eChapters

Grape is one of the important fruit, crops being grown in area of 79.6 thousand hectare with annual production 1878.3 thousand MT. India is a major exporting country of grapes, it exported fresh grapes 24633.79 MT (2018-19) (Anonymous, 2018).

Background and Technology Intervention

Tanks are one of the oldest structures in India that has been serving as an important water harvesting device since time immemorial. The total number of irrigation tanks in India is estimated to be around 2, 08,000 of which, three states in South India viz., Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka accounts for nearly 1, 27,000 tanks irrigating 1.8 million hectares of land (Gandhiraj, 2009, Siva Subramanian, 2006, Sakthivadivel et al. 2004, Vaidhyanathan, 2001). In Tamil Nadu for instance, there are more than 39,000 tanks at present many of which were constructed during 18th and 19th centuries by kings, zamindars and Britishers (Jagadeesan, M 2011; Palanisami and Easter 2000: 9). Similarly in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, tank irrigation developed extensively since ancient times. The district of Warangal and Karim Nagar have several old irrigation tank structures.

Abstract

India is the prevalent prime producer of moringa [drumstick] with an annual production of 2.2 million tonnes of tender fruits from an area of 38,000 ha. Among the states, Andhra Pradesh leads in both area and production [15,665 ha] followed by Karnataka [10,280 ha] and Tamil Nadu [7,408 ha]. In other states, it occupies an area of 4,613 ha. Tamil Nadu is the pioneering state in so much as it has varied genotypes from diversified geographical areas, as well as introductions from Sir Lanka. Farmers found that growing moringa crops during summer season was remunerative. Thus, moringa gained a foothold as a summer vegetable. Its unique flavour and aroma became very popular. For South Indian any meal without moringa and pulses is considered incomplete. The demand for the moringa pod also increased due to increased urban settlements and migration of people to urban colonies. Based on the significance of moringa in the human diet this study might more viable with the specific objectives of to assessing the marketing strategies for promotion Periyakulam annual moringa seeds in Tamil Nadu.

U    :    Units.

U&L    :    Upper and lower.

U&MNP    :    Ulnar and median nerve palsy.

U/O    :    Under observation for.
  
U/WB    :    Unit of whole blood.

UA    :    Umbilical artery; uric acid; urinalysis.
   
UC    :    Ulcerative colitis; unchanged; unconscious. 

Laparoscopy is an operative procedure performed through a key-hole opening with a rigid endoscope that allows visual inspection of organs.  The laparoscopy helps in arriving diagnosis of various reproductive and digestive disorders quickly.  By laparoscopy clinician can visualize the external surface of the abdominal organs.  Tumours, abscess, cyst, lesions, growth, hemorrhage, adhesions of the organs in the abdominal cavity can be readily diagnosed by this technique.  Aspiration of follicular fluid, biopsy of lesions and sterilization are commonly employed maneuvers by this technique.  It is having both diagnostic and therapeutic value.  The procedure consists of placement of transabdominal rigid endoscope after establishment of pneumoperitoneum in the body cavity.   The images of different organs are displayed on the TV monitor when the laparoscope is moved within the peritoneal cavity with the illumination through halogen light source.

ABSTRACT

Commercial propagation using tissue culture techniques started in seventies for orchids in USA. Since then, the science and technology of tissue culture have advanced particularly after the development of the most widely used medium by Murashighe and Skoog (1972). The science has led to the development of the fascinating area of gene transfer. Today, micropropagation protocols are available for almost all horticultural crops. But, there are certain grey areas where research need to be intensified to solve the problems confronting certain difficult to propagate species belonging to plantation and spice sectors. The major area that needs to be addressed is recalcitrance.

Analytical methods for study of soil microbes

The analytical techniques for study of soil microbes are grouped under the following heads :

• Determination of form and arrangement of microorganisms in soil
• Isolation and characterization of soil microorganisms
• Detection of microbial activity in soil
• Determination of microbial biomass.

For the above, the different analytical methods used are described below.

Streptomyces are soil-borne bacteria known for production of several antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antitumoral, anti-hypertensives and immunosuppressives. Krainsky (1914) first described S. griseus and named the species Actinomyces griseus. Waksman and Henrici (1948) changed the name to Streptomyces griseus.

Dermatophilus congolensis was first described from clinical case of exudative dermatitis in cattle in Congo by Van Saceghem (1915). It is primarily known as an animal pathogen causing acute, sub acute or chronic skin disease. The first cases of human infection with D. congolensis were reported in 1961 in four people who developed skin infection after handling an infected deer in USA.

In general, germination of onion seeds is poor, and, in the case of old seed stocks, this problem is severe. Seeds soon lost viability in the ordinary storage state. However, cold storage conditions significantly increase the viability of seeds.

Coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. is an erect annual herb belongs to the family Apiaceae. Coriander may also be referred to as Cilantro, Chinese parsley or Dhania. In India it is cultivated in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh etc. The leaves of the plant are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant. Leaves are slender and feathery higher on the flowering stems.

12.1 Introduction

A magneto hydrodynamic energy conversion system or MHD system converts heat energy directly into electricity. An MHD generator produces electricity via the interaction of a moving fluid with a magnetic field and ionized gas. MHD conversion does not involve any mechanical conversion intermediary. As a result, this process offers substantial fuel savings because the process of producing mechanical energy and then converting it to electrical energy is eliminated. It is possible to generate electricity in large quantities using MHD power plants while reducing the impact on the environment. During his Bakerian lecture in 1832 to the Royal Society, Michael Faraday presented the concept of MHD power generation for the very first time. 

Uncertainty is an inevitable character of any system where most of the contradictory factors are either unpredictable or unfathomable. The higher is the complexity, the lesser would be the resilience. Agricultural production system, as it is managed in Indian condition, is the most vulnerable one to a plethora of uncertainties. Mostly managed in an open air rainfed conditions, it has been exposed to weather and resource uncertainties, market volatility, poor access to technology and a fragile input delivery mechanism.

Objectives

1. To estimate and assess the general status of perceived uncertainty of farmers by scale and dimension

Introduction

As global temperatures rise and extreme weather events become more frequent, the agricultural sector faces escalating challenges. The need for climate-resilient agriculture has never been more urgent. This chapter embarks on a journey to unravel the intricacies of adapting farming practices to changing weather patterns. It explores the multifaceted nature of climate change impacts on agriculture, emphasizing the importance of sustainable and resilient solutions.

Understanding Climate Change And Agriculture

The chapter begins by elucidating the current state of climate change and its specific implications for agriculture. It highlights shifts in temperature, altered precipitation patterns, and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, underscoring the urgency for proactive adaptation measures.

1. An imaginary line joining the points of equal elevation on the surface of the earth represents_____________. (Contour lines)
2. The vertical distance between consecutive contours lines is called_____________. (Contour interval)
3. When measured with a compass, the line of sight that run midway between due North and due West has a bearing of_____________. (N 45 degree W)
4. A survey of a large area which consider the earth’s curvature is called a _____________ survey. (Geodetic)
5. The distinctive feature of topographic maps is the_____________ of the land. (Shape or Contour)
6. The colour used to depict fence lines and important roads on a topographic map is _____________ and_____________. (Red and black)
7. A surveyor’s chain is divided into links and each link is_____________ long. (0.66 feet)
8. A body of water on a topographic map is presented by_____________ colour. (Blue)
9. On a topographic map a ploughed field would be sown as_____________ colour. (White)

Coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. is an erect annual herb belongs to the family Apiaceae. Coriander may also be referred to as Cilantro, Chinese parsley or Dhania. In India it is cultivated in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Praesh etc. The leaves of the plant are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant. Leaves are slender and feathery higher on the flowering stems. It is a soft, hairless annual plant, surviving only one growing season. Except root all parts of the coriander plant are edible, but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds are most commonly used. It is also used as a condiment for its medicinal properties. Green leaves of coriander are extensively used for culinary purposes for a sweet aroma in cooking.

There are other groups that contribute to the reactivity of enzymes beside amino acid residues.

These groups are called cofactors - chemicals required by apoenzymes (inactive) to become holoenzymes (active).

There are two types of cofactors:

1. Essential ions - metal ions -inorganic
2. Coenzymes - organic molecules that act as group-transfer reagents (accept or donate groups)- can also be H⁺ and/or e^-

Both provide reactive groups not found on amino acids side chains.

Coenzymes can be either cosubstrates (loosely bound to enzyme; is altered, then regenerated) or prosthetic groups (tightly bound to enzyme).

Coenzymes can be classified by their source:

Nutrients

The nutrients are chemical elements which are absorbed by the plants in more or less quantity to transform light energy into chemical energy and to keep up plant metabolism for the synthesis of organic materials. These materials constitute among other things, foods for humans and animals and a range of raw materials for various industrial uses. Feeding of plants with nutrients is termed as nutrition. Successful growth and production of the plants in general requires a proper supply of the 17 elements. These elements are regarded as essential to life in higher plants.

About 60 per cent of total arable land (142 million ha) in India is rain-fed, characterized by low productivity, low income, low employment with high incidence of poverty and a bulk of fragile and marginal land. Watershed development program is, therefore, considered as an effective tool for addressing many of these problems and recognized as a potential engine for agricultural growth and development in fragile and marginal rain-fed areas. The Government of India has accorded high priority to the holistic and sustainable development of rain-fed areas through the integrated watershed development program since the 7th Five Year Plan (1985-90) and since then a number of watershed programs have been specifically launched in the rain-fed areas with the sole objective to improve the livelihood of poor rural households in a sustainable manner.