the systematic ways in which they are categorized. The essential ingredients for cloud formation are the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere, the availability of condensation or ice nuclei, and the crucial mechanism of air cooling. We will look into how rising air parcels cool adiabatically, reaching saturation and allowing water vapor to condense or deposit into the myriad forms we recognize as clouds. Following the understanding of their genesis, we will navigate the internationally recognized system of cloud classification. This system, primarily based on a cloud’s altitude, appearance, and the processes that formed it, provides a common language for meteorologists and observers worldwide. We will learn to identify the main cloud types – high, mid-level, low, and vertically developing – and their associated characteristics, from the wispy cirrus to the towering cumulonimbus. Furthermore, we will touch upon the significance of different cloud types in indicating current weather conditions and forecasting future weather. The appearance and evolution of clouds can offer valuable clues about atmospheric stability, moisture content, and the likelihood of precipitation. In the end of the chapter, you will gain a comprehensive understanding of how clouds form, the diverse array of cloud types that grace our skies, and their importance in the broader context of atmospheric science. Let’s unlock the secrets held within these visible masses of water and ice suspended in our atmosphere.
5.1 Clouds
Clouds are visible masses of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the Earth’s atmosphere. These droplets or crystals are so small and light that

As you deepen your understanding of aquatic ecosystems, it’s essential to recognize that the ocean and its inhabitants are not isolated entities. They are intricately linked with the atmosphere above. This chapter focuses on a fascinating and directly relevant atmospheric phenomenon for coastal environments: land and sea breezes (Fig. 9.1).
These aren’t just pleasant onshore or offshore flows of air. Land and sea breezes represent a daily cycle of wind patterns driven by the fundamental difference in how land and water absorb and release heat. This seemingly simple process has far-reaching consequences for the nearshore marine environment, influencing everything from the subtle shifts in water temperature and salinity to the crucial distribution of nutrients that underpin the entire marine food web.
For those of you who will be involved in the intricate world of aquaculture, the art and science of fishing, or the vital task of managing our precious marine resources, understanding the dynamics of land and sea breezes will provide you with a powerful lens through which to interpret the daily and localized changes within coastal aquatic ecosystems. This knowledge can inform decisions about optimal fishing times, the placement of aquaculture farms, and the potential impacts of environmental changes.

The practical schedule to be implemented as per the syllabus prescribed for the course is reorganized in a logical sequence. The teachers offering the course is required to collect all the material required for effective practical training before the semester starts. In case of measurements made and observations taken, the students should be rigorous trained to understand significance of observation made and its practical utility (Fig. 15.1). The students are required to learn how to interpret and use the information contained in all products generated by meteorological services in fisheries and aquaculture.
• Graphical representation of structure of the atmosphere and physical layering,composition of the atmosphere
• Temperature instruments,Simple thermometers, Six’s Maximum and Minimum Thermometer
• Preparation of isothermal maps,Interpretation of maps showing distribution of temperatures in the world and India
• Measurement of relative humidity, Dew point using Regnault’s hygrometer, Dry and wet bulb thermometers and psychrometer
• Observation and identification of clouds
• 6.Measurement of rainfall using rain gauge, preparation of rainfall charts
• Preparation of isohyetal maps and interpretation of maps showing distribution of rainfall during southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon seasons
• Measurement of atmospheric pressure using Fortin’s barometer and aneroid barometers ,preparation and interpretation of isobaric maps
• Measurement of wind direction using wind vane and wind speed using Robinson’s cup anemometer
• Diagrammatic representation planetary pressure and wind systems
• Self recoding instruments Thermograph, Hygrograph and Barograph
• Interpretation of satellite weather pictures

Introduction
Because of their useful uses, porous substances are of scientific interest. Depending on the size of the pores, these solids are categorized as microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous. Microporous solids are defined as having pores that are 2 nm or smaller (Figure 1) (Zheng et al., 2002). Solids that are mesoporous fall between 2 and 50 nm, while those that are macroporous are larger than 50 nm (Zheng et al., 2002).
Over the past 20 years, the synthesis of MOFs has garnered a lot of attention since it may produce a wide range of visually pleasing structures that may also be very useful for applications in other porous material-related domains. Coordination polymers, or MOFs (Figure 2), are a type of crystalline materials that are currently garnering a lot of attention because of their appealing qualities. Metal ions serve as connectors and organic bridging ligands as linkers, forming the compound’s backbone. The ligand’s chemical structure and the connecting metals’ characteristics determine whether MOFs will develop the appropriate architectural, chemical, and physical characteristics (Hu et al., 2004). They are permeable and can form structures in one, two, or three dimensions. Because of their intriguing topologies and potential uses as functional materials for gas purification, gas separation, gas storage, and adsorption (Sculley et al., 2011; Friscic, 2012; Lu et al., 2011; Burnett et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2009), molecular magnets (Kang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2012; He et al., 2013; Dang et al., 2010; Feng et al., 2012; Ranocchiari et al., 2011; Sumida et al.,2012), heterogeneous catalysis (Sonnauer et al.,2009; Kreno et al.,2012), luminescence, catalysts, and sensors (Chughtai et al.,2015), MOFs and coordination polymers (CPs) are of great interest to modern inorganic chemistry for their logical designation and synthesis. The potential of metal-organic frameworks as appropriate candidates for the detection of a number of pertinent organic and inorganic analytes, such as biomolecules, ionic species, hazardous compounds, environmental contaminants, etc., has been encouragingly realized. MOFs are among the leaders in the development of materials for realtime sensing applications because of their practical ability to tap various types of photophysical processes, even when they are present simultaneously, as well as their freedom to adjust their electronic characteristics and pore surfaces for

Introduction and Applications of 1,2-Azoles
Interest in the chemistry of 1,2-azoles has grown significantly over the last ten years, mostly due to the discovery of intriguing features shown by a large number of 1,2-azoles derivatives. 1,2-azoles, which are five-membered heterocycles with nearby nitrogen and heteroatoms (X = N, O, S), are highly prized in organic synthesis by using heterocyclic substituents that contain nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen, the five-membered ring system’s biological activity and bioavailability can be improved. Functionalized pyrazoles, isoxazoles, and isothiazoles are found in a large number of naturally occurring and synthetically produced medicinally relevant molecules (Chakroborty et al., 2013, Preeti et al., 2018). Numerous biological actions are exhibited by these molecules (Pathak et al., 2012, Yan et al., 2007, Ruan et al., 2012, Katritzky et al., 2001, Shaw et al., 2012, Waldo et al., 2007, Uramaru et al., 2010, Cutri et al., 2004). A few examples of molecules with this structural pattern are shown in Figure 1. Table 1 lists the uses of 1,2-azoles in medications, agrochemistry, natural products, and pharmaceuticals.

1. Introduction
Medicinal organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry focused on the design, development, and synthesis of organic molecules that can be used as therapeutic agents. It connects biology, pharmacology, and organic chemistry and is essential to the process of finding and developing new drugs. Here are some foundational concepts in medicinal organic chemistry:
1.1. Drug Discovery and Design
Medicinal chemists aim to identify bioactive compounds that can interact with specific biological targets, such as proteins or enzymes, to produce a desired therapeutic effect. The discovery process often starts with lead compounds, which may be found in natural sources (e.g., plants, fungi) or through high-throughput screening of large chemical libraries. Drug discovery and design (Zhong et al., 2014; Patani et al., 1996; Lipinski C. A., 2004) are critical aspects of medicinal organic chemistry, focused on identifying and optimizing chemical compounds with potential therapeutic effects. This complex, multi-step process combines organic chemistry, biology, and pharmacology to create drugs that are both effective and safe for clinical use (Figure 1). Below is a summary of the primary phases: Fig. 1: Drug discovery and development stages from target identification to clinical trials
1.1.1. Target Identification and Validation
The first step in drug discovery is identifying a biological target (Schenone et al., 2013), often a protein, enzyme, or receptor associated with a specific disease. This target must be validated, meaning that it is confirmed as essential for the progression of the disease. For instance, the identification of enzymes that play a role in cancer cell growth can provide targets for anticancer drug development. The list of some targets and their therapeutic application are given in table 1.
1.1.2. Hit Identification and Lead Compound Discovery
After identifying a target, medicinal chemists seek “hit” compounds that show initial biological activity against it. High-throughput screening (HTS) methods are often used to test thousands of compounds from chemical libraries to find potential hits. These hits are then refined to identify “lead” compounds, which exhibit stronger or more specific activity.

