eChapters

15.1    Banana Chips/Crisps
    
15.2    Banana Puree/Pulp
    
15.3    Banana Flour
    
15.4    Banana Powder
    
15.5    Banana Flakes
    
15.6    Banana Figs or Dehydrated Banana
    
15.7    Banana Jam
    
15.8    Ready-To-Serve (Rts) Beverage
    
15.9    Banana Beer and Wine
    
15.10    Banana Vinegar
    
15.11    Banana Catsup
    
15.12    Banana Inflorescence Relish
    
15.13    Candied Banana
    
15.14    Other Banana Based Products

Carbohydrates are widely prevalent in the plant kingdom, comprising the mono, di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides. The common monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose etc. The disaccharides, i.e., the combination of two monosaccharides include sucrose, lactose and maltose. Starch and cellulose are polysaccharides consisting of many monosaccharide residues. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on this planet since it forms part of the cell wall in plants.

Aldehydes (–CHO) and ketones (= CO) are active groups in carbohydrates. Carbohydrates contain many hydroxyl groups as well. The number of hydroxyl groups varies with the number of carbon atoms. Monosaccharides contain the free aldehyde or ketone group. Some disaccharides have the free aldehyde group (maltose) and some do not have the free ones (sucrose). The polysaccharides, starch and cellulose, are polymers of monosaccharides linked through the active groups. The chemical properties of saccharides vary depending upon the number of hydroxyl groups and the presence or absence of –CHO/= CO groups. These variations are the basis in the development of colour reactions to identify the saccharides. Some simple tests used to identify the presence/absence of certain saccharides are listed below:

In May 2020, The Government of India launched the flagship scheme called Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), with an estimated investment of Rs. 20050 crores, comprising a Central share of Rs. 9407.00 crores, a state share of Rs 4880.00 crores, and a Beneficiary contribution of Rs. 5763.00 crores for its implementation during a period of 5 years from FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25 in all States/Union Territories (Guidelines on Entrepreneurship Models in Fisheries and Aquaculture under PMMSY, 2020). The PMMSY will address critical gaps in fish production and productivity, quality, technology, traceability, post-harvest infrastructure, and management.

Introduction

Diagnostic biochemistry, is a branch of laboratory medicine that focuses on the analysis of bodily fluids to diagnose and monitor diseases. This field plays a crucial role in understanding the biochemical mechanisms underlying various conditions, enabling accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and management. The biological samples for diagnosis include blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid and tissues.

Factors Affecting Serum Enzyme Activity or Protein Level

1. Organ Mass and Enzyme Tissue Concentration:

• Higher enzyme concentrations in organs can lead to greater increases in serum enzyme activity during disease. For instance, the liver’s large mass contributes to potential increases in serum ALT activity.

2. Cell Location

• The proximity of cellular enzymes to the blood, urine, or other fluids determines the fluid in which an enzyme’s activity will increase upon cell injury. For example, renal tubular gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is released into urine, not blood, following injury.

Climate change exposes onion production to irregular rainfall, heat, drought, flooding and increasing pest and disease pressure. These stresses can reduce yield, damage bulb quality, increase storage losses and threaten smallholder livelihoods. This chapter uses research literature and case studies to examine resilience at farm, community and supply-system levels. It emphasizes location-specific varieties, crop rotation, micro-irrigation, efficient input use, digital forecasting, protected production, improved storage and reliable cold chains. Farmer organizations, extension services, subsidies and supportive institutions are also important. Sustainable onion farming requires agronomic, technological, socioeconomic and policy measures to function together, enabling growers to adapt to climatic uncertainty while conserving resources and maintaining profitability.

Polyembryony is the occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed. It includes all those instances in which there is a clear indication of the actual occurrence of two or more embryos in a developing ovule (Tisserat et al. 1979). The additional embryos in polyembryony result from the differentiation and development of various maternal and zygotic tissues associated with the ovule of seed. Earlier, polyembryony is said to have an abnormal feature but now it is considered as a desirable character in citrus, mango, jamun, almond, etc. to obtain true to type planting materials. The polyembryony is one of the apomictic processes which have been described to occur in the ovules of angiospermic species (Koltunow, 1993). Polyembryony in horticultural crops occurs as facultative apomixis wherein simultaneous growth of multiple embryos of somatic origin co-exist in the same seed containing sexual embryo resulting from either selfing or cross pollination.

VIVEK M. PATIL & M.D. SURANAGI

A computer is an electronic device that has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data, and can be programmed with instructions that it remembers. Simply put, it is a very obedient servant which does whatever task it is commanded to do, in the manner in which it is trained/ programmed to carry out that task. Some of the terms commonly referred to while using computers are:

• Hardware : The physical parts that make up a computer eg. input devices, the central processing unit (CPU), memory and output devices.
• Software : A set of instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to perform a particular task is called a program, software program, or software. eg. Microsoft Word document management software enables us to type out a letter.
• Peripherals : Hardware devices connected to a computer i.e. any part of the computer outside the CPU and working memory. eg. keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner, disk and tape drives, microphone, speakers, joystick, plotter, and camera.
• Input : Whatever is typed, submitted or entered into a computer system. eg. typing a list of names.
• Data : The symbols that represent facts, objects and ideas on a computer. eg. representation of a list of names in binary language.
• Processing : Manipulation of data by the CPU of the computer or a microprocessor. eg. sorting of the list of names in alphabetic order.
• Output : The result produced by a computer after manipulating data. eg. printing out the list of names in alphabetic order.
• Memory : An area of the computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed or stored. eg. random access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM)

Q.1 Analysis of covariance is an extension of ANOVA.

