eChapters

Dahlia (Dahlia spp.) syn. Georgina belongs to family Compositae (Asteraceae). Dahlia was named after “Professor Andreas Dahl”, a Swedish pupil of Linnaeus and author of Observations Botanicae. In India, dahlia is grown as potted plant and landscape uses but it is a poor crop as commercial flower due to shorter commercial life and its potentialities have not been exploited so far. Therefore, there is need to originate more and more new quality cultivars. Dahlias are half-hardy perennials with tuberous roots. Stems are mostly erect, branched, glabrous or scabrous. The leaves 1-3 pinnate, with slightly serrated margin are produced opposite at each node on the stem. They bear flowers on a long, stiff stems well above the foliage. Ray florets are neutral or pinnate and disc florets perfect.

Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis Desf., family: Asteraceae, origin: Mexico) is regarded as a premium specialty cut flower besides its utilization for garden decoration and growing as a potted flowering plant. The dahlia flower symbolizes elegance, inner strength, creativity and dignity. It is herbaceous rooted perennial valued for their majestic and attractive display of colourful spectacular flowers. The generic name “Dahlia” was coined by Swedish botanist “Andreas Dahl”. Dahlia was introduced in India during 1857 under the auspices of the “Agri-Horticultural Society of India”, Calcutta. Dahlia exhibit wide range of flower from and size ranging from miniatures (less than 2.5 cm across), to giant (more than 40 cm in diameter). Dahlia flowers profusely and its easy cultivation have made these very popular worldwide. The commercial value of this crop has been exploited in certain countries only. The Netherlands is claimed to be the largest producer of tuberous rooted dahlias. Other countries cultivating Dahlia as a specialty cut flower are Japan, France, South Africa, the U. K., Italy, Germany and the United States. The commercial cultivation of dahlia in Indian subcontinent is limited to hills and plains of Eastern India (Misra and Misra, 2017).

Holland takes the lead in dahlia bulb production cultivation neeary 400 ha, followed by France and Chile. There are 41 international associations concerned with the cultivation and spreading awareness about dahlia as a potential specialty cut flower and flowering potted perennial. Societies such as National Dahlia Society in the UK, the American Dahlia Society (ADS), other groups of New Zealand in European countries, France and Germany have been maintaining Dahlia germplasm for developing novel flower colour and breeding dahlias for their uniform and profuse flowering, longer flower duration, stem sturdiness and longer vase life.

Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) belongs to the family Compositae and is a native of Mexico. Modern garden Dahlias with large blooms in wide array of colours are important flowering plant for Indian gardens. The range of forms, size and colours of the flowers is simply amazing. In the plains of India, Dahlias produce flower during winter season and usually grown as potted plants for display purpose. At suitable sunny locations, they are planted in beds also.

Classification

There is enormous variation in shape, size and flower colour of Dahlia. In addition, hundreds of cultivars are available for use in the garden. For having information on various groups having different flower structure, size etc., it is important to know classification. Garden Dahlias have been classified in the following major categories (based on the National Dahlia Society, United Kingdom).

Anemone - Flowers double having one or more rows of petals; disc florets tubular; ideal as cut flower for floral arrangement.

Ball - Flower head in ball-shape, fully double; petal tips ovate or round and rolled half length. There are large variation in the size of flower head and categorization.

INTRODUCTION

In the world of flower, together with lilies, gladioli, begonias; the dahlias are one of the most important and popular flowering bulbs. With the blast of different colours, shape and sizes, dahlias bring life and beauty back to the landscape in late summer and autumn. The diversity of dahlias allows their usage in many different aspects due to huge range of flower types available and fairly easy cultivation.

In modern garden, dahlias are extensively used for exhibition, garden display and decoration. It can be grown in any form in the garden; in beds, in borders or even in mixed borders alongwith other plants. It grows well in pots also. For border purpose dwarf growing type are preferred while in pots usually large flowering dahlias are grown. The long stemmed flowers of various forms and colours are used in flower arrangement. Dahlias make excellent cut flowers, which typically last about a week in the house and are also used in making garlands.