In today’s rapidly evolving world, food production is at the confluence of tradition and innovation. While age-old farming practices have sustained civilizations for millennia, the modern era demands an unprecedented level of precision and foresight. Weather intelligence—the practice of integrating detailed meteorological data with advanced analytics and decision support systems— is revolutionizing food production, from agriculture and fisheries to animal husbandry (Fig. 1.1). This chapter lays the foundation for understanding how accurate and timely weather data underpins food security, economic sustainability, and environmental stewardship. It further highlights global themes addressing the growing demand for food in any nation with a burgeoning population, the challenges of climate change, and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events. This introduction also outlines the objectives and structure of this book, which aims to empower decision makers with the knowledge needed to navigate a world where climate and food production are inextricably linked.
1.1 Context & Importance
1.1.1 The Changing Face of Food Production
Food production has always been sensitive to the whims of nature. Historically, farmers relied on folklore, seasonal patterns, and local wisdom to guide planting and harvesting cycles. With growth and development of atmospheric sciences from 19th century, farmers started depending upon weather forecasts in planning and management of agricultural production systems. However, with the advent of climate change, environmental degradation, and increasingly unpredictable

This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of advanced techniques and conceptual frameworks—here termed “Weather Intelligence”—and their potential applications in precision agriculture. Although the term is not yet standardized, it serves as an exploratory framework for integrating advanced forecasting, diverse datasets, and data analytics to capture both natural and anthropogenic influences on weather patterns. The discussion spans crop and livestock production as well as allied sectors such as fisheries, aquaculture, plantations, horticulture, and specialized areas like flower farming. By integrating real-time data from sensors, remote sensing platforms, and historical records, these exploratory systems aim to empower farmers and food producers to optimize irrigation, planting, harvesting, and overall resource management. Agriculture has always depended on weather, yet the rapid pace of climate change and the need for sustainable practices have driven a technological revolution in farm management. In today’s digital age, advanced forecasting techniques and data analytics are converging into a new conceptual framework we call “Weather Intelligence.” Although this term is exploratory and not yet widely adopted, it encapsulates the vision of integrating high-resolution satellite imagery, IoT devices, and machine learning algorithms to forecast local microclimatic conditions with unprecedented accuracy. These forecasts enable proactive adjustments to critical operations—such as irrigation scheduling, planting, and harvesting, thereby mitigating weather-induced risks and enhancing productivity. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that weather patterns are not only shaped by natural phenomena but also by human-induced risks such as wars, conflicts, and environmental abuse. Factors like landfills, water and sea pollution, toxic dumping, and unsustainable industrial practices are altering microclimates around the world. This complex interplay of natural and anthropogenic forces calls for the incorporation of a broader array of variables and larger datasets into forecasting systems. In this context, embracing Weather Intelligence as a dedicated field of study and application in agricultural and allied sciences becomes not only desirable but essential. This chapter aims to detail the evolution and current state of these integrated approaches, discuss their potential applications across various agricultural sectors, and outline strategies for precision decision making. While much of the content is exploratory in nature, it provides a conceptual framework for future research

Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as critical tools in modern agriculture and weather intelligence. Their integration has revolutionized how we monitor, analyze, and manage not only food production but also urban development, natural resource conservation, and climate adaptation. In this chapter, we explore the fundamentals of remote sensing, the use of diverse sensing technologies (including satellite imagery, radar, LiDAR, and thermal imaging), and the incorporation of advanced data analytics and machine learning. We also examine GIS integration for spatial analysis and mapping, discuss emerging technologies like unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, and address economic, ethical, and policy considerations. Real-world case studies illustrate the practical applications of these technologies, while discussions on future directions highlight opportunities for continued innovation. Food production systems and its management today face unprecedented challenges—from climate variability and resource scarcity to urban expansion and shifting ecosystems. To address these challenges, modern strategies increasingly depend on synthesizing high-resolution environmental data with advanced spatial analysis. Remote sensing technologies provide a bird’s-eye view of vast landscapes, while GIS platforms enable efficient management and interpretation of these datasets. The integration of these technologies supports a host of applications, including real-time monitoring of weather phenomena, predictive modeling of environmental impacts, and strategic planning for sustainable development. With emerging trends such as drone-based monitoring, IoT sensor networks, and AIdriven analytics, the potential for remote sensing and GIS to transform weather intelligence and environmental management is growing exponentially. This chapter provides both the technical foundation and applied perspectives necessary to understand and leverage these powerful tools.

Introduction 
Schiff base ligands (also called azomethines) were first revealed by German chemist Hugo Schiff in 1864. They are synthesized through a straightforward condensation reaction between an amine and a carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone). This reaction forms a characteristic imine group (>C=N-) while eliminating a water molecule as a byproduct. Schiff bases are highly versatile and serve as ligands for various transition metals, forming complexes with applications in catalysis, material science, and medicinal chemistry. Their ease of synthesis, tunable structure, and ability to stabilize metal centers make them valuable in both academic research and industrial processes (Cozzi, 2004). They can form stable complexes with almost all metal ions, offering various coordination geometries. Their flexibility makes them valuable in catalysis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science, with wide applications across these fields. Schiff base metal complexes exhibit exceptional catalytic performance in various high-temperature reactions (>100 °C), even under humid conditions. These complexes are widely employed in catalytic processes, such as oxidation, reduction, carbon-carbon bond formation, polymerization, and asymmetric synthesis (Zoubi et al., 2016). Recently, interest in olefin polymerization has increased due to their ability to catalyze the formation of commercially significant branched and linear polyethylenes. Their versatility, structural tunability, and high stability make them ideal for such applications, offering pathways to develop advanced materials with tailored properties for industrial and commercial use. Schiff base complexes thus remain central to modern catalysis research. These complexes have shown great potential in producing polymers with tailored properties, making them highly valuable in industrial applications. Schiff base complexes have gained attention for their catalytic roles, particularly in the reduction of ketones to alcohols and the alkylation of allylic substrates. These complexes, typically coordinating with metal ions, facilitate crucial organic transformations by stabilizing intermediates, offering an efficient and selective route for various chemical reactions. Schiff base complexes enable controlled ring-opening polymerization of cycloalkenes at low temperatures, offering precise molecular weight regulation without side reactions. In contrast, traditional catalysts like tungsten, molybdenum, or ruthenium with alkylating agents require high temperatures and lack molecular weight control, making Schiff bases more efficient for polymerization. The oxidation of hydrocarbons catalyzed by Schiff base complexes has garnered significant academic and industrial interest. These metal complexes are studied for their ability to facilitate efficient and selective oxidation reactions, offering insight into their catalytic activity and potential applications in chemical processes and industrial oxidation technologies. The ring-opening of large cycloalkanes is challenging due to their stability, but Schiff base complexes of cobalt(II) and chromium(III) effectively catalyze these reactions. These complexes enhance metal center reactivity and stabilize intermediates, enabling efficient cleavage of cyclic structures and expanding possibilities for catalytic transformations in synthetic and industrial chemistry. These complexes not only facilitate the process but also exhibit important enantioselectivity, creating them valuable catalysts in asymmetric synthesis and fine chemical production. Chiral Schiff base complexes have emerged as versatile and efficient catalysts in various organic transformations, particularly in asymmetric synthesis. Schiff bases derived from salen and binaphthyl frameworks are effective in Michael addition reactions, offering high enantioselectivity and catalytic efficiency. While transition metal complexes

Agriculture is the backbone of rural livelihoods in many developing countries, providing employment, income, and food security for millions of people. However, agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods are increasingly vulnerable to climate-related stresses, such as droughts, floods, and extreme temperatures. The impact of climate variability and change on agricultural systems is a major concern, particularly in rural areas where people have limited capacity to adapt to these changes.
1.1. The Role of Agricultural Meteorology
Agricultural meteorology plays a critical role in supporting sustainable rural livelihoods by providing weather and climate information to farmers, policymakers, and other stakeholders. Operational agricultural meteorology involves the application of weather and climate information to improve agricultural decisionmaking, reduce climate-related risks, and enhance agricultural productivity. By integrating weather and climate information into agricultural decision-making, farmers can make informed decisions about planting, irrigation, pest management, and harvesting, ultimately leading to improved crop yields and reduced losses.
1.2. Objectives and Scope
This book aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of operational agricultural meteorology in supporting sustainable rural livelihoods. The book will explore the current state of agricultural meteorology, its applications, and its potential to improve agricultural productivity and reduce climate-related risks. The book will also discuss the challenges and opportunities in implementing operational agricultural meteorology, including the need for capacity building, infrastructure development, and policy support. This book is intended for a wide range of stakeholders, including:
• Agricultural meteorologists and researchers
• Policymakers and decision-makers in agriculture and rural development
• Farmers and agricultural extension agents
• Students and academics in agricultural meteorology and related fields
• Development practitioners and NGOs working in rural development and agriculture.

The lives of farmers are intricately woven with the rhythms of nature, with weather playing a pivotal role in determining the success or failure of their crops. In an era where climate variability and extreme weather events are becoming increasingly common, the importance of accurate and reliable weather forecasts cannot be overstated. Farmers rely heavily on weather forecasts to make critical decisions that impact their agricultural practices, from planting and harvesting to irrigation and pest management. However, the process of using weather forecasts is not as straightforward as it may seem.
6.1. The Multifaceted Nature of Decision-Making
Farmers operate within a complex web of factors that influence their decisionmaking processes. Some of these factors include:
• Economic Considerations: Market fluctuations, input costs, and profit margins all play a role in shaping a farmer’s decisions. Weather forecasts must be considered in the context of these economic factors to ensure that decisions are financially viable.
• Social and Cultural Factors: Local traditions, community norms, and personal values can influence a farmer’s choices. For example, some farmers may prioritize environmental sustainability over profit maximization.
• Environmental Concerns: Soil health, water conservation, and biodiversity are all critical considerations for farmers. Weather forecasts must be integrated with these environmental concerns to ensure sustainable agricultural practices.
• Technological Advancements: The increasing use of precision agriculture, drones, and other technologies is changing the way farmers’ access and utilize weather information.
6.2. Challenges in Interpreting and Applying Weather Forecasts
The intricacies of interpreting and applying weather forecast data pose significant challenges for farmers. Some of these challenges include:
• Forecast Reliability: The accuracy and reliability of weather forecasts can vary significantly, making it difficult for farmers to trust and act upon the information.