Q.2 In an ANCOVA technique, observations are taken on more than one variable from each experimental unit.

2.1 Time and Energy Requirements of Work
The time and energy requirements of work can vary significantly depending on several factors related to the nature of the work, the worker’s capabilities and motivation, and the workplace environment. Let’s explore each aspect:
1. Nature of the Work
Complexity: work that requires high levels of skill, expertise, and problemsolving will generally demand more time and energy.
Physical demands: jobs that involve manual labor or physically strenuous activities can be more energy-intensive.
Cognitive demands: intellectual or creative work can be mentally taxing, requiring concentration and focus for extended periods.
2. Worker Factors
Physical health: a worker’s overall health and fitness level can impact how much time and energy they can dedicate to their job.
Skill set and experience: experienced workers might complete tasks more efficiently, reducing time requirements.
Motivation: highly motivated individuals tend to invest more energy and time into their work.
Work-life balance: if a worker is dealing with excessive stress or personal issues, it can affect their ability to concentration and perform optimally.
3. Workplace Factors
Work environment: a comfortable, well-designed workspace can contribute to increased productivity and reduced fatigue.
Technology and tools: access to advanced tools and technology can streamline tasks and save time and energy.
Support and collaboration: a positive work culture and supportive colleagues can enhance job satisfaction and productivity.
Workload and deadlines: unrealistic workloads and tight deadlines can lead to stress and exhaustion.

Drying is the oldest known method of preserving food. Drying or dehydration is removal of majority of water contained in fruit or vegetable. Although preservation is the primary reason for dehydration, it also lowers cost of packaging, storing and transportation by reducing both weight and volume of final product. In addition, dried foods add variety to our diets. In the process of drying, sufficient moisture is removed to protect product  from  spoilage. Processing should be done in such a way that food value, natural flavour and characteristic cooking quality of fresh material are retained after drying.

Tripura is situated between 22º 56’to 240 32’ N latitude and 91010’ to 92021’E longitude with tropic of cancer passing through it. The total geographical area of state is about 10,491 km2 of which 57.98 % area is under forest cover.  Agriculture is an important sector in the state, which contributes 26 % of the State GDP of which the major contribution is from horticultural crops like fruits (pineapple, litchi and oranges), vegetables (potato TPS), plantation crops (cashew nut, coconut, rubber and tea) and spices (ginger, turmeric and black pepper). More than 75 % of the population either directly or indirectly depends on agriculture. The small and marginal farmers constitute about 90 % of total farming community and the average size of land holding is 0.97 ha (1990-91) in comparison to 1.25 ha (1976-77), which is the lowest among the seven other North Eastern states.

Fisheries and aquaculture sector have been increasingly recognized for their essential contribution to global food security and nutrition. In 2020, total global catches in inland waters were 11.47 million tonnes and India stands top in the world with 1.8 million tonnes. India has witnessed remarkable growth in fish production in the last couple of years and stands second in world aquaculture production. The total fish production during 20-21 is estimated at 14.7 million metric tonnes (MMT) with a contribution of 11.25 MMT from inland sector and 3.48 MMT from marine sector. During FY 2020-21, export of marine products stood at 1.15 MMT and valued at Rs. 43,717.26 crores despite the market uncertainties raised by the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak. The inland open water resources of India are the life line of country?s vast population and provide nutritional and livelihood security besides other innumerable economic, social and ecological services. In addition to India, countries of Mekong cooperations including Myanmar, LaoPDR, Vietnam, Copyright: New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, India. Commercial Use will call for Legal Action. Cambodia and Thailand contribute significantly to the Asian Fish production. As per FAO (2022) report, a number of Asian countries majorly contribute to the Inland capture fisheries production including India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Cambodia have reported a steady or decline in fish catch, since the last few decades. Though there are several potential threats behind this declining fish production trend, major is linked to water availability, pollution, overfishing and climate change. 

Introduction

Biological fluids refer to any liquid substances found within living organisms that play essential roles in physiological functions. These fluids can include blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, digestive juices, rumen fluid, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, milk etc.

Collection of biological fluids refers to the process of gathering various types of bodily f luids from animals for scientific study or medical purposes. This collection often involves techniques like blood draws, urine collection, cerebrospinal fluid sampling, saliva collection, etc., depending on the specific fluid and the research or diagnostic needs. These f luids are valuable for understanding the health, metabolism, genetics, and other aspects of animal biology. Collecting and analyzing these biological fluids is crucial for understanding health and disease processes, diagnosing illnesses, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and advancing medical and scientific research.

Plant diseases are mentioned in some of the oldest books available (Homer, C – 1000 B.C. mentioned about the therapeutic properties of sulphur and in Old testament – 750 B.C.) and were feared as much as human diseases and war.

Abstract

Fertilizer inputs are increasing the cost of production in inputintensive crops, so nutrient efficientcultivar is need oftoday. More demands for food by increasing world populations further enhance the importance of nutrient efficient crop cultivars that are higher producers. Breedingtechniques havebeenimplemented significantlyto breed highnutrientefficient crop cultivars to achieve the targets. However, molecular mechanism of nutrient metabolism has been understood to some extent in many crops through quantitative genetic approaches. This minireview outlines an update on recent progress on the genetic approaches of QTL/candidate genes controlling nutrient metabolism pathways in the crop plants.

Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a given location. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the past and current state of the atmosphere on a given place and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve on that place. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation is important to agriculture.

Agricultural production is highly dependent on weather, climate and water availability, and is adversely affected by weather and climate related disasters. In many developing countries where rainfed agriculture is the norm, a good rainy season means good crop production, enhanced food security and a healthy economy. Failure of rains and occurrence of natural disasters such as floods and droughts can lead to crop failures, food insecurity, famine, loss of property and life, mass migration, and negative national economic growth (Sivakumar, 2006).

Farming in many parts of the world, especially in the arid and semiarid regions is risky, because climate is highly variable. In some developing countries as much as 80% of the variability in agricultural production is due to the variability in weather conditions. This production variability in agriculture has immediate and important macroeconomic impacts. A timely seasonal forecast of favourable conditions could permit farmers to adjust cropping patterns and input use in order to benefit fully from these conditions. Also, a timely forecast could give the marketing system and downstream users, such as the food processing industry, time to prepare for a bountiful harvest (Arndt et al., 2000). It is important to remember that under rainfed conditions, even a less reliable, but earlier forecast may be more valuable than an accurate but late forecast (Mjelde et al., 1998).

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is technology which can store, retrieve, manipulate, manufacture, transmit or receive, analyze any digital information and can apply machine vision for increasing efficiency and workability of the system. The AI permits systematically scope of ‘3S’ i.e. Safety, Security and Surveillance, which is also known as manmade intelligence. In fact, it needs more reliable and accurate data or information for processing and correction for predicting performance of any system and devices.

Introduction Papaya fruit is listed under the family Caricaceae. This family has total four genera all over the world. There are about four species found in India under the Carica L. genus. Carica papaya L. is one of the species among them and it is most widely cultivated and very well-known species in India (Kumar and Devi, 2017). It has a thin, little shiny, and green-colored peel which turns into orange colored after ripening. The size of the fruit varies from 5.5 to 5.9 cm in terms of diameter. Papaya has several industrial applications in food processing, pharmaceutical as well as cosmetic industries. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2013), India, Indonesia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Nigeria, and Mexico are the countries that produce the largest number of papayas in the world, India being the largest producer (4457.1 tonnes) followed by Brazil (1859.3 tonnes) in the year 2011.

Livestock sector is an important subsector of the agriculture of Indian economy. It forms an important livelihood activity for most of the farmers, supporting agriculture in the form of critical inputs, contributing to the household, supplementing incomes, offering employment opportunities, and finally it acts as a supplementary and complementary enterprise. Livestock plays a vital role in the economic development of the country. Livestock Sector has continuously been growing and contributed 4.90% (at constant prices) of total GVA (Gross Value Added) in 2020-21 (Annual Report, 2021-2022). India ranks first among the world’s milk producing nations, achieving an annual production of 230.58 million tonnes of milk and with per capita availability of 459 gms/day during the year 2022-23 (Annual Report, 2022-2023). In India, livestock population includes cattle (193.46 million), buffalo (109.85 million), sheep (74.26 million) and goat (148.88 million) (20 th Livestock Census, 2019). The rapidly expanding demand for livestock products offers an opportunity as well as a challenge to livestock production. The livestock sector is moving towards specialization with the increasing involvement

ABSTRACT

Trees play a crucial role in maintaining and regenerating soil fertility through the action of their roots and litter. Trees can also improve soil structure, water holding capacity, crop rooting volume and biological activity in soil by providing biomass. Quick growing species, especially of nitrogen fixing trees when combined with herbaceous crops enhance fertility status of the soil through litter contribution and nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs, grown in agroforestry systems, are capable of fixing about 50-100 Kg N ha^-1yr^-1. Use of agroforestry is also a viable option for enhancing soil organic carbon density. Soil organic carbon sequestration potential in soils of tropical forest ecosystems varies from 100 to 500 Kg C ha^-1 yr^-1. Improving soil organic carbon pool through agroforestry improves soil quality, biomass productivity and mitigates global warming by reducing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. Nutrient cycling is another way in which trees draw a large portion of nutrients from deeper soil layer and return it to the soil through crown crash, stem flow and litter fall. In a nutshell, for improving the soil quality, ecological balance and sustainability of agro eco systems , agroforestry is one of the best viable alternative land use system.