eChapters

Introduction

Military personnel’s are deployed for operation in adverse climatic conditions like desert, cold (arctic) and high altitude regions. Stressful and challenging living conditions have affected the outcome of many battles, campaigns and wars. Acclimatization to the environmental condition is a very essential stage of deployment. The time for acclimatization is restricted/limited for the effective operation towards the purpose of deployment. The performance of the military personnel in various deployed regions depends on the nutrition provided by the food consumed. The operational rations are designed to provide the essential nutrition to enhance their performance during training and/or operational situations.

Nutrition requirement of military personnel is different from that of the civilians. The nutrition requirement also varies with the kind (sedentary or continuous work) and region (plain, desert or high altitude) of deployment. The environmental stress caused by extreme heat, cold, etc. also influences the nutrient requirement/ intake. The insufficient dietary nutrient intake affects the immune function, pace of recovery from illness and injury and also the physical performance (Tharion et al., 2005).

The operational ration is also designed in such a way that it provides to the military personnel the required nutrition from the build in nutrition reserves during certain operational situations. Considering the vital criteria for nutritional requirement, the menu for the military personnel is designed. The chapter discusses the past, present and future of the army operational ration (AOR) in various countries of the world and the influence of advances in food processing methods in AOR menu.

The primary role of the respiratory system is to provide O2 to the tissues for metabolic needs and remove the CO2 formed by them. Body needs oxygen to oxidise the food nutrients and derive energy. In this process carbon dioxide is produced in the body, which is toxic and must be removed quickly and efficiently. The oxygen utilization & carbon dioxide production takes place within the mitochondria of cells of the various tissues.

Fungicide which is effective only if applied prior to fungal infection is called a protectant, eg. Zineb, Sulphur. Protectant fungicides are prophylactic in their behaviour.

1.    The outer layer of cereals is called

(a) Pericarp

(b) Germ

(c) Seed coat

(d) Endosperm

2.    The grain or edible seed of a cereal is known botanically as a

(a) Testa

(b) Caryopsis

(c) Seed coat

(d) Endocarp

Green gram or mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, var. radiata, 2n = 2x = 22, a self-pollinated crop belonging to Family Leguminosae or Fabaceae) occupies globally 7.3 million ha area with production of 5.3 million tons (2015-17) resulting into a productivity of 726 kg/ha with India and Myanmar each supplying about 30% of the global production. China contributes about 16% and Indonesia 5% of the global production. It is relatively tolerant of heat and drought and the grains are a good source of protein and iron for human nutrition. In East and Southeast Asia, it is consumed as nutritious bean sprouts and in South Asia as dahl.

2.1 Audio-Visual Aids Classification

Audio-visual aids are tools that combine auditory and visual stimuli to facilitate learning and improve comprehension. They can make abstract ideas more concrete and understandable. Here's a classification of some commonly used audio-visual aids:

• Audio Aids

• Tape recorders: are tools for teaching that playback sound or music.
• Radio: Programmes can serve as educational resources and audio learning aids.
• Podcasts are digital audio programs or episodes with a focus on learning.

Introduction

The Fourth Industrial Revolution or Industry 4.0 is the aggregation of advanced digital technologies into manufacturing and production processes. These technologies include Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and autonomous systems, which collectively facilitate smart manufacturing and interconnected industrial operations. When examining Industry 4.0’s wider ramifications, contradictions or fascinating facts surface. Its impact is widespread in society and the economy, even if it mostly concentrates on manufacturing. It may be seen in the service industry, urban development, and agriculture, among other areas (Ane & Yasmin, 2019; Kraus et al., 2022). Furthermore, the phrase encompasses not only the development of technology but also the evolution of organizational leadership and the significance of security and privacy in the digital era (Beattie & Wyer, 2019; ONIK et al., 2019). Overall, Industry 4.0 represents a transformative era where digital technologies are harnessed to create intelligent, interconnected systems that revolutionize traditional industrial practices.