The intricate dance between climate and agriculture has been a longstanding relationship, with the former playing a pivotal role in shaping the latter. Nowhere is this more pronounced than in the choices rural households make regarding cropping systems and farming practices. The climate, with its multifaceted influences, acts as a silent decision-maker, guiding the selection of crops, farming techniques, and ultimately, the livelihoods of those who toil on the land. For rural households, the choice of cropping system and farming practices is not merely an economic or technological decision; it is deeply intertwined with the environmental context in which they operate. Climate variability and change introduce a layer of complexity, necessitating adaptations that can make or break the resilience of these households. The decision-making process is influenced by a range of climate-related factors, including temperature fluctuations, precipitation patterns, and the frequency of extreme weather events. This chapter aims to explore the nuanced relationship between climate and the agricultural choices made by rural households. By examining the impact of climate on cropping systems and farming practices, we can gain a deeper understanding of the adaptations and strategies employed by these households to mitigate risks and capitalize on opportunities. The discussion will encompass the various ways in which climate influences decision-making, from the selection of drought-resistant crop varieties to the adoption of conservation agriculture practices. Through a detailed analysis of the interplay between climate, cropping systems, and farming practices, this chapter seeks to provide insights into the complex dynamics at play. By doing so, it aims to contribute to a better understanding of how rural households can be supported in their efforts to adapt to a changing climate, ensuring the sustainability of their agricultural practices and the resilience of their livelihoods.
Key Considerations
• Climate Variability and Change: Understanding the impacts of changing temperature and precipitation patterns on agricultural productivity and decision-making.
• Adaptation Strategies: Examining the various adaptations and strategies employed by rural households to mitigate climate-related risks.
• Sustainability and Resilience: Exploring how climate-resilient agricultural practices can contribute to the sustainability of rural livelihoods.
• Decision-Making Processes: Analyzing the factors that influence decisionmaking in the context of climate, cropping systems, and farming practices.

Agricultural meteorology, the study of the interactions between the atmosphere and agricultural systems, has long been a crucial aspect of farming and food production. As the global population continues to grow, increasing pressure on agricultural systems to produce more food, fiber, and fuel while minimizing environmental impacts, the importance of agricultural meteorology will only continue to intensify. Operational agricultural meteorology, in particular, focuses on the practical application of meteorological knowledge to support decisionmaking in agricultural industries. This chapter introduces a systems analysis approach to operational agricultural meteorology, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex relationships between weather, climate, and agricultural systems.
11.1. The Need for a Systems Analysis Approach
Agricultural systems are inherently complex, involving numerous interactions between biotic and abiotic factors, such as soil, water, plants, animals, and the atmosphere. The complexity of these systems makes it challenging to understand and predict the impacts of weather and climate variability on agricultural productivity and sustainability. Traditional approaches to agricultural meteorology often focus on specific aspects of the system, such as crop yields or soil moisture, without considering the broader system dynamics. A systems analysis approach, on the other hand, recognizes the interconnectedness of these components and seeks to understand the system as a whole.
11.1.1. Key Components of a Systems Analysis Approach
A systems analysis approach (Fig. 11.1) to operational agricultural meteorology involves several key components:
• System Boundaries: Defining the boundaries of the agricultural system, including the spatial and temporal scales of interest.
• System Components: Identifying the key components of the system, such as crops, soil, water, and atmosphere, and their interactions.
• Feedback Loops: Recognizing the feedback loops within the system, where changes in one component influence other components.
• System Dynamics: Understanding the dynamic behavior of the system, including the flows of energy, water, and nutrients.

Introduction 
Fossil Fuels like Coal, Coal product, Natural Gas, Petroleum, Crude Oil provide 80% of the world’s energy. However, burning them releases harmful pollutants, including carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and the sulfur oxides, contributing to global warming. To combat this, the World is shifting towards cleaner, renewable energy sources called biofuels. Biofuels are made from organic materials like plants and waste, offering several benefits: Renewable and Sustainable, Less greenhouse gas emissions, non-toxic [6]. Common biofuels include are: Biodiesel, Biogas, Bioethanol. These alternative fuels help reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, mitigating climate change and promoting a healthier environment. Biodiesel replaces fossil-based diesel/petrol made through Trans-esterifi cation process. The benefi ts include clean energy, renewable resources and the domestic production. Generations of biodiesel are: First Generation include Edible crops (Soybean, Corn, Sugarcane). Second Generation includes Non-edible biomass(Straw, Hay). Third Generation include Microalgae (70% yield). Fourth Generation include the genetically modifi ed algae and electro-biofuel. [2] Biodiesel production has changed over time. Initially, edible vegetable oils like soybean, corn, sunfl ower and palm oil were used. However this raised concerns: using valuable farmland for fuel instead of food, competing with food production, weather and soil quality affecting the crop yield , fertilizer use releasing harmful nitrous oxide greenhouse gas. To address these issues, focus shifted to non-edible oils and now Microalgae, offering; sustainable, climate-resilient production, no competition with the food crops, reduced greenhouse gas emission, higher oil yield. Microalgae -based biodiesel is the future providing a cleaner, more effi cient alternative.[4]

Poisoning
Poisoning is defined as the harmful effect that occurs when a toxic substance is ingested, inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or injected into the body. This can involve a wide range of substances, including medications, chemicals, gases, and natural toxins from plants and animals. The severity of poisoning can vary significantly depending on the nature of the toxin, the amount of exposure, and the individual’s health status. Poisoning can occur through various means and can involve a wide range of substances. Understanding the different types of poisoning is essential for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Types of Poisoning
1. Chemical Poisoning Chemical poisoning is one of the most common forms and typically involves exposure to toxic substances found in household products or industrial chemicals.
• Household Chemicals: Common items such as cleaning products (bleach, ammonia), pesticides, and solvents (paint thinners) can be harmful if ingested or inhaled.
• Industrial Chemicals: Exposure to chemicals used in manufacturing processes can lead to serious health risks.
2. Drug Poisoning Drug poisoning occurs when medications are taken in excessive amounts or when non-prescribed drugs are used.
• Prescription Medications: Drugs like beta-blockers, anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin), and certain antidepressants can be toxic in high doses.
• Over-the-Counter Medications: Common medications like acetaminophen can cause liver damage if overdosed.
• Illicit Drugs: Substances such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine can lead to severe health consequences, including overdose and death.

1. Introduction
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a systematic quality system essential for
ensuring the reliability, consistency, and integrity of laboratory data, particularly when the findings are used for regulatory decision-making. GLP ensures that laboratory studies are conducted in a scientific manner, maintaining high standards of ethical practice, precision, and reproducibility, with a primary focus on ensuring public and environmental safety. Introduced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1978, GLP gained global recognition through the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which established guidelines for its implementation. GLP principles are now widely adopted in regulatory testing for pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food safety, and environmental testing. The OECD’s guidance on GLP has been instrumental in developing standards across the globe, ensuring that test results are scientifically valid and can be accepted internationally. In Asia, particularly in India and other developing countries, GLP compliance has gained increasing importance as pharmaceutical, environmental, and chemical industries expand. Regulatory bodies in these regions have gradually aligned their standards with international norms to ensure their competitiveness in global markets. This chapter discusses the key SOPs necessary for GLP compliance and provides a regional perspective, focusing on India and other Asian nations, where GLP frameworks are evolving to meet international standards.
2. Objective of GLP
The overarching objective of GLP is to ensure that laboratory data is accurate, reliable, and reproducible across different studies. The scientific and regulatory communities rely on GLP to ensure that findings from preclinical studies and safety evaluations can be trusted and utilized for regulatory approval.
The key objectives of GLP include
• Accuracy and Integrity of Data: GLP ensures that every aspect of data collection, analysis, and reporting is conducted with integrity and accuracy, preventing errors or falsification that could affect regulatory decisions.

Introduction
According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) is a quality system that ensures the nonclinical safety studies are appropriately designed, conducted, and documented to generate reliable data. The laboratory techniques are defined as the processes and practices that are recommended for equipment use in the laboratory, while laboratory methods are based on established scientific principles involving biology, chemistry, and physics, and encompass all aspects of the clinical laboratory from testing the amount of cholesterol in blood to analysing DNA to growing microscopic organisms that may be causing an infection. One of the most significant parts of laboratory techniques and laboratory methods is the proper validation of the equipments (old or new equipments) as well as all the testing procedures/ methods (established or newly developed methods). Analytical method validation is a critical process to ensure the quality and safety of products. The objective of the validation of an analytical method is to demonstrate that it is suitable for its intended purpose; the results are authentic and universally acceptable. An analytical method is suitably well considered when the results generated through different method are consistent, reproducible, and thus, reliable.
The validation is required when
• A new method has been developed
• Revision of established method
• Use of established methods in different laboratories and different analysts, etc.
• Comparison of methods required
• When quality control indicates method changes