The tubers of dahlias contain appreciable amount of insulin and fructose and small quantities of phytin and benzoic acid which are of medicinal and nutritional value. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase, which catalyses the conversion of flavanones to dihydro flavonols, was detected in flower extracts of cyanic strains of dahlia.

Introduction

In modern garden, dahlias are extensively used for exhibition, garden display and decoration. It can be grown in any form in the garden; in beds, in borders or even in mixed borders along with other plants. It grows well in pot also. For border purpose dwarf growing type are preferred, while in pots usually large flowering dahlias are grown. The long stemmed flowers of various forms and colours are used in flower arrangement. Dahlias make excellent cut flowers, which typically last about a week in the house and are also used in making garlands.

The tubers of dahlias contain appreciable amount of insulin and fructose and small quantities of phytin and benzoic acid which are of medicinal and nutritional value.

INTRODUCTION
Maintenance scheduling involves planning, organizing, and coordinating the tasks required to ensure equipment operates efficiently. A maintenance schedule is a comprehensive plan that specifies the timing and frequency of maintenance activities for machinery, equipment, and facilities within an organization. Its primary goal is to maintain optimal functionality, minimize downtime, and extend the lifespan of assets. The schedule typically includes an inventory of assets, details of maintenance tasks, their frequency, assigned personnel, required documentation, and identification of resources necessary to complete the maintenance work.
IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE SCHEDULING
A well-structured maintenance schedule is essential for ensuring efficient and reliable operations within the manufacturing industry. By using an effective maintenance scheduling system like MaintWiz CMMS, you can enjoy the following advantages:
• Improved Equipment Performance: Performing routine maintenance enhances the reliability of your equipment, which in turn leads to better overall performance and increased productivity.
• Enhanced Safety: Scheduled maintenance includes regular safety inspections, helping to reduce the likelihood of accidents and contributing to a safer working environment.
• Minimized Downtime: Regularly scheduled maintenance reduces the likelihood of unexpected breakdowns and helps to cut down on unplanned downtime, ensuring the smooth functioning of equipment.
• Optimized Resource Utilization: Scheduling maintenance tasks properly allows for the best allocation of resources, ensuring that tasks are completed based on priority and availability, which boosts operational efficiency.

The world’s greatest source of cow and buffalo diversity is India, and countries like Australia, South Africa, Latin America, and the USA employ Indian cattle breeds to grow their livestock industries. The number of cattle in the nation represents 17% of all cattle in the world. 22-25% of the Indian cow population is made up of the best native milk, draught, and dual-purpose animal genetics. The majority of local cattle breeds are excellent drafters. Native livestock breeds are clearly superior in their use of subpar feed, have better heat tolerance, and greater resistance to tropical diseases.

Origin & Distribution of Cattle

All types of domestic cattle belongs to class Mammalia, subclass Ungulata, order Artiodactyla, suborder Ruminantia, family Bovidae, subfamily Bovinae, tribe Bovini, which includes genus Bos. The aurochs or urus (Bos primigenius) is the probable ancestor of most of the present day Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle. The humped Bos primigenius namadicus were the forerunner of today’s zebu cattle while humpless Bos primigenius primigenius gave rise to modern European cattle. Both category of cattle possess the same number of chromosomes (2N=60). Other related animals in the Bovini tribe include the gaur cattle (Bos gaurus), banteng (Bos banteng), kouprey (Bos sauveli) of South and East Asia, bison (Bison bison) of North America, European bison (Bison bonasus) and the yak (Poephagus mutus) of central Asia. According to Payne & Hodges (1997), domestication of aurochs (Bos primigenius ) took place first probably on the lower mountain slopes in the region of western Asia known as the ‘fertile crescent’. They suggested that the first domestic cattle were humpless (Bos taurus) Hamitic Longhorn type and were domesticated around possibly 9000 BP (years before the present i.e. 1950). About 2000 years later the humpless (Bos taurus) shorthorn type evolved or was developed in the region and these two types of humpless cattle are believed to the ancestor of Bos taurus. Humped (Bos indicus) zebu cattle were domesticated in the northwest arid areas of the Fertile Crescent around c. 5000 BP.

