eChapters

Introduction

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into the fisheries sector repre sents a significant advance toward modernizing an industry critical to global food security and economic stability. This chapter highlights the comprehensive exploration of the role of IoT technology in fisheries, its applications, implications and the challenges faced by fish farmers in adopting it.

Background and Context of IoT in Fisheries Sector

The fisheries industry, with its complex web of marine ecosystems and global supply chains, has long been characterized by fundamental interactions between humans and the environment. As the global population grows and consumer demand for seafood increases, the need for sustainable, efficient and technologically advanced fishing practices is becoming increasingly important (Prapti et al., 2022). This is where IoT introduces an innovative range of devices and solutions to meet the emerging demands of the sector.

Overview of IoT Applications in Fisheries

IoT technology opens up a box of possibilities in the fisheries sector. Real time monitoring of marine conditions, vessel tracking and fleet management, aquaculture optimization, supply chain management and predictive analytics are among the primary applications explored in this chapter. By analyzing these applications, we show how IoT increases the efficiency and sustainability of the fishing industry.

The systematic exploration of the biological diversity of valuable compounds and organisms has emerged as a promising avenue for aquaculture and fisheries. As global demand for seafood continues to rise, coupled with the increasing challenges of overfishing and environmental degradation, the quest for sustainable solutions has intensified. Bioprospecting in aquaculture involves the identification and utilization of novel marine organisms, including microorganisms, algae, and invertebrates, for the development of aquafeeds, pharmaceuticals, and bioactive compounds. The exploration of untapped genetic resources in fisheries can lead to the discovery of resilient and economically valuable fish species, contributing to the diversification of aquaculture production. The integration of bioprospecting into aquaculture and fishery practices holds immense promise for fostering sustainable development, ensuring food security, and mitigating the environmental impacts of traditional practices. However, successful implementation requires a balanced approach that considers economic, social, and environmental factors, ultimately guiding the industry toward a more resilient and ecologically responsible future.

Introduction

Aquatic habitats are essential to preserving the delicate balance of life in the complex web of ecosystems that make up our world. We must investigate novel and sustainable strategies to maintain the health and vigour of aquatic species because we are the custodians of these delicate ecosystems. In the course of this endeavour, an intriguing chapter titled "Green Medicine for Aquatic Wellness: Phytotherapy as a Promising Approach to Fish Health Management" is presented. A world filled with different aquatic life exists within the glittering depths of our lakes, rivers, and seas. Each species is a vital component of the aquatic ecology, from the colourful tropical fish that adorn coral reefs to the hardy creatures that live in freshwater streams. The peace of their environments might be disturbed by a number of diseases that these animals are prone to, just like any other living thing.

INTRODUCTION

Of an estimated 142 mha of net cultivated areas in India, about 67 % is rainfed and only 45 mha is irrigated. The NCA (1976) predicted that even when the full irrigation potential of the country is exploited by 2013 AD, over 50% of arable land would continue to remain rainfed in future. It is the rainfed belt where cultivation of 91 % coarse cereals (Sorghum, Pearl millet and Finger millet), 91% pulses (Chickpea and Pigeon pea), 80% oilseeds (Groundnut, Rapeseed, Mustard and Soybean) and 65% cotton have predominated. Even the crop that formed the backbone of green revolution such as rice and wheat, still have 50% and 19% area under rainfed condition, thus emphasing the importance of rainfed agriculture in India. Inadequate resource (soil and rain water) management coupled with traditional farming practices are responsible for subsistence farming. Monocropping, traditional crops and their varieties, low and imbalance nutrients and inadequate crop establishment, in past, had been the major cause for poor development of dryland agriculture in the eastern region.

Introduction

A careful compilation and scrutiny of data of aquaculture variables is essential for appropriate statistical analysis and meaningful statistical inference and interpretation of results. In nature, many aquaculture variables are inter-related with each other and the changes in variables would often depend on different variables which are either correlated or independent. In some cases, the variables could also be intra-related over a period of time. For statistical analysis of data of aquaculture variables comprising of different physical growth variables like fish weight, body mass, length and bio-chemical growth variables like muscle protein, lipid, glycogen, protease etc. and variables like pond size, water and its quality, the environmental parameters, type of feed, chemicals used etc., appropriate statistical procedures of correlation and regression could be explored for statistical analysis, testing and interpretation of results. Different statistical procedures are used for analysis of aquaculture data with the objective of making an assessment of