Introduction 
Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) serve as the foundation of any efficient and high-functioning laboratory, ensuring data reliability, patient safety and adherence to regulatory standards. In an environment where accuracy, consistency and data integrity are critical, comprehensive GLP training becomes the driving force behind operational excellence. A well-structured training program strengthens the capabilities of laboratory professionals, enabling them to navigate complex regulatory landscapes while upholding the highest standards of quality and safety. In today’s rapidly evolving scientific and industrial sectors, maintaining stringent laboratory standards is imperative rather than optional. GLP provides a structured approach that ensures every test, analysis and experimental procedure is carried out with precision, ethical rigor and strict adherence to safety measures. However, beyond simply following GLP principles, continuous assessment of laboratory personnel’s competency is essential to sustaining long-term proficiency and compliance. Competency assessment in GLP plays a crucial role in verifying whether laboratory staff possess the requisite expertise to perform tests accurately and generate reliable, scientifically valid results. As a framework designed to uphold the credibility of non-clinical laboratory studies, GLP is instrumental in reinforcing research integrity and ensuring compliance with regulatory authorities. Laboratories that rigorously follow GLP guidelines contribute to reproducible and verifiable scientific findings, which are vital for regulatory approvals and critical decision-making in pharmaceuticals, healthcare and research sectors. Competency assessments function as both a quality assurance mechanism and a professional development tool, guaranteeing that laboratory personnel not only comprehend standard protocols but can also execute them effectively in real-world scenarios. With the continuous evolution of laboratory sciences, training and assessment methodologies must also advance to meet new challenges. This chapter explores the transformation of GLP training and competency evaluation, emphasizing their significance, diverse methodologies and essential components. Additionally, it highlights best practices for implementation and introduces innovative strategies designed to complement established global standards, such as those outlined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). By embracing these advancements, laboratories can not only achieve regulatory compliance but also cultivate a culture of excellence, ensuring that their workforce remains agile, skilled and prepared to meet the demands of modern scientific landscapes.

1. Introduction
 Laboratories form the backbone of research, clinical diagnostics and industrial quality control. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) serve as the foundation for ensuring the quality, integrity, and reliability of scientific research, particularly in different pharmaceuticals drug testing, environmental studies and chemical testing. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) in animal husbandry and dairy research play a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and reproducibility of scientific studies related to livestock management, dairy production animal health and promoting animal welfare. Originally developed to prevent fraud and ensure regulatory compliance, GLP has evolved in response to advancements in technology, increased regulatory demands and the growing human and animals need for sustainability in laboratory operations. Laboratory settings are inherently fluid, with regulatory frameworks and technological progress constantly reshaping the environment. Studies indicate that even minor lapses in quality control can trigger significant inconsistencies in test results, outcomes that can have serious repercussions in both clinical and research domains. Therefore, cultivating a philosophy of ongoing improvement is crucial for addressing these evolving challenges, meeting the rising demand for safe, superior dairy products and embracing innovation. This article, synthesize the latest research findings and guidelines, delve into trusted best practices and outline practical strategies for embedding continuous improvement into everyday laboratory operations. A study published in the Journal of Laboratory Quality demonstrated that the adoption of structured quality indicators significantly minimized error rates and bolstered patient safety in clinical laboratories. Their research also provided a comparative analysis of different continuous improvement strategies, including the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle and Lean Six Sigma, highlighting their respective benefits in lab environments. Based on these insights, the authors advocate for a comprehensive quality management system that seamlessly integrates automation, comprehensive staff training and routine audits to enhance process efficiency. Ultimately, the findings underscore that continuous improvement is an enduring journey, one that evolves along with advances in science, technology and regulatory standards.

Introduction
 Banana is a common man's fruit grown in about seven lakh ha area in India. Apart from fruit, banana crop generate huge quantity of waste biomass in the form of pseudostem, leaves, suckers, etc. This biomass is absolute waste in most of the states of India as of now. Further farmers are spending about Rs. 15000 to 20000/ha for disposing off this waste from their fields. The present mode of disposing off pseudostem waste in nallas, borrow pits, road side, burning etc., which are causing environmental problems. In order to utilize this waste particularly pseudostem for developing different products, a project titled; “A Value Chain on Utilization of Banana Pseudostem for Fibre and Other Value Added Products” was sanctioned under NAIP in consortium mode by ICAR, New Delhi during 2008. The project entitled, “Establishment of Secondary Agriculture unit for skill development in students and farmers” was sanctioned by PIU, under the aegis of NAHEP-CAAST sub project in 2018. Under this project “Value addition and waste management of horticultural produces” was examined in special reference to banana pseudostem as supplemental raw material for NOVEL pesticide and fungicide. In view of this, Soil and Water Management Research Unit, N.A.U., Navsari have worked in consortium comprises of Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (CIRCOT), ICAR, Mumbai, Manmade Textile Research Association (MANTRA), Surat and J. K. Mills Ltd., Songadh as the partners. The basic aim of this project was to develop different value added products using presently waste banana pseudostem as raw material. As envisaged in project proposal, the value added products viz; Fibre and nonwoven fabrics, handmade papers and boards, vermi-compost, enriched sap (NAUROJI Novel organic liquid nutrient) and candy have been developed which are techno economically viable. The viability is substantiated by the fact that more than ten private parties have already signed MoU with NAU, Navsari for commercial production and marketing of organic liquid nutrient prepared using banana pseudostem sap and central core candy. Simultaneously, processes for the products like microcrystalline cellulose from Fibre, sap as a mordant in textile dying, pseudostem scutcher based vermicompost as fish feed, etc. have also been standardized during the current project period. This has become possible due to highly dedicated efforts put in by the team of scientists from all the four partners and full moral boosting supports by their authorities in implementing the project smoothly.

Introduction 
In 1804, Nicolas Theodore de Saussure demonstrated that plants don’t uptake carbon from the humus, rather it comes from the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. He further stated that soil is source of plant nutrients. Subsequently in 1840, Carl Sprengel proposed law of minimum which mean the growth is regulated by scarcest (minimum available) resource instead of total resources. During the same time, Justus von Liebig observed that the chemical elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are essential for the plant growth. He strongly popularized the theory of mineral nutrients and law of minimum by developing the barrel with multiple holes at different height and filling water in it. It has opened the door of fertilizers industries; therefore, Justus von Liebig has been described as the “father of the fertilizer industry”. Consequently, many fertilizer companies started producing various chemical fertilizers all over the world. This had increased the productivity of the various crops. In India the first fertilizer factory which produced Single Super Phosphate (SSP) was started in Ranipet, Tamil Nadu in 1906 (Chaudhary, 2023). Before, green revolution we have established fertilizers industries of Ammonium Sulphate (1933), Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate (1959), Urea (1959), Ammonium Chloride (1959), Ammonium Phosphate (1960), Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (1961), Nitro phosphate (1965) and Di Ammonium Phosphate (1967). The green revolution ushered in 1967-68 was due to introduction of input responsive high yielding dwarf variety of wheat and use of chemical (mineral) fertilizers. These chemical fertilizers alone were responsible for increasing the yield of wheat by 233 per cent (Khunt et al. 2014&2015). If chemical fertilizers would not have been used for the crop production, we would not be in the position to feed the burgeoning human population. In the pursuit of increasing productivity, we injudiciously used chemical fertilizers and overlooked the deleterious effect of it on animal, human and environmental health. Production and use of chemical fertilizers, has increased the level of Green House Gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. To reduce GHGs and their environmental impact, alternate source of plant nutrients viz., Farm Yard Manures (FYM), composts, organic waste-derived amendments, biofertilizers, etc. started gaining popularity. Organics are also considered unsafe as during its degradation it produces CH4. Further FYM is limitedly available. Contrary, biofertilizers

Introduction 
The mandate of the University under section 30 of the Act of 1963 is for establishment of Extension services for the purposes of under taking extension programs, dissemination of information for solving of problems relating to agriculture and domestic fields, developing the interests of youth in agriculture etc., The first extension service of APAU popularly known as District Extension Education Programmes were introduced in 1967 in Hyderabad district and were subsequently extended to Chittoor(1968)and Guntur (1970) districts. National Demonstrations Scheme (NDS) was established during 1970-71 in the University in four locations. In commemoration of the Golden Jubilee Year of ICAR, a Lab to Land Programme was launched by the APAU in June,1979. In order to improve the productivity of pulses and oilseeds in different regions of the state, two extension education centres were sanctioned by the ICAR at Ananthapur and Rastakuntubai which started functioning from December,1980 and December,1981 respectively. Reorganization of the University Extension work followed the reorganization of research activities of the APAU and implementation of Training and Visit System by the Department of Agriculture to streamline the setup of the field extension program of the University during 1982. To optimize the utilization of available extension resources, the resourcess of District Extension Education programs, extension services around research stations and NATP were integrated and reorganized to form six Extension Education Units. The extension activities of these units were entrusted with the respective Associate Directors of RARS for integrating research and action activities. The Associate directors of Research in turn were made responsible to the Director of Extension. The Extension Education Units conducted different extension activities like organization of field trials for testing new technologies for their feasibility including minikit trials of pre-released varieties to get feedback to the scientists, introduction of new cropping patterns, demonstration of latest technologies through early demonstrations including educational activities like organization of Kisan Melas training programs for the developmental

Introduction
Social media has turned into an essential element of individuals’ lives students in today’s world of communication. Its use is growing significantly more than ever before especially in the post – pandemic era, marked by a great revolution happening to the recent investigations of using social media show that approximately 3 billion individuals worldwide are now communicating via social media (Iwamoto and Chun, 2020). This growing population of social media users is spending more and more time on social network groupings, as facts and figures show that individuals spend 2 hours a day, on average, on a variety of social media applications, exchanging pictures and messages, updating status, tweeting, favouring and commenting on many updated socially shared information (Abbott, 2017). In the digital age, social media have emerged as a powerful tool for disseminating agricultural technologies and knowledge. ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Bengaluru Rural has effectively leveraged various platforms to bridge the gap between research and farmers, ensuring timely and relevant information reach the farming community. This article explores how KVK Bengaluru Rural strategically utilizes YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and X (formerly Twitter) for technology dissemination.
I. Facebook
Facebook’s interactive nature allows KVK Bengaluru Rural to engage with farmers and build a strong online community. The fact that KVK’s Facebook channel has 5080 followers is a significant indicator of its reach and engagement within the farming community. The followers represent a substantial audience actively interested in the KVK’s activities and information, this indicates that, the KVK has successfully established a relevant online community. With this follower base, the KVK can effectively disseminate critical information, such as weather updates, market prices, and technological advancements, to a large segment of the local farming population. A significant follower count suggests that the KVK is perceived as a reliable and trustworthy source of agricultural information, farmers are more likely to follow and engage with organizations they trust.