All across the world, the dairy industry is facing numerous problems and changes. Dairy development has received a considerable boost from factors including access to technical advancements, improvements in infrastructural facilities, and the development of modern marketing insights. It is interesting to see how the dairy sector is changing globally.

Dairy byproducts constitute an important segment of dairy industry. An important criterion in the economic choice of any process is the efficient utilization of byproduct that is produced along with the main product. The main byproducts of dairy industry are skim milk, buttermilk, whey and ghee residue. Each and every component of milk must be judiciously processed into edible form not only to improve the profitability of dairy industry but also to make best use of the unique nutritional value of the precious milk constituents on one hand, and to prevent environmental pollution, on the other. However, dairy plants, particularly in India, are usually confronted with the problem of byproduct utilization, especially that of whey and ghee residue in economical manner.

Skim milk is a byproduct obtained during the manufacture of cream. It is rich in solids-not-fat content and has high nutritional value. In dairy plants, it is mostly utilized either in standardization for the manufacture of main dairy products or preserved by removing moisture in milk powder form. The skim milk when utilized in either of these two forms or consumed as liquid, is not considered a byproduct. It is regarded as a byproduct only when it is either not economically utilized or utilized for derived byproducts, like casein and other related products, co-precipitates, protein hydrolyzates, etc.

Buttermilk is the byproduct obtained during butter manufacture. Sweet cream buttermilk resembles skim milk in gross chemical composition and is usually admixed with bulk of skim milk for further spray drying or even product manufacture in dairy plants. Desi buttermilk, on the other hand, has long been an important domestic beverage in India. It has high nutritive and therapeutic value. It also finds its way in the preparation of a host of culinary dishes such as kadhi, dhokla and idili. Also a number of federations and private plants sell salted and spiced buttermilk in 200 ml pouches.

Operation Flood and dairy cooperatives became India’s greatest rural employment programme, enabling the modernization of the dairy industry to a point from where it may take off to fulfill the need for milk and milk products within the nation as well as chances on the international market. An unorganized sector handles 80% of the milk a rural producer produces, and an organized sector handles the remaining 20%. It has been discovered that dairy cooperatives significantly contribute to reducing rural poverty by increasing rural milk production and marketing.

Livestock Population and it’s Economic Contribution

According to 18th Livestock census of India (2007), India has about 199.1 million cattle, which constitute 44.29 per cent of Asian and 12.7 per cent of the world cattle population. The current buffalo population is 105.34 million which accounts 57 per cent of Asian and 55 per cent of the world buffalos. The major output of the entire livestock sector is from the milk, which is the second most agricultural commodities next to paddy. According to the annual report of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, during 2006-07, the contribution of milk alone (Rs.1,44,386 crore) was higher than paddy (Rs.85,032 crore), wheat (Rs.66,791 crore) and sugarcane (Rs.28,488 crore). The value of output from meat group animals as per estimates of Central Statistical Organization (CSO) at current prices was Rs. 34, 310 crore during 2006-07. Total export earnings from livestock, poultry and related products were Rs.5,213.80 crore during 2006-07. Eighty percent rural households keep livestock for their subsidiary income, important for employment, livelihood, nutrition, constant flow of quick and fast income, reduces the vulnerability of agricultural production. Trends indicate that animal protein consumption would rise proportionately with increase in income. The 18th Livestock Census (2007) has placed the total livestock population at 529.698 million and total of poultry birds at 648.830 million.

30.1 Introduction
Every food processing facility, especially those that produce several products, generates trash in various forms. The food products are rich in carbs, proteins, lipids, and mineral salts. During the process of flushing and washing various equipment, nutrients are released into the drainage, promoting the growth of both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. Consequently, the water that is flushed might have a highly unpleasant smell and could become a challenge for disposal in the municipal sewer system.

30.2 Definition of Waste Management
Waste management encompasses the collection, transportation, processing, recycling or disposal, and oversight of waste materials.