10.1. INTRODUCTION

The development of hybrid breeding methodology in maize and its successful application to exploit heterosis is considered as significant achievement of plant breeding in the present century. 
Even though Beal (1880) suggested for commercial cultivation of F1 varietal hybrids. It was Shull (1909) on the basis of his experiment gave pure line method of corn breeding, which laid foundation for present day hybrid breeding. Pure line methods of maize breeding involve three steps. 
    
·    Large scale inbreeding to obtain many homozygous/nearly homozygous inbred lines. 
    
·    Testing the selected inbred lines in all possible crosses.
    
·    Practical utilization of inbred lines in seed production of single cross hybrids.

Managing soil organic matter is of paramount importance in sustainable crop production. Human interventions always lead to a decrease in soil organic matter content and biological activity. Therefore, even for maintaining moderate levels of organic matter in soils, sustained efforts should be in place. Such sustained efforts should include adopting high-residue crops in rotation and ensuring regular return of residues to soils.

It is all the more difficult to maintain the organic matter content in well aerated soils and soils of hot and arid regions, because in these soils added materials decompose rapidly. However, in comparison, it may not be so difficult to maintain the organic matter levels in fine-textured soils with restricted aeration and in soils of cold temperate regions.

19.1. Measures that Decrease Soil Organic Matter Content

Communication, as a fundamental aspect of human existence, has evolved significantly over time. Initially, it was primarily visual and verbal, but with the development of written scripts and digital technologies, these too became integral components of human interaction. Language has always been inherently complex, with individuals from different cultural backgrounds and belief systems encoding and decoding messages in diverse ways. This process involves giving meaning to and deriving meaning from various forms of communication.

Moreover, the medium through which communication occurs often imposes its own structural rules or "grammar." For instance, messages conveyed through audiovisual media or computer-mediated communication are often organized differently than those in traditional written or spoken forms. These structural differences can lead to variations in meaning depending on the context in which the communication takes place.

Abstract
Global food production needs to double by 50% by the middle of the 21st century to ensure food and nutritional security for 9 billion people. Climate change, particularly atmospheric CO2 and temperature, has a complex impact on sustainable food security. Climate change is a significant constraint on legume production globally, which is a crucial food, feed, and fodder source. Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen through bacteria in root nodules, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and boosting soil C-sequestration. Climate change positively impacts grain legumes by allowing them to allocate above-ground
photosynthates into below-ground parts (nodules), improving rhizospheres’ activities, plant biomass and nutrient use efficacy. However, temperature can also negatively affect grain legumes, leading to flower abortion and abnormal pod filling. However, climate models predict more extreme events in the future, affecting legume growth and development. Heat stress, elevated CO2 concentration, drought, and rainfall variability impact legume crop production, requiring adaptation options. Results show that legumes with C3 fixation pathways show higher photosynthesis, reduced photorespiration, biomass production, and water use efficiency under atmospheric CO2. However, temperature increases lead to faster development, shorter life cycles, and lower yields. Legumes can cope with atmospheric CO2 up to
1000 ppm by storing sucrose and starch. Protein synthesis and water stress also help legumes adapt to changing climates. To achieve targeted yields in changing climatic conditions, agronomic and genetic interventions must be integrated. Targeted breeding programs should select high-yielding, biotic stress-resistant, and abiotic stress-tolerant genotypes adapted to atmospheric CO2 and temperature conditions. Integrating grain legumes with desirable traits can provide resilience against climate change.
Keywords: Climate change, Grain legumes, Nutritional security, Resilience, Rhizosphere, Water Use Effciency

Introduction

Pollination is an essential ecosystem service for the maintenance and conservation of biodiversity on the earth. Many food crops, barring cereals, are entomophilous in nature and rely on insects for pollination. The pollinators in turn are benefited by obtaining floral resources such as nectar, pollen or both. This mutualism has evolved over centuries and been helping both natural terrestrial ecosystems as well as man-made agro-ecosystems. Pollinators such as bees, birds and bats contribute to 35 per cent of the world’s crop production, increasing outputs of 87 of the leading food crops worldwide (FAO, 2009). The total economic value of crop pollination worldwide has been estimated at €156 billion annually (Gallai et al., 2009). The area covered by pollinator-dependent crops has increased by more than 300 per cent during the past 50 years (Aizen and Harder 2009). Pollinators are found in diverse groups of the animal kingdom, including birds, bats, reptiles, insects, etc. Among them, insects particularly honey bees, dominate in providing pollination services to several plants. There are about 19,000 described species of bees in the world (Linsley, 1958) and, with the exception of one species, Apis mellifera L., the domestic honey bee, all of them are grouped under the general term ‘wild bees’. India is endowed with the greatest biodiversity as far as honey bee species are concerned and is home to five species viz., A. cerana, A. florea, A. dorsata, A. andreniformis and A. laboriosa besides hosting A. melllifera, an introduced one. In addition, several other pollinators including stingless bees, carpenter bees, bumble bees, megachilids, halictids, sphecids, andrenids, syrphids, etc. occur in several agro-ecosystems (Thakur, 2012). Studies on crop pollination by insects are becoming increasingly critical because of a perceived global decline in pollinator stocks, with great economical and conservation consequences (Ghazoul, 2005a, 2005b; Steff an-Dewenter et al., 2005). In the recent years, there has been a concern about declines in both wild and domesticated pollinators, especially honey bees (Reddy et al., 2012a). A large proportion of horticultural crops is potentially vulnerable to declines in honey bee and other pollinator insects (Table 1). One of the essential requirements to adequately evaluate the importance of animal pollination for food production and the impact of pollinator losses is to determine the pollination needs of different cultivated plants. However, detailed studies of crop pollination requirements are incomplete in many crops (Klein et al., 2007).

1.    HACCP was developed by

(a) Pillsbury and NASA

(b) FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

(c) USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)

(d) FSIS (Food Service Inspection Service)

2.    Which is not one of the hazards in HACCP?

(a) Biological

(b) Physical

(c) Bodily

(d) Chemical

3.    Which is not a physical hazard?

(a) Staples

(b) Fingernails

(c) Bandages

(d) Parasites

One of biggest challenges facing animal science is to increase the production in the context of climate change. Animal performance may be limited by adverse climatic focus (Sejian et al., 2010; Sejian et al., 2012). The economic impact of climate changes in relation to livestock production are widely reported, and several losses are predicted if current management systems are not modified to reflect the shift in climate. Climate change poses formidable challenge to the development of livestock sector in India (Sejian et al., 2013; Naqvi et al., 2013). Global warming could increase water, shelter and energy requirement of livestock for meeting projected milk demands. The anticipated rise in temperature between 2.3 and 4.8°C over the entire country together with increased precipitation resulting from climate change is likely to aggravate the heat stress in dairy animals, adversely affecting their productive and reproductive performance, and hence reducing the total area where high yielding dairy cattle can be economically reared. A preliminary estimate indicates that global warming is likely to lead to a loss of 1.6 million tonnes in milk production in India by 2020.

Seasonal variations in climatic conditions impact the availability of feed in the livestock (Sejian et al., 2014; Bagath et al., 2016). Over and above the effect of seasonal variations that cause considerable economic hardship, it is the unforeseen and unexpected periods of inclement and severe weather conditions which exacerbate the gross economic losses in livestock industry (Sejian and Srivastava, 2010; Sejian et al., 2010). In addition to mortalities of livestock associated with severe climatic conditions, reductions in reproductive and productive performances generate sizeable economic setback. Impressive advances in research have been made to assess the impact of climatic stressors on the physiological and dynamic responses of livestock (Shaji et al., 2015; Maurya et al., 2015). At the same time livestock managers and farmers continue to search for management options which can alleviate and reduce the effects of severe weather on livestock performance and productivity. This chapter will address in detail the impact of environmental stresses on livestock production and reproduction. These attempts will help the scientific fraternity to develop appropriate mitigation strategies to improve ruminant livestock production in these agro-ecological zones. This might pave way to improve the livelihood securities of poor and marginal farmers of this tropical environment via an appropriate universal research agenda.

Introduction

Agriculture provides unique solution to various developmental issues including poverty and hunger. World Development Report (2008) reveals that the agricultural growth has significantly contributed to the decline in poverty world over (as in China and Latin America). Though the non-agriculture sector pays more dividend, and grows steeply, the capital generated, however benefits a few (mostly urban areas) thus leading to uneven distribution of income. Whereas, the development of agriculture, which employs most of the rural population, is expected to benefit a large section of the population simultaneously and uniformly. It is in this context that this report predicts agriculture as a vital development tool for achieving Millennium Development Goal that calls for halving by 2015 the share of people suffering from extreme poverty and hunger.

The number of people is expected to increase from 7.2 billion to 9.6 billion by 2050. (UN, 2013). This represents a 33% increase in population, but the demand for agricultural products will climb by approximately 70% during the same time period as the global quality of living rises (FAO, 2009). Livestock is essential for ensuring food security.

Collections of blood To collect blood for different haematological analyses, an animal’s vein are punctured with a syringe and needle. Requirements • Hypodermic needle • Syringe • Collection vials or tubes containing anticoagulantsProcedure • The place of blood collection should always be cleaned with alcohol and hairs trimmed. • Press on the vein to raise it. • Free-flowing blood can be collected directly into the vial containing anticoagulant after the needle is inserted into the vein. • 5 ml of blood from large animals and 2.0 ml of blood from small animals like dogs and cats are sufficient for normal haematological investigations. • Rotational motions in the vials are used to mix the blood

Developing countries with agrarian economy have been facing challenges arising from climate change causes and consequences. The altered patterns of climate are affecting the yield potential of crops thereby affecting agricultural production, farmers’ income, and livelihoods. Out of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, the 13th SDG on ‘Climate action to combat climate change and its impacts,’ emphasises the importance and urgency of addressing the effects of climate change in developing nations. It is projected that climate change would have the most detrimental effect on agriculture, the primary source of income for small and marginal farmers in developed nations (Azadi et al., 2021). Building the ability of small and marginal farmers will be crucial to global food security over the next decade (FAO, 2020). World Bank (2018) reported that 800 million South Asian population are at risk of experiencing a decline in their standard of living and incomes due to rising temperatures and more erratic rainfall hampering the agriculture production system. Millions of low-income smallholder farmers, particularly those who rely on agriculture for a living and an income in South Asia, would be directly impacted by a reduction in productivity leading to food supply shortages and price increases.

Introduction
Farm advisories have played a key role in transforming India’s agriculture, helping the country shift from a food deficit to a surplus nation. The Indian public agricultural extension system has been instrumental in this transformation through Green Revolution in the 1960s, but by the end of the 1970s, its role had started to decline. Critics argued that the system had become a monolithic organization without clear objectives (Babu et al., 2013). According to NSSO data, in 2004, public extension services in India, including the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, extension workers, field demonstrations and study tours, reached to less than ten percent of farmers. Instead, farmers relied mostly on other progressive farmers (17%) and input dealers (13%) for information, while mass media including radio, television and newspaper played a significant role reaching to more than thirty percent farmers (Mkhize and Zhou, 2012; Meena et al., 2022a). One of the major constraints in agricultural extension services (AES) in the country is the shortage of extension staff. According to a report, in 2012-13, a single extension functionary served 1,162 operationalholdings, whereas the recommended ratio was 1:400 in hilly areas, 1:750 in irrigated areas, and 1:1000 in rain-fed areas. Input dealers often provide manipulated information specific to the crops grown by farmers, affecting their decision-making process.

11.1 Global Warming

Definition : Global warming is defined as an increase in the earth’s temperature due to the use of fossil fuels and other industrial processes leading to a build-up of green house gases (CO2, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons) in the atmosphere.

11.2 Who Coined the Term Global Warming?

The principle of global warming was first put fourth by S. Arrhenius in his paper on “the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground” in 1869. This concept gained ground in the late 1980s and early 1990s when it was found that the earth’s temperature had warmed over the past century, because of increased carbon dioxide emission.