Introduction
Bakery industry is one of the largest segments in the food processing sector in India. The bakery industry offers huge opportunities for growth, innovation, and job generation. This industry is separated into three categories such as bread, biscuits, cakes and pastries. The global bakery industry reached a market value of Rs. 42.07 lakh crore in 2024 and around 1.2 lakh crore from the Indian market as India is the second largest producer of biscuits after the USA. Thus, India is a key player internationally and with the entrepreneurial spirit of Indian companies and individuals. Thus, bakery sector is one of the most sustainable business opportunities. Changing consumer habits, increased urbanization, improved standards of living, convenience needs of dual income families and lifestyle are shaping the bakery industry in India. Part of a global trend, there is greater demand for healthier products and alternatives, particularly when it comes to bakery products which are now more commonly consumed daily as compared to being considered as a treat in the olden days. With high consumption rates, consumers are demanding healthy options in bakery products seeking for gluten-free products or goods made with alternative ingredients such as multigrain or whole-wheat flour. Other than healthier options, most of the youths and children are demanding for new flavours, Fibre dense products and rich experiences, making diversified innovations. The industry is consolidating this demand by strengthening bakery products with the aim of satisfying a rapidly growing appetite and creating awareness among consumers with health concepts and nutritional value. While there is a demand and appetite for bakery products in both urban and rural areas, and thus, recently the bakery segment has increasingly matured to a great extent. The industry is generally divided into organised and unorganised, with more than 2,000 organised or semi-organised bakeries and more than 1,000,000 unorganised bakeries. However, the Indian bakery industry faces certain challenges. Operational efficiency is a major issue in the industry, as is the lack of technology and skilled workers. Bakery products due to high nutrient value and affordability, are an item of huge consumption. Due to the rapid population rise, the rising foreign influence, the emergence of a female working population and the fluctuating eating habits of people, they have gained popularity among people, contributing significantly to the growth trajectory of the bakery industry.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a mounting global health emergency that threatens the effectiveness of modern medicine and veterinary care. In India, the challenge is compounded by high antibiotic consumption, unregulated access to antimicrobials, and widespread use in agriculture and animal husbandry. The World Health Organization has identified the Eskape pathogens— Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp, as priority organisms due to their ability to “escape” the effects of antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections. Simultaneously, zoonotic transmission of resistant bacteria from animals to humans is emerging as a critical concern, particularly in regions with close human-animal interfaces like Jammu & Kashmir. The importance of Eskape pathogens to the establishment and promotion of antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized patients was first recognized in a 2008 by Rice. The morbidity and mortality associated with Gram-negative Eskape pathogens is particularly concerning, as new antimicrobial agentsthose with activity against multidrug-resistant and pan-resistant Gram-negative strainshave not emerged as quickly as needed. Consequently, nosocomial infections continue to pose a serious threat to patient health, especially among critically ill inpatients and those undergoing invasive procedures or requiring the placement of medical devices. Eskape pathogens are well known for their intricate resistance mechanisms, often leaving clinicians with limited therapeutic options. Due to their significant role in driving antimicrobial resistance within hospital settings, consistent and systematic monitoring of their resistance profiles is crucial for guiding effective infection control and therapeutic strategies.This also serves as a critical indicator of regional resistance trends among hospitalized populations. In animal sector, the wastewater of livestock slaughterhouses, animal products (raw or processed) have been considered a source of multidrugresistant bacteria with clinical implications as well as their dissemination into the environment and entry into human food chain.Bacteria from the livestock can act as opportunistic pathogens and carry resistance genes that are important for both veterinary and human health. Since many antibiotics are used in both human and animal health fields, the resistant bacteria enter the environmentespecially through wastewater treatment plants affected by slaughterhouse wasteposing risks to public health. Among the various sources, the water used during poultry slaughtering often contains multidrug-resistant bacteria and can expose slaughterhouse workers to infection. To reduce these risks, it’s important to develop strategies that limit bacterial release into the water systems and prevent their spread to people and the environment. The development of AMR has been attributed to several factors comprising of microbial mutations rendering the antibiotics ineffective, human interference such as over use and over-prescription of antimicrobials, agricultural and commercial application of antimicrobials in the animal sector, and human behavioural factors (Vijayalaxmi et al., 2021). An expected annual rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by 5–10 % annually has been predicted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Annual Report 2021 due to wide spread abusive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (ICMR Annual Report 2021). Twelve families of priority drug-resistant bacteria (critical, high and medium) posing great threat to human health in terms of resistance to selected antimicrobials have been identified in priority pathogen list (PPL) of Global Action Plan, World Health Organisation (WHO) to stimulate the research towards the development of new antimicrobials against a particular drug-resistance (WHO,2017). From the Indian perspective, AMR is a grave concern as the Indian population is the highest consumer of antibiotics in the world (10.7 units per person). The poor public health systems, hospital infections, high rate of infectious diseases, easy availability of inexpensive

Introduction
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is regarded as a silent pandemic that is responsible for causing the majorityof deaths every year and has become a major healthcare challenge and a significant public health issue. It has been reported that AMR alone has caused more fatalities than road accidents and cancer. It is among the top ten global health threats and has been recognized as a part of the multisector One Health approach. It has been predicted that by the year 2050, the burden of AMR will decrease the gross domestic product (GDP) by 2 to 3.5%, causing a loss of USD100 trillion to the world, with the annual death rate reaching 10 million. India faces one of the world’s highest antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates, driven by high antibiotic consumption in humans, widespread non-prescription use, and unregulated application in livestock, aquaculture, and agriculture. Surveillance data show alarming resistance in major pathogens E. coli and Klebsiella,which now exhibit very low susceptibility to key antibiotics such as cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and carbapenems. Factors exacerbating the burden include inadequate infection prevention, limited laboratory capacity, poor enforcement of regulations, environmental contamination from pharmaceutical and hospital waste, and low public awareness. The combined impact threatens public health, food safety, and the economy. In general terms, AMR is defined as the ability of the microorganisms to withstand the action of an antimicrobial agent,i.e. Antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, potentially toxic metals, and disinfectants. AMR is known to be a natural process that occurs over time due to genetic changes in the pathogens under selective pressure, where a pathogen undergoes mutations and is often linked to indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents.
Indefinite and improper use of antimicrobial agentshas been a major factor in the emergence of AMR. AMR affects both animals and humans alike, and resistant pathogens pose a challenge in treating infections. One of the crucial factors responsible for AMR is theenvironment, which is regarded as both a vehicle for spreading AMR microbes as well is a culprit of AMR pollutants, which severely impact the ecosystems. AMR is a multifaceted problem and to control it effectively, meticulous measures have been implemented for monitoring and surveillance of AMR in clinical settings, in both human and veterinary fields. However, the environmental surveillance dealing with the environmental AMR has yet to be established. The implementation of comprehensive monitoring of AMR in environment will vastly improve our understanding of the various dissemination routes and propagation of the resistant microbes in environment and their role in spreading AMR. In this chapter, we will discuss the environmental spread of AMR, drivers of AMR in the environment, factors influencing AMR, challenges faced, measures to tackle AMR, and future trends in curbing the burden of AMR.

Introduction
Haemoprotozoan diseases are highly prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical countries owing to the ubiquitous distribution of ticks and blood-sucking flies which are natural vectors for the pathogens. In India, theileriosis, babesiosis and trypanosomosis are major haemoprotozoan diseases and cause substantial economic losses to the livestock industry. Though vaccination of the susceptible stock by attenuated schizont vaccine is available for the control of tropical theileriosis in cattle, chemotherapy is the mainstay for the control of haemoprotozoan diseases. However, the limited available antihaemoprotozoan drugs is being depleted by a combination of two factors viz. emergence of drug resistance and the failure to replace old drugs (de Koning, 2017). Drug resistance against parasites is one of the emerging problems affecting veterinary health sector. Since last few decades, development of drug resistance in haemoprotozoan parasites to several drugs has been reported (Tuvshintulga et al., 2019; Ali et al., 2022). Though, understanding of drug resistance in parasitic protozoa is progressing steadily but possibly not as rapidly as parasites are becoming resistant to drugs. The genetic changes in the target sites, the reduced uptake and increased efflux of drugs, and metabolic regulations are the possible mechanism for the cause of drug resistance (Fairlamb et al., 2016). Anti-protozoan drug resistance has been reported in many economically important protozoa to isometamedium, diminazene aceturate, quinapyramine, suramin, melarsomine dihydrochloride, buparvaquone. The resistance initially evolves at genetic level of parasite with genetic traits that allow them to survive exposure to a drug, which is transferred to the subsequent generation thereby potentially increasing the percentage of resistant parasite that can survive subsequent exposure to the chemical. The emergence of drugresistant parasites has serious implications for treating clinical cases, leading to increased morbidity and mortality among the animals and control of the diseases.