30.3 Types of Wastes in a Food Processing Plants
Waste produced in food processing plants can be categorized based on their form and origin, whether they are avoidable or unavoidable, their value, or their potential for reuse.

30.3.1 Based on the forms: Wastes based on forms can be classified as
1. Solid wastes,
2. Liquid wastes,
3. Oily wastes,
4. Gaseous wastes/water vapors.

Milk processing plants involve processing of raw milk into products like market milk, cheese, butter, ice cream, condensed milk, dried milks and traditional dairy products. The by-products processing includes buttermilk, whey and its derivatives. Dairy effluents contain dissolved sugar, protein, fat and minerals. Spills and leaks of products or by-products, residual milk or milk products in piping and equipment before cleaning, wash solutions from equipment and floors, condensate from evaporation processes and cheese trimmings are some of the sources of dairy effluents in a dairy plant. The key parameters are the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids, total dissolved solids etc. Common dairy waste techniques include grease traps, oil water separators for separation of floatable solids, equalization tanks. Biological treatment consists of aerobic and anaerobic process.

The North-East Hilly Region (NER) has a good dairy and animal husbandry infrastructure and climatic condition conducive for raring high yielding dairy animals. Other than acting as a supplementary source of family nutrition, dairying is more as a source of livelihood as 90 per cent of the milk is sold out. The various dairy development programme and schemes launched in the region provide the necessary backward and forward linkages to the dairy farmers in term of feed and veterinary aids and collection, processing and marketing of milk. Considering the changing trends of competitiveness in the dairy market and dairy enterprise as such there is a need for a scientific and technological intervention to transform the traditional dairy farming system into a modern and profitable enterprise. The farmers need to be trained and exposed to modern dairy farming system in order to survive in the long run. The outlook for milk production has changed a lot and people are more concerned on the quality of milk and so necessary emphasis has to be made on clean milk production. To order to use the resources effectively and in order to sustain dairying there is a need to upgrade or replace the low yielding animals by high yielding breed/ variety. The SWOT analysis gives a strong signal for opportunities and avenues for further development of dairying in the region. To harness the opportunities of dairying a strong dairy supply chain need to be developed in an organized manner starting from milk producer to ultimate consumer.

Introduction
Demand of dairy products is on the rise in India. India‘s demand forecast for milk and milk products is more than the current supply of these products. To meet this demand entrepreneurship initiatives are need of the hour. Further, younger generations of India are more interested in commercial dairy farming rather than subsistence based farming. Therefore, scientific as well as commercial dairy entrepreneurial training to farmers about advanced technology used in breeding, feeding, housing and healthcare is essential.

a. Barriers for Entrepreneurship in dairy

An average dairy entrepreneur faces several barriers to start a new enterprise. Some of them are as under

    1.    Lack of financial support: A major stumbling block for many dairy farmers to expand production or diversify into new high value enterprises is lack of access to finance. Farmers who are starting new enterprises often face difficulty raising investment capital.

India has the highest livestock population in the world with 50% of the buffaloes and 20% of the world’s cattle population, most of which are milch cows and milch buffaloes. The dairy industry in our country is considered as one of the most successful development programmes in the post-Independence period. In the year 2006-07the total milk production in the country was over 94.6 million tonnes with a per capita availability of 229 gm. per day. The industry had been recording an annual growth of 4% during the period 1993-2005, which is almost 3 times the average growth rate of the dairy industry in the world. Milk processing in India is around 35%, of which the organized dairy industry account for 13% of the milk produced, while the rest of the milk is either consumed at farm level, or sold as fresh, non-pasteurized milk through unorganized channels. Dairy Cooperatives account for the major share of processed liquid milk marketed in the India. Milk is processed and marketed by 170 Milk Producers’ Cooperative Unions, which federate into 15 State Cooperative Milk Marketing Federations. Over the years, several brands have been created by cooperatives like Amul (GCMMF), Vijaya (AP), Verka (Punjab), Saras (Rajasthan). Nandini (Karnataka), Milma (Kerala) and Gokul (Kolhapur). Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are the milk surplus states in India.