INTRODUCTION

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been defined as a “system that, in the context of the environment and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible that maintain the pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury” (Glass 1975). The Inter society Consortium for Plant Protection (ICPP) has defined integrated pest management as “the use of multiple tactics in a compatible manner to maintain pest population at levels below those causing economic injury while providing protection against hazards to humans, domestic animals, plants and the environment”. The term ’integrated’ means it is a broad interdisciplinary approach taken using scientific principles of plant protection of variety of management strategies and tactics to fuse into a single system. The terms ‘pest’ means all biotic agents which adversely affect plant production. This includes insects, mites, nematodes, weeds, bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasitic seed plants and vertebrates. The term ‘management’ indicates to keep the pest population below some level based on economic criteria. It does not mean complete eradication of entire pest population.

Mouth

Horse

The mouth cavity (cavum oris) of horse is longer and narrower. The vestibule of the mouth cavity is less capacious than that of ox.

Dog

The form and size of the mouth cavity vary greatly in different breeds of dog. In some breeds the mouth is long and narrow while in others it is short and wide. Rima oris in general in all types of dogs is extensive.

Sheep and Goat

The mouth cavity is elongated and narrow. The rima oris is short. The buccal vestibule is capacious but the labial vestibule is small.

Quantitative heat production estimation is necessary to  know the net energy of feeds and fodders. In the case of ruminants approximately 8 per cent of the gross energy consumed is lost as methane, therefore it becomes necessary to know this important loss in terms of methane energy so as to assess the metabolisable energy of any particular feed. In human subjects, heat production studies are conducted to know the effect of planes of nutrition on basal metabolism as affected by different environmental conditions.

In the important laboratories of world, heat production and methane production studies were conducted by respiration chamber (open circuit and closed circuit), since in our country respiration chamber has been installed at IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) India, therefore, this technique is mentioned in brief in this chapter. Indirect calorimetry involving the use of face mask and Douglas bag is followed at present in our country at NDRI, Karnal (India) so as to study the basal metabolic rate (BMR), heat production in human subjects and animals, Krishna (1973). Some laboratories in the country are interested to study respiratory quotient at different levels of feeding in human subjects and animals. The methods of estimation of RQ (respiratory quotient) is expressed in detail in this chapter.

INTRODUCTION

One of the most important changes in the global environment which affects the existence of all living things , is the climate change. The climate change globally and locally also changes the aquatic habitat which, in turn directly and indirectly affects the environment. Anyway, the changes in climate are certain to occur and may be inevitable. The only possible way is to analyze the situation and find out the reasons for such changes and take immediate steps to minimize the impact of these climate changes. Global warming has eventually become synonymous with climate change because almost all the variables of the ecosystem are influenced directly or indirectly at different levels.

Aquatic environment is extremely diverse and influenced by the climate changes to a large extent both locally and globally. The changes in the ocean and its life are well studied at different levels with all possible details compared to the freshwater habitats. Unlike agriculture and animal husbandry, the vast majority of the fish production still comes from the natural habitat or the wild collections. Agriculture and animal husbandry usually focus on few important species but for fisheries, all the species of fishes including most of the aquatic living organisms are commercially important. The media (water) in which the aquatic organisms dwell, is much more important to all living organisms of the earth and so the influence by climate changes on water becomes very much relevant in the present situation. Freshwater habitats are limited and are much more complex to investigate in respect of climate changes due to the variability and diverse micro and macro level interactions. A holistic approach to deal with all these problems has not got much attention both globally and locally even though , it is the need of the hour to address the issues of impact of climate changes in the aquatic environment.

Climate change is looming large on the globe. Food security is one of the key issues that inevitably needs to be resolved under the specters of climate change, particularly in the fragile ecosystems. Never before in the history has Indian agriculture been as vulnerable and uncertainty ridden as it is today. A glimpse of the dynamics of Indian agriculture reveals that it has systematically deviated away from its base environment, the prop that nourishes all biological resources. Today’s agriculture is valued against the prices it fetches from the market, especially the global market. Its contribution to human health and welfare, ecological integrity, resilience of nature etc., are grossly neglected.

Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 per cent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate–smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals.