Introduction
 Antibiotic therapy is one of the mainapproaches of modern medicine used tofight bacterial diseases worldwide.Antibiotics comprise of any natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic substances which interfereswith the growth and development of microbes or have killing effect onmicrobes, specifically bacteria. The availability of these antibiotics for treating various bacterial infectious diseases significantly improved the quality of life of humans as well as animals.The period from1930s to 1960s is considered as the ‘golden era’ of antibiotics during whichmost of the antibiotics available today werediscovered. Antibiotics, once known as the magic bullets of modern-day medicine, are now an “endangered species” facing the danger of extinction due to the worldwide emergence of antibiotic resistance (ABR)/antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among microbes. In general, AMR is the capacity of a microbes (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) to resist the growthinhibitory or killing activity of an antimicrobial beyond its normal susceptibility by altering their physiologyor genetic makeup. AMR has emerged as one of the most critical and complicated global public health threat due to its multi-faceted nature.World Health Organization (WHO) has declared AMR as one of the top 10 global public health threats. The emergence of AMR is closely related to the extensive use and misuse of existingantibiotics in the human and animal fields without properguidelines as well as failure to developor discover new antibiotics. AMR leads to a significant health burden worldwide as it is estimated that bacterial AMR alone attributesto 1.14 million deaths globally in the year 2021 and if left unchecked, it may contribute to 10 million deaths annually by 2050.This prediction was recently updated with the data from 2019 and reported that the deaths of 4.95 million people were related to drug-resistant bacterial infections and 1.27 million deaths were directly attributable to AMR.In addition to the health burden, AMR also increases the healthcare costs and imposes significant indirect economic burdens.Increasing reports of treatment failures in patients with infections caused by multi-, extensive-, and pan-drugresistant bacteriahave been documented in literature from different part of the world. Antibiotics once normally used to treat bacterial infections are no longer effective, and it becomes vital to use “reserve” or “last resort” antimicrobials that are often more expensive. Furthermore, WHO has also emphasized that AMR not only makes infections harder to treat but also jeopardizes ancillary medical procedures such as surgeries and cancer treatments. Food may act as a carrier for the transfer of antimicrobialresistant bacteria (AMRB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) to humans.Many scientific reports establish a link between the extensive use of antibiotics duringagricultural production and the increase in AMRamong human pathogens, in which food is one of thepossible transmission routes. Antibiotics are regularly added to feed as additives in intensive animal production systems at sub-therapeutic doses to stimulate growth, improve feed efficiency and avoid infections. The extensive use of antibiotics in human treatment, animal therapy and agricultural use as growth promoters are further causes of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In recent years, the prevalence of AMR among microorganisms isolated from animal source foods (milk, meat, eggs etc) has increased. The increasing demand for quality animal protein has driven intensive farming, leading to increased antimicrobial usage. In the year 2020, global antimicrobial consumption in food-producing animals was estimated around 99,502 tonnes.Antibiotics are commonly used prophylactically infoodproducing animals and it is projected that by 2030 such usewill increase by approximately 67% globally.Despite efforts to reduce antibiotic use, many countries still rely heavily on antimicrobials for growth promotion and disease prevention. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has emphasized the need for better monitoring of antimicrobial use in animals. The emergence and spread of AMR in the food chain is considered as a multisectoral issue, because (i) antibiotics are widely used in livestock production systems (cattle, poultry etc), (ii) AMRB and ARGs can easily spread at each stage of the food production chain, and (iii) these AMRB can cause infections in humans.Thus, the emergence of AMR along the food chain is a major

Introduction
The discovery and widespread use of antibiotics in the mid-20th century marked a transformative era in modern medicine, enabling life-saving interventions in surgery, transplantation, and critical care. Diseases once considered fatal became manageable, and the global burden of infectious diseases significantly declined. However, the remarkable success of antibiotics has been increasingly overshadowed by the rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), now recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the most serious threats to global health, food security, and sustainable development. Resistant infections already contribute to longer hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and elevated mortality rates. Alarmingly, if current trends continue, AMR-related deaths are projected to exceed those caused by cancer by 2050.A pivotal yet often underestimated factor in the persistence and spread of AMR is the formation of microbial biofilms. Biofilms are highly organized, surface-attached communities of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composed of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids. This matrix not only anchors microbial population but also confers protection against environmental stressors, immune responses, and antimicrobial agents. Bacteria within biofilms can withstand antibiotic concentrations up to 1000 times higher than their planktonic counterparts due to altered metabolic states, enhanced horizontal gene transfer, and activation of resistance mechanisms such as efflux pumps. Biofilms are implicated in over 80% chronic and device-associated infections, including those caused by ESKAPE pathogensAcinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. These infections are notoriously difficult to treat and often recur, posing significant clinical challenges. Beyond healthcare settings, biofilm formation in livestock and agricultural environmentsexacerbated using antibiotics as growth promoterscontributes to the emergence of resistant strains that can spread to humans via direct contact, environmental contamination, or the food chain.Understanding the multifaceted resistance mechanisms within biofilms is essential for developing effective containment strategies. These include physical exclusion of antibiotics by the EPS matrix, metabolic dormancy, persister cell formation, quorum sensing-mediated coordination, and stress response activation. Moreover, biofilms often consist of multispecies communities, where interspecies interactions further enhance resilience.In response, antibiofilm agents have emerged as a promising frontier in AMR containment. These include natural compounds (e.g., antimicrobial peptides, essential oils), engineered materials (e.g., nanoparticles, surface coatings), quorum sensing inhibitors, efflux pump blockers, and enzymatic disruptors such as dispersin B and DNases. Ecological approaches like probiotics and positive biofilms offer preventive strategies in agriculture and food systems. Importantly, these agents aim to complement antibiotics by enhancing their efficacy rather than replacing them.Despite challenges in scalability, safety, and regulatory approval, antibiofilm strategies represent a paradigm shift in infection control. Their integration into clinical, veterinary, and environmental practicesaligned with the One Health frameworkis essential for preserving antibiotic effectiveness and mitigating the global AMR crisis.

Introduction
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major worldwide health issue, requiring the search for natural, safe, and efficient substitutes for synthetic antibiotics. The ancient medical system known as Ayurveda lists a variety of polyherbal compositions having jwaraghna (antipyretic) and krimighna (antimicrobial) qualities. A traditional decoction preparation that is frequently prescribed for microbial infestations (krimi), wound infections, fevers, and skin conditions called Nimbadi Kwatha.Strong herbs that have been separately shown to have antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties, including Nimba (Azadirachta indica), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Triphala (Haritaki, Bibhitaki, Amalaki), Vasa (Adhatoda vasica), and Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa), make up Nimbadi Kwatha. Triphala has antimicrobial and antioxidant qualities, Guduchi boosts host immunity and has antibacterial qualities, and Neem provides broad-spectrum antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. According to experimental studies, giloy extracts are effective against a variety of pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It has a distinct antimicrobial activity that involves two mechanisms: it enhances phagocytosis, changes cytokine production, and activates macrophages. In light of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), T. cordifolia is a prospective option for the development of plant-based antimicrobials and integrated therapies. Its use is backed by both modern pharmacological research and ethnomedicinal history for infectious disorders and immune health. Nimbadi Kwatha and its derivatives, including Nimbadi Ubatan and soap formulations, have been shown to have antibacterial properties by modern pharmacological research, which also showed a notable inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth in vitro. These results demonstrate the value of Ayurveda in treating infectious diseases and lend credence to its traditional claims. To close the gap between traditional knowledge and contemporary evidence, a thorough analysis of Nimbadi Kwatha’s antibacterial impact is essential. It also identifies the plant’s potential as a natural remedy for drug-resistant infections.

Introduction
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most alarming public health challenges of the 21st century, threatening the effectiveness of life-saving drugs and the future of modern medicine. This crisis is not limited to healthcare settings; it spans communities, agriculture, and the environment, impacting every facet of society. India, with its large population, high burden of infectious diseases, unregulated access to antibiotics, and considerable pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, stands at the forefront of the global struggle against AMR. The rise of resistant microbes stems from a complex interplay of factors: overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals, poor infection prevention practices, lack of sanitation, and environmental contamination from antibiotic waste. As a result, common infections are becoming harder to treat, surgical procedures riskier, and healthcare costs are escalating, all leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Tackling AMR requires robust intersectoral collaboration—no single stakeholder can succeed alone. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), industries, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives form a critical triad in India’s fight against AMR. NGOs drive grassroots education, advocacy, surveillance, and policy change, often bridging gaps where governmental capacity is limited. The pharmaceutical and healthcare industries, responsible for antibiotic manufacturing, distribution, stewardship, and infection control, play a pivotal role in curbing environmental emissions, supporting responsible use, and promoting the discovery of new treatments. Meanwhile, CSR channels the resources and expertise of corporations towards sustainable, communityfacing projects that promote awareness, improve hygiene, foster stewardship, and drive systemic change.