Amongst agricultural commodities milk is the single largest contributor to gross value of output followed by paddy, wheat, oilseeds, pulse and sugar. It is not only that, milk is also least contributor to inflation.Thus it can be said that milk is the lifeline of Indian economy. Unlike developed countries, unique feature of Indian milk production system is that about 70% of it is produced in about 70 million household dairy units in rural areas.Dairy farming has always been a subsystem of agriculture in such household units which entirely depends on the recyclable crop residues. Moreover the milk production system has been mainly confined to landless labourers, small and marginal farmers.Their poor socioeconomic condition, religious sentiments for cattle and utilitarian attitude towards dairy farming coupled with poor milk production potential of dairy animals has remained a major impediment in the overall development of the system. Livestock is an important source of supplementary income. Mixed farming has been serving as an insurance against natural calamities, while supporting food security and nutrient recycling. India has over 500 million livestock, which include cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats. Among them, cattle and buffaloes are popular for milk production. As milk is an important part of the Indian diet and bullock power is essential as draft animal for farming and rural transportation.

India is emerging as a global economic power and the economy is growing at an average of 8 9 per cent for last couple of years.The Dairy sector is contributing significantly to the national economy and with 112 Million Metric Tonns (MMT) milk productions during 200910; it ranks first in the World. It provides gainful employment and supplementary income to large number of people. Dairy sector contribute significantly on poverty reduction in rural areas as income from milk in the total income of underprivileged family is as high as 75 to 80% during drought and the employment generated is relatively high. Dairying has become an important secondary source of income for millions of rural families and has assumed an important role in providing employment and income generating opportunities.

Abstract

Over the years, India has emerged as one of the world’s biggest producers of milk, with the total milk production rising from 122 Million Metric Tons in 2010 to 171 Million Metric Tons in 2017 with dairy market in India touching a value of INR 7,916 Billion. An average livestock contributes about 12 % of farmer’s income and the same for small and marginal farmers and landless laborers’ is 36 %. While farmer’s income in agriculture is growing at 3.5 % annually, income from livestock is growing at about 14.5 %. Despite this, the majority of the dairy industry in India is still highly unorganized and dominated by small and marginal dairy farmers. Of all the major rural enterprises, dairy is an important profession of economic and social transformation to supplement the income and employment to the rural sector in general and rural women in particular. The process of dairy development would be incomplete and lop sided, unless farm women are fully involved in it. Indian dairy industry also offers good opportunities to both domestic and foreign investors for entry and expansion. Low yielding breeds, costly animal feeds, inadequate market linkage and predominance of handling dairy through indigenous technologies mar the Indian dairy industry. It is imperative to develop proper production, processing and marketing infrastructure if India has to emerge as an exporting country which is capable of meeting international quality requirements. It is anticipated that milk production in India will further grow at a CAGR of around 15% between 2018 and 2023. A comprehensive plan for producing quality and safe dairy products should be formulated with suitable legal backup. Dairy products’ consumption has been growing exponentially in the country owing to their rich nutritional qualities. Thus, it has enormous scope for women empowerment and socio-economic transformation of rural India and must rank top in our developmental agenda.

Abstract

Rural woman plays dominant role in dairy husbandry activities. Capacity building of rural women in this enterprise is the need of the hour to sustain 4% growth rate in dairy sector as the future demand for dairy products is bound to increase.  Specific objectives of the study are to understand the socio-economic and dairy husbandry scenario of households; knowledge level about different aspects of dairy husbandry; impact of training on knowledge and; policy implications for their capacity building for this enterprise in the state of Haryana. The data towards this end was collected from a survey conducted on 180 women trainees where pre and post models were used. The background socio-economic variables of women trainees were: 26-45 years age group, literacy of 76.12% and the main occupation was agriculture and household management. Milch buffalo (84.45%) was the main dairy animal. Milk production of more than 5 litres was found in 55.54 percent households and selling of milk more than this quantity was seen in 14.14 percent households. About 60 percent of woman trainees themselves looked after the animals. Pre-training knowledge reveals that majority of women knew the right milking method (70.6%) and breed of buffalo (62.2%).