The production, processing and marketing of agricultural goods are central to food security and economic growth. Products derived from plants and animals include foods (such as cereals, vegetables, fruits, fish and meat), fibers (such as cotton, wool, hemp and silk), fuels (such as dung, charcoal and biofuels from crops and residues) and other raw materials (including medicines, building materials, resins, etc.,). Production has been achieved through a number of production systems which range from smallholder mixed cropping and livestock systems to intensive farming practices such as large monocultures and intensive livestock rearing. The sustainable intensification of production, especially in developing countries, can ensure food security and contribute to mitigating climate change by reducing deforestation and the encroachment of agriculture into natural ecosystems

Introduction

S tates/organizations/agencies with statuary powers constitute Legislation, which are directly or indirectly related to their basic needs, smooth functioning of targeted system and to facilitate the safe survival of present as well as future generations of human being under jurisdiction. Legislation is a Latin word and customary that include all law constituted or in the process of constitution by empowered statuary houses/persons/group of people. Such Law has been categorized as Bill, Act, Rules and Regulations etc. Policy is a multipurpose dynamic tool, which activates different levels of administrative mechanism to perform various assignments systematically according to legislation systems. It includes collection of important information and statistics along with usefulness and validity of prevailing system of law. It brings required changes based on authentic and evaluated proper information. Legislation and policy and appropriate administrative mechanism are linked to each other in circular sequence.

Constitution of legal documents and its success is totally linked with administrative mechanism presumed to implement it. Basically administrative mechanism for implementation of legislation and policy is the responsibility of state/government. To devise a good administrative mechanism to implement legislation successfully, is a complicated, dynamic and multidimensional process system which ensure the balance functioning of the different components with automatic feedback of the targeted output and effectiveness of the legislation system in place.

Statistics

Statistics may be defined as the mathematical analysis, based on the theory of probability, of experimental data in an attempt to summarize or to describe them so that conclusions can be drawn with respect to the phenomena that supply the data. It is the branch of mathematics concerned with collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation of numerical facts, for drawing inferences on the basis of their quantifiable likelihood (probability). Statistics can interpret aggregates of data too large to be intelligible by ordinary observation because such data (unlike individual quantities) tend to behave in regular, predictable manner. It is subdivided into descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Statistics is also defined as a discipline that allows researchers to evaluate conclusions derived from sample data. Plural of statistic is also statistics. In practice, statistics refers to a scientific approach used to:

1. INTRODUCTION

The Technology Protection System (TPS) or “Terminator Technology” as it has been called, allows plant breeders to genetically modify and protect their crop rights so they produce seed for one generation only. TPS was co-developed by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Delta and Pine Land Company in 1998. They received U.S. Patent 5723765 entitled “Control of Plant Gene Expression”. The patent was based on research conducted under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between Delta and Pine Land Co. and the ARS USDA. The CRADA was signed in 1993.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Tomato is one of the most versatile vegetable with wide usage not only in Indian culinary but also in world cuisines. Despite botanically being a fruit, it is generally eaten and prepared like a vegetable. Tomato is producing a very good source of income to small and marginal farmers and provides nutrition to the growing population. Sometimes, it is called poor man’s orange in India and Love of Apple in England. Tomato is one of the most important “protective foods” because of its special nutritive value. The100 g of edible portion of tomato contains 94.1 g of water,2.5 g of total sugar, 1.0 g of protein, 0.3 g of fat, 4.0 g of carbohydrates, 0.6 g of fibre, vitamin A (1100 I.U), vitamin B (0.20 mg), vitamin C (23 mg), malic acid (150 mg), citric acid (390 mg), oxalic acid (3.5 mg), potassium (268 mg), and phosphorus (27 mg). Tomato is a rich source of minerals, vitamins and organic acid. Tomatoes are the major dietary source of the antioxidant lycopene, which has been linked to many health benefits, including reduced risk of heart disease and cancer. It is used for treating chronic dyspepsia, bronchitis, asthma and also used as a blood purifier. Tomato fruits contain 20-50 mg of lycopene/100 g fruit. Tomatine is a steroidal glycoalkaloid present in tomato. Tomatine content is higher in leaves and f lowers than fruits. Tomatine content is 300 mg/100 g in small hard tomato fruits whereas in large green tomato it is 150mg/100 g. There are various types of f lavouring compounds found in fruits, which enrich the taste;so, several processed items like paste, puree, syrup, juice, ketchup, drinks etc are prepared on large scale. Tomato fruit aroma is due to sulfonium. Tomato acidity is due to citric acid and pH of the tomato juice is 4.5.Tomato is very good appetizer and its soup is said to be a good remedy for patients suffering from constipation. Three f lesh colours are found in tomato, namely, red (lycopene pigment), yellow (carotenoid) and tangerine (prolycopene).Tomato seed oil (24%) is used for manufacture of margarine. About 33% of total tomato growing area is covered by F₁hybrids which is highest among the vegetables grown in India. A book entitled Tomato was written by Dr. G. Kallo in 1986.

Mental health is the condition of the mind and mental processes, which function well within the societal laws and prevailing circumstances of a person. Just like physical health means being away from any physical ailments, similarly, mental health is the absence of any mental illnesses or mental disorders. Mental health is a life adjustment. If a person is well-adjusted in his personal, social, and professional life, it means that he has good mental health. Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional well-being. It is all about how people think, feel, and behave.

Mental health is an integral and essential component of health. The WHO constitution states: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Mental health is a state of wellness in which an individual realizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively, and can contribute to his or her community. Mental health is fundamental to our collective and individual ability as humans to think, emote, interact with each other, earn a living, and enjoy life. On this basis, the promotion and maintenance of mental health can be regarded as a vital concern of individuals, communities, and societies throughout the world.

Here in this chapter, we will discuss the concept and importance of mental health in our ordinary lives.

I. Classification of fruit crops

1. Based on botanical relationship

Efficient irrigation water management is essential for achieving high crop productivity while conserving limited water resources and minimizing environmental hazards. This chapter presents the principles and practices required to manage irrigation according to crop demand and soil-water conditions. It begins with how plants obtain water from soil and explains irrigation requirements, crop water requirement terminology, water-use efficiency, field water balance and the effective root zone. Crop response to water at different growth stages is considered for important crops including rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane and mustard. Different irrigation methods are described, including surface, corrugation, sub-irrigation, sprinkler and drip irrigation. The chapter provides several approaches to irrigation scheduling based on water-holding capacity, degree of water depletion, soil-water potential, evaporation pans, leaf-water potential, canopy temperature, crop water stress index and leaf reflectance. Methods for measuring irrigation water and flowing water, including water-measuring devices and current meters, are also discussed. Scheduling based on IW/CPE ratio and depletion of available soil moisture provides practical approaches for improving water-use efficiency.

Suicide among young people is a very serious problem in our society. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among children, adolescents, and young adults aged 15 to 29. Most children and adolescents who attempt suicide have a significant mental health disorder, usually depression.

Suicide is a problem throughout the lifespan. Suicidal behavior refers to talking about or taking actions related to ending one’s own life. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors should be considered a psychiatric problem. It is like injuring oneself and harming oneself. It is ending the life of the self.

Suicide is a psycho-social problem. It is related to the emotional life of a man. It has social ramifications, as it is a criminal offence, which is a kind of crime. Suicide is an act of intentionally causing one’s own death. It is considered self-murder. It is not concerned with inter-personal relations, but it deals with intra-personal relations. Because it is a self-injurious behavior with the desire to end one’s own life, it is a kind of mental disorder

Maize (Zea mays L.) has tropical origin and is traditionally grown in monsoon. The crop is grown in diverse geographical and climate conditions around the world and in India maize is grown in kharif (rainy season), rabi (winter season) and spring seasons where more than 70 per cent of the production happen in kharif alone. Of late, the area under rabi maize has increased because of higher productivity and ever increasing demand.

Insect pests of maize

Compared to most cereals, maize faces fewer biotic and abiotic constraints in production. Among biotic stresses, insect pests are major constraints in the production and productivity of maize crop. The earlier literature cites over 160 insect and mite species which attack maize crop (Fletcher, 1914, 1917; Ayyar, 1940; Bhutani, 1961; Pant and Kalode, 1964) but later Mathur (1987) observed over 250 species of pests associated with maize in field and storage conditions. Dick and Guthrie (1988) identified 87 species that directly or indirectly exert severe stress on corn culture in tropical and temperate regions throughout the world. Excluding stored grain insects, Luckman (1978) lists 34 pests or pest groups for which chemical controls are recommended on corn in the United States. There have been more than 130 insect pests reported to cause damage to maize in India but only about a dozen cause economic losses (Sarup et al., 1987).

Flowers are the reproductive structures of Angiosperms. The apical shoot meristem of the vegetative plant continues to produce new leaves and vegetative buds, which may develop into branches, but after sometime, the meristem, instead of producing leaves and branches, becomes transformed into specialized reproductive structures called flowers. The transformation of vegetative shoot apex into re-productive structure is called flowering. The process of flowering is controlled by two main important environmental factors, i.e., (i) the duration of light received by the plant called photoperiod and (ii) the low temperature treatment given to the seed or the plant referred to as vernalization (Figure 6.1).