How many of us really know the value of Tulasi? All that we think is that it is a sacred plant and used only for worship in the Hindu temples and at home. Almost all devout Indians cannot think beyond this. But, Tulasi is an exceptionally valuable plant inasmuch as human nutrition is concerned, when it comes to its seeds. Let us examine the details below. It is a cost-effective substitute for eggs in cake baking, breads and biscuits, just a spoonful of Tulasi seeds is enough for a fluffy cake batter. Tulasi seeds are called Sabja in northern India and are used in , put in tea, to treat sore throat and running nose. Tulasi herb comes under the genus Ocimum. Its botanical name is Ocimum sanctum belongs to the family Labiatae. The word “sanctum” means sacred. The genus Ocimum has over 150 species spread across the world. In Tulasi we have both Rama Tulasi and Krishna Tulasi, which are sacred for use in temples and homes. Ocimum basilicum (also from the genus Ocimum like Tulasi) as it isa prolific seed producer. the seeds have become very popular among health conscious people. The small black seeds (see picture enclosed) become mucilaginous (gain a gelatinous consistency) when soaked in water and consumed, are said to help reduce body weight, help patients suffering from constipation and acidity, and also manage diabetes. Rich in in dietary fiber such as the polysaccharides glucomannan and xylan which make one feel satiated after a long time. An investigation published in the science journal Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre of May 2021 issue establishes that the fiber accounts for 98.50% of this mucilage. The hydrated seeds do not have a strong flavor or taste, they can be easily added to smoothies (sweet milk/fruit based drinks), fruit juices and milkshakes. They have been used as a replacement for fats in sponge cakes by researchers of the department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University in Seol. In a 2017 investigation reported in the Italian Journal of Food Science, the researchers report that 1 gram of seeds can replace 15 grams of butter.

Description and Distribution
Star Anise is the dried, star-shaped fruit derived from Illicium verum which is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 8-15 meter and a diameter of 25 cm. Leaves are entire, 10 -15 cm long, and 2.5-5.0 cm broad, elliptic to oblanceolate; flowers are solitary, white to red colored, fruits are star-shaped, reddish brown in color, consisting of 6-8 capsules (follicles), arranged in a whorl, radiating from the top of a slender short central stem; each follicle is 12-17 mm long, boat-shaped, hard and wrinkled, containing a seed; seeds are brown, compressed-ovoid, smooth, shiny and brittle. The carpels have a pleasant anise-like odor and an aromatic, refreshing, sweet, anise-like taste; the seeds have the same taste, but, to much lesser extent. It is available, whole, and is not usually ground. The plant is indigenous to tropical and sub tropical East Asia. It is extensively cultivated in a limited area with particular ecological factor, in Kwangsi in south-east China, mainland Tonkin in Indo-China, and is mostly imported from China and Indo-China. No import statistics are, however, available for Star Anise. It is now produced to some extent in Arunachal Pradesh in North- East India.
Area and Production
Star Anise is a recent introduction to India, from China, which is the major producer, supplier and exporter of the crop. No organized commercial-scale cultivation has yet been started in the country, but, it is reported to be gradually picking up. According to the latest report by the Deputy Director of The Spices Board, located in Guwahati, in North-East India, about 12.5 tonnes of Star

Description and Distribution
Sweet Flag or Calamus is reported to be common in Kashmir and Kumaon ranges of the Himalayan forests. The rhizomes are collected from the Himalaya forests and brought to Kathgodan, from where they are despatched to Mumbai, Kolkota and Kanuaj. It is a semi-aquatic perennial herb with a creeping and much branched aromatic rhizome. The rhizome is cylindrical or slightly compressed, about 19-25 mm in diameter and about 10 cm long. Externally, it is light brown or pinkish in color, and, white and spongy within. It is thoroughly washed in water, freed from dirt, and rootlets are removed and then carefully dried at a low temperature. It deteriorates with age and is subject to attack by worms. It is this dried rhizome, which constitutes Calamus or Sweet Flag, which is used as a condiment and as a pharmaceutical product . It has a reputation as a healing herb for its use in medicine. It is found wild as a water weed in shallow margins of creeks, lakes, pools and some rivers, throughout India and Sri Lanka, ascending to 1830 meter above mean sea level in the Himalayas. The plant thrives in marshy places and in most situations, like the edges of lakes and banks of streams. It is cultivated in one district , Kotagere, in Karnataka State, India. Curiously enough, the cultivation of Sweet Flag has not been extended to any other part of the State. It is also cultivated in Europe and USA, more for medicinal purposes.
Area, Production And International Trade
No reliable information is available on any of the above aspects in India, except that it is traded both for medicinal and condiment purposes.

Introduction 
Biofuels have emerged as a key solution in the energy transition toward sustainable energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and cutting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The demand for biofuels has been steadily increasing due to environmental concerns, government promotional policies, and technological advancements. The factors driving biofuel demand, current market trends, and future projections are the global demand for biofuels is experiencing rapid growth due to government policies, energy security concerns, and advancements in sustainable biofuel production. As more countries implement biofuel mandates and invest in next-generation biofuels, demand is expected to rise significantly in the coming years, positioning biofuels as a critical component of the global energy transition. Governments worldwide have implemented various policies to promote biofuel production and consumption. These policies aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy security, and support rural economies. Ethanol remains the most widely used biofuel, with major producers like the U.S., Brazil, and China increasing production to meet rising demand. The U.S. and Brazil collectively account for over 80% of global ethanol production. Bioethanol production originated in Brazil in the early 20th century, where sugarcane was used to produce ethanol as a fuel additive. However, the United States also played a significant role in the large-scale commercialization of bioethanol, especially from corn, starting in the 1970s during the oil crisis. Brazil remains a global leader in sugarcane-based ethanol, while the U.S. leads in corn-based ethanol production. Biodiesel demand is growing, particularly in the European Union, Indonesia, and Argentina. Indonesia’s B30 program (30% biodiesel blending) has significantly boosted demand. Between 2005 and 2015, the biodiesel production experienced a sevenfold increase and is projected to grow by an additional 35% by 2025 (OECD/ FAO, 2014). Biofuel policies have played a crucial role in shaping the growth of biofuel production worldwide. Since their inception, these policies have provided financial incentives, blending mandates, and research support, which have driven large-scale production. The impact of these policies varies across major biofuelproducing nations, including the United States, Brazil, the European Union, China, and India (Table 1). The U.S. biofuel industry expanded significantly due to the

Introduction 
Sustainability refers to the ability to maintain a balanced and healthy equilibrium by addressing economic, social, and environmental demands over time. Sustainable development is a broad and evolving concept that aims to meet present needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It seeks to balance short-term progress with long-term viability. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, are a set of 17 goals and 169 targets that all UN Member States aim to achieve by 2030. SDG 3, which emphasizes ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages, places a strong focus on health. Within SDG 3, reducing maternal mortality and decreasing neonatal and child mortality are key priorities, represented by Targets 3.1 and 3.2, respectively. The global goal for SDG 3.1 is to lower the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) to fewer than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. For individual countries, a supplementary target is set to reduce their national MMR to below 140 per 100,000 live births. A nation’s progress is fundamentally tied to the health and well-being of its mothers, which is a crucial factor in achieving equitable resource distribution, reducing poverty, and promoting sustainable development. Tragically, approximately 536,000 women die each year from maternal health complications, with 99% of these deaths occurring in developing nations. India, contributing about 25% of global maternal deaths, faces a critical challenge, with around 136,000 maternal deaths occurring annually. The country has set an ambitious goal to reduce its MMR to below 100 deaths per 100,000 live births. To address these issues and support sustainability, Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) indicators play an essential role in monitoring maternal and child health (MCH) outcomes. These indicators include measures such as immunization coverage, institutional delivery rates, home delivery rates, and antenatal care coverage. By tracking these metrics policymakers can assess the effectiveness of maternal health services and identify areas that require improvement. Utilizing RCH indicators to inform policies and programs contributes to better health outcomes for mothers and children and helps reduce mortality rates, which aligns with the objectives of SDG 3. Certain regions of India have made notable strides in improving MCH. For example, the northeastern state of Assam saw significant improvements in RCH indicators between 2010 and 2015. During this time, the rate of institutional deliveries increased substantially ensuring more women had access to safe childbirth services. The government has also strengthened maternal health care by implementing various MCH programs, including the RCH initiatives and other flagship schemes.

1. Introduction
Early childhood (0-6 years) is the most important period in a child’s life; it is during this period that the foundations for the child’s cognitive, social, emotional, physical and mental development are laid. As a result, the Ministry of Women and Child Development implemented several programs aimed at the welfare, development and protection of children and pregnant women. One such program is The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) program, which began on October 2, 1975. In India, ICDS is the most important government intervention for reducing maternal and child malnutrition and it has grown to become the world’s largest program of its kind. The ICDS aims to provide an integrated package of early childhood services in order to lay a solid foundation for the development of the nation’s human resources. The ICDS scheme is intended to be both preventive and developmental in nature. ICDS gives hope to millions of vulnerable women and children by assisting and supporting them during times of food insecurity and rapid growth. Because of its nationwide coverage, this program has all of the necessary structures in place and provides nutritional safety for the most vulnerable and poorest of the poor. This is a one-of-a-kind program with no counterpart anywhere in the world, in terms of scope and coverage.
Objectives of the ICDS Program
The following are the objectives of the ICDS scheme:
1. To improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age group of 0-6 years
2. To lay the foundations for the proper psychological physical and social development of the child
3. To reduce mortality morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout
4. To achieve an effective coordination of policy and implementation among the various departments working for the promotion of child development
5. To enhance the capability of the mother and the nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education.

