eChapters

Q₁₀ (Temperature coefficient): The ratio of the rate of chemical reaction at a particular temperature to the rate of that chemical reaction exactly at 10°C lower.

Qualitative photoperiod: Qualitative plants are those in which a particular photoperiod is an absolute requirement for the occurrence of a response. Ex: Common cocklebur

Qualitative response (absolute response, obligatory response): A plant response, usually flowering, that absolutely depends on some day length, temperature, or other environmental stimulus. If the plant does not experience the required stimulus, the response does not occur (e.g., the plant remains vegetative). Opposite to quantitative response.

Quantasomes : Quantasomes are particles found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. They are embedded in a para crystalline array on the surface of thylakoid discs in chloroplasts. They are composed of lipids and proteins that include various photosynthetic pigments and redox carriers.

Ubiquinone (UQ): It is a lipophilic metabolite that functions in the electron transport chain in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes, and the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotes, apart from its roles as an antioxidant and in the regeneration of tocopherols. Also called as Coenzyme Q.

Ubiquitin: It is a small protein that is found in almost all cellular tissues in all eukaryotic organisms,( i.e. it occurs ubiquitously) which helps to regulate the processes of other proteins in the body.

Ultracentrifuge: A high speed centrifuge with speed upto 60,000 rpm and centrifugal field of 500,000 x g

The method described here gives an approximate thioglucoside and isothiocyanates contents in rapeseed meal.

Reagents and Apparatus
    1.    Barium chloride (5% solution)
    2.    Volumetric flask, 600 ml
    3.    Steam bath

Method

To 10 g meal (defatted by soxhlet extraction) add 250 ml distilled water, hydrolyse at 54ºC for one hour and then boil for two hours, keeping volume constant. Filter, retaining filtrate and wash residue three times with 50 ml hot water. Add washings to initial filtrate and make up volume to 600 ml. Precipitate barium sulphate by heating and adding excess barium chloride solution. Leave on a steam bath for a few hours and then filter. Ash in muffle furnace and then weigh precipitate.

Xanthophylls (Carotenoids): These are tetraterpenes with general formula C₄₀H₅₆O₂. Xanthophylls are a class of oxygen-containing carotenoid pigments, responsible for the color of many of the yellow, orange, and red hues of flowers, fruits, vegetables (corn, pepper, etc.), egg yolks, and feathers, shells, or flesh of many animal species (flamingo, canary, shrimp, lobster, chicken, or salmonids). In plants, they are involved in photosynthesis with chlorophyll and are responsible for the red, yellow, and/or brown colors of autumn foliage as the chlorophyll levels decline.

Xeromorphy: Morphological characteristics, such as small, tough leaves, a heavy cuticle, etc., that are generally important for adaptation to dry environmental conditions.

Yamogenin: A triterpene plant steroid belonging to a group of sapongenins that is obtained from Dioscorea and is used in making oral contraceptives.

Z scheme: Refer non-cyclic electron transport.

Z-DNA: A duplex DNA structure in which helical coiling of the two polynucleotide chains is left handed and phosphate backbone of the polynucleotides follows a zig-zag course.

Zeatin: Most abundant natural cytokinin present in plant.

The sense organs are the organs of the body that respond to external stimuli by conveying impulses to the nervous system. The sense organs allow animals to sense changes in the environment around them and in their bodies so that they can respond properly. Animals can sense a wide range of stimuli that include the sense of vision, the sense of hearing, the sense of olfaction (smell), the sense of taste and the sense of touch including pain and pressure. In animals, there are two major groups of senses, the general senses and the special senses.

Aim of Rehabilitation

To assist the animal to stand.

To facilitate normal respiration in animal.

To ensure normal feed and water Intake.

To ensure that rumination,defaecation and urination are normal.

Present study was undertaken to investigate the sub-chronic effects of chromium (VI) inmale rats using potassium dichromate (0.625 mg/kg, 1.25 mg/ kg, and 2.5 mg/kg)following oral administration. No discernible clinical signs of toxicity were observed atany dose, and weekly average body weight gain remained almost consistent. Both absoluteand relative organ weights exhibited no significant differences among treatment groups.Hematological parameters showed no appreciable variations across the different treatmentgroups. Potassium dichromate exposure demonstrated limited impact on plasma totalprotein, albumin, and globulin levels. While HDL cholesterol exhibited a non-significantdecrease, plasma glucose, cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels displayed a slight andnon-significant increase. Non-significant elevations were noted in plasma AST, ALT,creatinine, and uric acid across all treated groups, with minimal changes in total bilirubinand BUN. Hepatic MDA levels increased non-significantly in a dose-dependent manner,accompanied by a non-significant decrease in SOD, CAT, GSH, and GST levels.Testicular MDA increased non-significantly in a dose-dependent manner, with aconcomitant non-significant decrease in SOD, CAT, and GST levels. Testicular GSHlevels showed minimal alteration. A non-significant rise in ACP, LDH, GGT, and FSHlevels in the testis was observed across all treated groups, while testicular SDH andtestosterone levels exhibited non-significant decreases. Necropsy revealed no grosschanges in various organs, including lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, testes, seminal vesicles,and prostate.

Family : Euphorbiaceae

Flowering: July-September

Fruiting: September-December

Botanical description: The plant is a small erect herb, growing up to 60 cm or more. The ascending branches are angled and velvet-hairy. Leaves are broadly ovate, nearly triangular, rather coarsely toothed. Leaf stalks are as long as or longer than the 3-5 cm long blades. Flowers are stalkless, borne on erect axillary spikes longer than the leaves. Male flowers are minute, crowded distally. Female flowers are scattered along the inflorescence axis, each subtended by a conspicuous semicupular leaf-like toothed green bract nearly 7 mm long. Capsule is bristly and1 mm broad.

Ecology: It is mostly found in hot, low to medium altitude, sandy margins of rivers, seasonal water courses and pans, usually in shade of thickets, on rocky hillsides and often in disturbed ground and as a weed of cultivation.

Wound healing is defined as any breach in the continuity of skin. Regenerative pharmacology aims to develop new therapeutic module to hasten the healing. Present study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing efficacy of goat milk based ointment vis a vis its molecular pharmacodynamics in full thickness excisional rat model. 96 healthy male Wistar rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups i.e. group I served as Healthy control/Sham Operated, group II served as silver sulphadiazine treated group and group III and IV served as group treated with 0.5 % and 1% goat milk based ointment, respectively. Square shaped wound of ≈ 2×2 cm2 (400 mm2) was surgically and aseptically created on the back of animals till the depth of panniculus carnosus. Animals were examined routinely till 21 day of the experimental study and healing potential of goat milk based ointment was ascertained by planimetric analysis viz. digital photography, wound area measurement, wound contraction percentage and biochemical assay using hydroxyproline, total protein and DNA content at different intervals i.e. on days 3,7,14 and 21 of the study.