eChapters

6.0 General

No lessons can be drawn without the experiences of the past. In fact, much of engineering, rather all sciences have developed in bits and pieces from the experiences of the past. The engineers by and large have never become wiser in one day. They have become wiser slowly and slowly with their own experiences and from the experiences of past engineering works. Wisdom lies to gain wisdom from experiences/draw lessons from the marvellous engineering works constructed so far. It helps us in a direction for further development of technological skills.

Here an effort is made to draw lessons from experiences of the canals constructed in the past.

 There are several aspects of such experiences. A few important aspects of studies are:

 (i) Internal hydraulic sections of the canal with respect to discharge, topography, stability of side slopes, type of lining, operation and maintenance problems and their solutions etc.

 (ii) Design of canals banks (embankment) with respect to discharge, depth of flow, depth of cutting /filling, below/above natural ground level, type of soil, topography, operation and maintenance, drainage of banks etc.

 (iii) Canals aesthetics and arboriculture

 (iv) Other utility/service of canal such as multi-objectives of hydropower, irrigation, drinking/industrial water supply, social needs of recreation, forests etc.

A. Rectangular Canals

5.1 Design of Best Rectangular Canals

After the Mehboob and Trapezoidal canals, next best section is rectangle. This section is also generally adopted for small discharges say upto 10 cumecs (350 cusecs). This section ranks at No. 4. Yet, this is the only section most commonly adopted for flumes of discharges upto140 cumecs (5000 cusecs). Typical example is Orsang acqueduct, 1 km. long for 1140 cumecs (40000 cusecs) in ractangular sections on Narmada Canal Project, Gujrat, India, built in the years from 1990 – 2000. Such sections are common in power house canals due to limitation of space and very sharp curves. It is free from the effect of change of side slopes as in the trapezoidal canals (see para 3.3) Still some small side slope (batter) is adopted in thick masonry / concrete lining. It adds to structural stability with economy in thickness of wall and as well as hydraulic efficiency. It may still be called as rectangular section.

Details of its hydraulic efficiency in comparison to semi circle, Mehboob and trapeziodal sections are discussed in chapter 1, para 1.8

A canal of more than 80 cumecs (3000 cusecs) approximetly may be called as a high capacity canal.

It has already been pointed out in chapter 1, that for the best section of any shape, R is always equal to d/2 only, and such depth is the most optimum depth. But such channels are not always practical or most economical due to many other practical reasons, (see para 4.1 and 6.3) and many times shallower depth then this depth is adopted. Typical examples are lining of existing earthen channels, given in para 6.3.

All the best sections have fixed ratio of dimensions very near to the semi circle. For large discharges, radius of semi circle increases that, means depth of canal as well as velocity increases. But higher velocity is not permissible with every type of lining (see table 2.1 and para 2.3). Similarly depth also has limitation of construction, maintenance, stability of slopes, etc. see example–4.2.

Because of limiting velocities and depth, deeper canal section are not practically feasible/possible. Therefore for large discharges, say more than 100 cumecs, Mehboob or best trapizodal sections are just not possible/practical, and recourse has to be taken to trapezoidal section with increased bed width then depth. This section is hydraulically inefficient or uneconomical. Larger the B/D ratio, larger is the inefficiency and section is more costly. (For Mehboob Section, B:D ratio is zero and for best trapizodal section it is much less than 1, see para 3.1, table 3.1 para 3.5 and table 3.4).

A canal of approximate discharge of less than 80 cumecs (3000 cusecs) discharge may be called a medium or low capacity canal).

3.1 Mehboob Section

A Mehboob Section is only a modification of best trapezoidal section by making its complete bottom circular as shown in figure 3.1. Also see figure 1.6 and para 1.7. That is why these canals are also known as canals of zero bed width, or trapezoidal canals with curved bottom, or cup shaped canals.

But these cannot be called as triangular canals with curves, as often spoken. In fact it is a truncated triangle circumscribing the semi circle. Trapezium is also a truncated triangle circum scribing a circle.

More accurately it can be said as a combination of semi circular and best trapezoidal section so as to take full advantage of their hydraulic efficiency and practicability.

This is such a beautiful section that the designer can never commit a mistake, even if he wants to commit a mistake. The dimensions are so geometrically fixed that no one can play with any dimension.

The value of this section was realised for the first time by Er S I Mehboob (1943) in his Punjab Irrigation Branch Paper No.260" Lining of Canals". There after this canal section became well known as Mehboob Section after his name. He also stated that the most economical section i.e. the maximum area for the minimum perimeter is when the centre of the arc is at the full supply line of the section. This is also evident in figure 1.6. This is also the condition for all best hydraulic sections. This section is also useful to a higher silt carrying capacity than a wide shallow one..

 

 

Theoritical aspects of design has been discussed in chapter 1. Discharging capacity of canal is

 computed by Manning Equation (1)and continuity Equation (2) (Para 1.4).

 In the Manning's equation  V  =   R2/3  S1/2 / N (Eq. 1, Para 1.4);  N and R play most important role.

 The effect of  R has been discussed in para 1.4.1, Chapter 1. In this chapter the complexities of Manning's n (or N, also known as Manning's rougosity coefficient

 or simply rougosity coefficient) and some practical aspects of composite sections and velocity in best

 Mehboob, trapezoidal or rectangular sectioned channels are discussed.

2.0 Manning's Rugosity Coefficient (n)

Value of N depends upon a number of factors such as , surface roughness, vegetation, obstructions, type of lining, age of lining, erosion and damages in lining, curves, discharging capacity , perimeters, depth of flow, velocity etc. These are discussed below and commonly adopted values of n are given in tables 2.1 to 2.3.

 

1.0 General

 The design of canal involves following three major aspects:

 A Irrigation and drainage canal network planning.

 B Determination of discharge / capacities of  canals and drainages.

 C Determination of shape and size i.e. geometrical dimensions of the proposed canal section, generally

 known as design of canal section. More appropriately it can be called as design of internal section

 of canal. It can be further divided in three following parts viz.

 i. Design of unlined canals:

 ii. Design of lined canals: or a canal may be partly lined and partly unlined.

 iii. Choice between the unlined and lined canals. This aspect should be distinguished from the selection of type of lining. However, the scope of choice of lining may include both the aspects.

 The design of canal section remains incomplete without the design of its embankments, either in lined or unlined canal, so the next aspect is

 iv. Design of canal embankments. Still to complete the design of a canal one more aspect is required i.e.

 v. Canal aesthetics and canal arboriculture.

1. The first scientific account of the lac insect was given by …. . . .

 a) J. Kerr (1782) b) W.Kritz (1882)   

 c) Pamella Britz (1888) d) None of these

 2. The scientific name of lac insect is …. . . .

 a) Tachardia lacca b) Tachardia indica   

 c) Tachardia suzi d) Tachardia essart

 3. Lac is secreted by insects for …. . . .

 a) Feeding b) Reproduction  

 c) Protection from predators d) Both a & b

 4. The life cycle of lac insect takes about …. . . months.

 a) Two months b) Six months   

 c) Ten months d) Twelve months

 5. The life cycle of lac insect consists of …. . . .

 a) Nymph instar b) Pupa   

 c) Adult  d) All of these

1. The rearing of earthworms for composting wastes into valuable nutrients

is known as …. . .

 a) Organic farming b) Organic manuring

 c) Vermitechnology d) Sustainable technology

 2. Vermitechnology provide …. . .

 a) Vermiwash b) Vermicompost

 c) Organic fertilizer d) All of these

 3. Vermicompost improves …. . . property of soil.

 a) Physical b) Chemical

 c) Biological d) All of these

 4. In class oligochaeta …. . .

 a) Parapodia  absent b) Clitellum present

 c) Pharynx without jaws d) All of these

 5. In which order earthworm is placed?

 a) Oilgochaeta b) Frrantia

 c) Neooligochaeta d) Sedentaria

1. …. . involves rearing of silkworms.

 a) Lac culture b) Sericulture  

 c) Apiculture d) Pisciculture

 2. ‘Silk Samagra’ scheme was launched by …. . .

 a) Government of Karnataka b) Government of Tamil Nadu  

 c) Government of Punjab  d) Government of India

 3. Match the pairs

 a) Mulberry silkworm          1. Antheraea paphia

 b) Tasar silkworm                  2.  Attacus ricinii

 c) Muga silkworm                 3.  Antheraea pernyi

 d) Eri silkworm                        4.  Attacus altas

 e) Oak silkworm                     5.  Bombyx mori

 f) Giant silkworm                  6.  Antheraea assama

 a) a=5, b=2,c=3,d=4,e=1, f=6 b) a=5, b=1, c=6, d=2, e=3, f=4

 c) a=2, b=4, c=3, d=1, e=6, f=5 d) a=2, b=3, c=2, d=1, e=4, f=6

 4. ‘Silk Samagra’ scheme was launched for period of …. . .

 a) 2017-2020 b) 2016-2019 

 c) 2014-2017 d) 2021-2024

1. ‘Apis’ means …. . .

 a) Waxf b)   Bee      

 c)  Honey d) All of these

 2. Apiculture is also known as …. . .

 a) Bee-keeping b) Wax preparation                

 c) Both a & b d) None of these

 3. Importance of bee-keeping …. . .

 a) It provides honey      

 b) It provides bee wax             

 c) Honey bees are excellent pollinating agents, thus increasing agricultural

 d) All of these

 4. Species of honey bee is …. . .

 a) Apis dorsata b) Apis indica             

 c) Apis florae d) All of these

1. Rearing of fowls for eggs and flesh is known as  ….

 a) Poultry keeping b) Husbandry   

 c) Sericulture d) Apiculture

 2. The types of poultry birds are  ….

 a) Broilers b) Layers  

 c) General purpose birds d)  All of these

 3. The layers are reared mainly for  ….

 a) Flesh b) Eggs  

 c) For both d) None of these

 4. Which of the following are layers?

 a) Anconas  b) Australorp   

 c) White leghorn d) All of these

 5. Broilers are reared for  ….

 a) Flesh b) Fish  

 c) Ornamental purpose d) All of these

1. Which period is known as the ‘operation flood era’?

  a) 1971 and 1996     b) 1978 and 1999

  c) 1969 and 1974    d) 1974 and 1978

 2. In which year Indian government launched ‘operation flood program’?

   a) 1970     b) 1950

 c) 1960   d) 1972

 3. Which is the largest milk producer in the world?

   a) China   b) Germany

 c) Russia   d) India

 4.  ‘White Revolution’ in concerned with .........

   a) Egg production   b) Meat production

 c) Grain production  d) Milk production

1. Corals are .........

 a) Animals b) Plants

 c) Diatoms d) Plankton

 2. Corals belongs to which phylum?

 a) Protozoa b) Echinodermata

 c) Cnidaria

 3. The corals consists of a sac-like structure called .........

 a) Septa b) Polyp

 c) Haloclone d) Nephris

 4. ......... build reefs found in shallow tropical seas.

 a) Hermatypic corals b) Ahermatypes corals

 c) Both a & b d) None of these

 5. ......... per cent of the corals are located in the Indian ocean,Red sea and Persian Gulf.

 a) 30% b) 5%

 c) 10% d) 70%

1. Which of the following is an example of freshwater mussel?

 a) Lamellidens marginalis b) Lamellidens corrianus

 c) Pictada fucata d) Both a & b

 2. ......... is secreted by the mantle of the pearl oyster as a protection against foreign objects.

 a) Pearl b) Swarm

 c) Prismatic layer d) Nacreous layer

 3. Shell of pearl oyster is composed of ......... layers.

 a) Two b) Three

 c) Four d) Five

 4. Which is the outermost layer of shell?

 a) Prismatic layer b) Nacreous layer

 c) Periostracum layer d) None of these

 5. ......... is the outermost, greenish-brown, thin, translucent layer made up of conchiolin.

 a) Nacreous layer  b) Mantle

 c) Periostracum d) Perismatic layer

1. Live feed is also known as .........

 a) Natural food b) Fish food organisms

 c) Both a & b d) Algae

 2. Live feed are organisms used as food by .........

 a) Prawns b) Carps

 c) Oysters d) All of these

 3. The common phytoplankton used as live feed are…………

 a) Eudorina b) Volvox

 c) Pediastrum d) All of these

 4. The common  zooplankton used as live feed are .........

 a) Vorticella b) Artemia

 c) Cyclops d) All of these

1. The word aquarium for the first time was used by ..........

 a) Philip Henry Gosse   b) Anne Thynne

 c) Philip Rottz   d) Britz Carles

 2. Who built the first stable marine aquarium in 1846?

 a) P.H.Gosse       b) Philip Rottz

  c) Britz Carles      d) Anne Thynne

 3. In 1853,the first large public aquarium was opened in .........

  a) Roman empire         b) London zoo

    c) Victoria era       d) None of these

4. Taraporewala aquarium came into existence in .........

 a) Year 1951       b) Year1945

   c) Year 1974        d) Year 1981

1. To which family freshwater prawn belong?

 a) Arthropoda b) Crustacea

 c) Palaemonidae d) Malacostraca

 2. Scientifc name of freshwater prawn is .........

 a) Penaeus monodon b) Scylla serrata

 c) Macrobrachium rosenbergii d) Metapenaeus monoceros

 3. Freshwater prawn is also known as .........

 a) Giant river prawn b) Scampi

 c) Banana prawn d) Both a & b

 4. Identification features of freshwater prawn are .........

 a) Presence of grey and longitudinal streaks of light and dark colour

 b) The largest pereiopod of adult male is dark blue.

 c) The eggs of berried female are yellow in colour

 d) All of these

1. Indian Major carps belongs to which family?

 a) Cobitidae

c) Ariidae

b) Cyprinidae

 d) Clupeidae

2. Body of carps is covered by which scales?

 a) Placoid

b) Ganoid

 c) Cycloid

3. Family cyprinidae includes......

 a) Catla catla

c) Cirrhina mrigala

d) Ctenoid

 b) Labeo rohita

 d) All of these

4. Selection criteria for cultivable fish includes .........

 a) It should have a fast growth rate

 b) It should be a hardy and resistant to disease

 c) Its flesh should be tasteful and with high nutritive value

 d) All of these

5. Why carps are suitable for culture?

 a) They can tolerate low oxygen content

 b) They have fast growth rate

 c) They feed on plankton,decaying weeds and debris

 d) All of these

Introduction to strategy implementation involves translating strategic plans into actions and achieving desired outcomes. While many organizations focus on the technical aspects of implementation, it is crucial to consider the behavioral dimensions as well. Behavioral dimensions encompass the attitudes, behaviors, and actions of individuals within an organization that impact the success of strategy implementation. Here are some key points to consider regarding the behavioral dimensions of strategy implementation:

Organizational culture: The culture of an organization plays a significant role in strategy implementation. It comprises shared values, norms, beliefs, and practices that influence employee behavior. An accommodating and flexible culture fosters employee engagement, commitment, and alignment with strategic goals.

Leadership and Communication: Effective leadership is essential for successful strategy implementation. Leaders must articulate the strategy clearly, provide guidance, and motivate employees towards the desired outcomes. Communication channels ought to be open, transparent, and promote a culture of collaboration and feedback.

Employee Involvement and Empowerment: Involving employees in the strategy implementation process increases their commitment and ownership. Empowering employees through delegation of authority and decision-making cultivates a sense of responsibility and accountability, leading to enhanced performance and innovation.