Introduction 
The evolution of health care since 1950s has been attributed to artificial intelligence (AI). Remarkable advances in the health sector are being made particularly after the years, following 2010, thanks to AI technology. The significance of AI as a game-changer in healthcare has tremendously grown together, with its accompanying range of challenges, opportunities, and reward. There is increasing utilization of AI across public health activities including biomedical research with its capacityto reduce medical errors and improveaccess to care. The efficiency and ability of AI to analyse large volumes of data in different medical fields so as to identify diseases and guide treatment plans has turned it into an area of significant impact in clinical decision-making. Machine learning as well as data analytics are examples of AI technologies employed in monitoring, diagnosis, treatment and measurement of risks/benefits thereby transforming various healthcare processes. It is revolutionizing medical practices in several areas such as diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and surgical operations [Tagliaferri et al., 2020]. Studies have found that, the use of AI has improved patient outcomes and simplified management duties, resulting to an efficient health service delivery system. As the influence of AI continues to grow, understanding its implications, benefits, and challenges becomes essential for healthcare professionals and policymakers alike.

Introduction 
Education stands as a fundamental pillar in societal progress and individual development, serving as the cornerstone for a nation’s growth and prosperity. Within the realm of education, the nature of allocation and utilization of public expenditure represent a critical aspect that profoundly influences the quality, accessibility and inclusivity of educational opportunities. As nations navigate through economic, social and technological transformations, the strategic allocation of financial resources towards education emerges as a key determinant in shaping the educational landscape. Today, schools and students are dividing into a world where computers, tablets and the internet play a big role in how we learn. This is a new way of learning called digital education, a cornerstone of the modernization in today’s world. The imperative for digital education arises from the necessity to equip learners with the skills and competencies required to navigate an increasingly interconnected and technology-driven world.Digital tools and technologies offer interactive and engaging learning experiences that cater to diverse learning styles and enable personalized learning systems dedicated to individual’s needs and preferences. Historically, the Northeastern regions had limited access to formal educationdue to its remote and geographically challenging terrain. Colonial rule in India introduced some educational institutions. After India gained independence in 1947, efforts were made to expand education in the region. Various government initiatives, policies and programs like the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) were implemented to enhance education in Northeast India, aimed to provide universal elementary education and improve secondary infrastructure. In recent years, there have been endeavors by both the central and state governments to bridge the educational gap The dawn of the internet era in the 1990s marked a pivotal moment, fostering an environment conducive to the integration of technology into education. Fast forward to the 21st century, the government initiatives like Make in India, Digital India, SWAYAM and National Digital Literacy Mission (NDLM) have proved to be crucial evidence in the significance of digitalization in education.

Introduction 
Inclusive education means including all children in the same classrooms, in the same schools. It means real learning opportunities for groups who have traditionally been excluded – not only children with disabilities, but speakers of minority languages too. The school and classroom operate on the premise that students with disabilities are as fundamentally competent as students without disabilities. Therefore, all students can be full participants in their classrooms, in the local school community and in the societies they live in. Much of the movement is related to legislation that students receive their education in the least restrictive environment (LRE). This means they are with their peers without disabilities to the maximum degree possible, with general education the placement of first choice for all students (Alquraini & Gut, 2012). Inclusive education in India has evolved significantly over time. Initially, education for children with disabilities was largely segregated, with specialized institutions being the primary option. The shift towards inclusion began gaining momentum in the late 20th century, influenced by global movements and national policies. Key milestones include the 1992 National Policy on Education, which emphasized inclusive practices, and the 2009 Right to Education Act, which mandated free and compulsory education for all children, including those with disabilities. Recent initiatives have focused on improving accessibility, teacher training and integrating students with diverse needs into mainstream classrooms, reflecting a growing commitment to equitable educational opportunities for all. Contemporary inclusive education in India is characterized by a growing commitment to integrating students with diverse needs into mainstream schools, supported by various policies and initiatives. The 2016 Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act and the 2020 National Education Policy underscore the importance of inclusive practices, advocating for accessible infrastructure, specialized training for educators, and individualized support for students. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, including inadequate resources, a shortage of trained teachers, and varying levels of implementation across different regions. Efforts are ongoing to address these issues, aiming to create an educational environment where all students, regardless of their abilities, have the opportunity to succeed and thrive. The emerging importance of an inclusive education system in India reflects a growing recognition of diversity and equality in the educational landscape. This shift is driven by the realization that inclusive education not only promotes social justice but also enhances academic and social outcomes for all students. As India progresses towards a more inclusive society, there is increasing emphasis on

Introduction
Dystopian literature has emerged as a powerful genre for exploring societal anxieties, particularly in the context of environmental degradation, social inequity, and unsustainable practices. In recent years, these narratives have become increasingly relevant as global discussions around sustainable development intensify. Dystopian works like The Hunger Games by Collins (2008) and The Road by McCarthy (2006) are not only popular cultural phenomena but also significant texts that offer critical reflections on the consequences of unsustainable practices. As Suzanne Collins writes in The Hunger Games, “Destroying things is much easier than making them,” a sentiment that captures the destructive trajectory of unsustainable practices that both novels explore. This paper aims to examine how dystopian narratives, with a particular focus on The Hunger Games and The Road, contribute to sustainable development discourse. By analyzing the themes of resource depletion, environmental control, and social inequality, this study situates these narratives within eco-critical and dystopian studies frameworks, offering a deeper understanding of how literature shapes perceptions of sustainability. Thus, in this paper, an attempt has been made to explore how dystopian literature reflects concerns about sustainability, encourages critical thinking about the future of the environment and society, and emphasizes the importance of equitable, sustainable practices for survival.
Objectives of the Study
1. To analyze how The Hunger Games and The Road depict environmental degradation, resource scarcity, and social inequality, and their relevance to sustainable development discourse.
2. To explore the role of dystopian literature in raising awareness about the consequences of unsustainable practices, particularly ecological collapse and social stratification.
3. To examine the effectiveness of using eco-criticism and dystopian studies as theoretical frameworks to understand the intersection of literature and sustainability concerns.
4. To investigate how dystopian narratives can influence public perception and policy discussions related to sustainability and ethical environmental stewardship.
5. To assess the potential of dystopian literature as a tool for advocacy in promoting sustainable development and responsible environmental practices.

2.1 Introduction
As time passes, the customers are used to the practice of having short life for the products, which they buy and use. This is because of the globalization of business and growing global competition all over the world. The companies engaged in manufacturing and selling the products which are used at large volume by households and partly by industries, introduce new models to attract customers and to have more market share. This in turn has impacts on customer buying and retention decisions of those products. Though the companies introduce new models, they are expected to keep the prices of the products at affordable ranges so that there is always a larger customer segment to buy those products. This is like egg or chicken situation, because companies introduce many new models to out beat competition and in turn customers expect improved versions of those models in shorter time intervals. This forces companies to continuously engage themselves to come out with new models or improved models which have convergence of technologies to give maximal customer satisfaction. So, creativity in product design becomes an essential requirement of the product development teams of the companies.
2.2 Product Design
Product design aims to include the following tasks to solve the problems of the users or address expected needs of customers in a given market. These tasks are human intensive.
i. Understanding end-users’ requirements
ii. Imagining alternate product ideas to address their needs

6.1 Introduction
The success of design thinking depends on its applicability in industries and service organization. The applications of design thinking applied to product development should focus on the needs of users. The design thinking can also be applied to design new processes as well as improve an existing process.
6.2 Case Studies
The section presents several case studies of applying design thinking in realities as listed below.
1. Design thinking in eye care
2. Design thinking in foundry
3. Design thinking in FMG company
4. Design thinking in auto industry
5. Design thinking at retail outlet
6. Design Thinking in Flight Reservation System
7. Design thinking in winding fabric on roller in textile mill
6.2.1 Case study: Design Thinking in Eye Care
Eye care is a crucial part of health care system. There are many factors that are responsible for poor eye vision. Normally in the early stages, viz. children and adults up to 40 or 45 years of age may have eye power issues, which are managed

Introduction
Acid sulphate soils are formed when pyrite within a soil layer is oxidised, generating sulphuric acid. The oxidation of pyrite often results in yellow mottles of jarosite. The pH levels in greatly affected areas are often less than 4.0, and the associated environmental impacts include fish kills, retarded growth of crops and changes in water chemistry. Acid soils are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, constituting approximately 30% of the ice-free land in the world, which is 50% of the world’s arable land. In China and India, 212 Mha or 12% of the agricultural land is classified as acidic. In India, about 28% of the total geographical area is affected by acidity of different degrees. Acid sulphate soils (ASSs) are a group of these soils having high soil acidity and other soil function limitations. These soils were termed as Kattecleigrondon or Kattakali by the Dutch farmers in the seventeenth century meaning ‘Cat Clays’ in English for soils of some reclaimed areas that became gradually highly acidic and developed prominent yellowish mottles and crusts composed of jarosite and related sulphates; in northern Germany, similar clays were called Maibolt.
Occurrence
They occur in many regions of the world, mostly along coastal areas where the land is inundated by sea water. Countries having extensive area of acid sulphate soils are: