eChapters

1. Introduction 
The growing demand for fossil fuels around the world and their extensive use, which degrades the environment, have been serious issues. More precisely, it is predicted that global energy consumption will rise by 49% between 2007 and 2035 due to social pressure, population growth, and economic expansion (Cheah et al., 2016; Prasad et al., 2016). In order to replace fossil fuels, alternative energy resources must be developed, according to energy security and environmental sustainability. The most promising bio-fuel among the alternatives to gasoline is bio-ethanol, which can be used as the only fuel in compatible automobile engines or blended with gasoline up to 30% without requiring engine changes (Safarian and Unnthorsson, 2018). Bio-ethanol has a higher-octane number, which enables engines to run at high compression ratios, and a high oxygen content, which improves combustion efficiency (Branco et al., 2019). Grain, sugar beets, corn, and sugarcane could all be used to make bio-ethanol. Together, Brazil and the United States account for over 90% of the world’s bio-ethanol production, with 59% and 27% coming from each country, respectively (Branco et al., 2019).The Policy Energy Act and Energy Independence and Security Act, which aim to consume 136 billion gallons of bio-ethanol by 2022, are the main drivers of the USA’s remarkably high production rate (Menon and Rao, 2012; Tran et al., 2019). Unfortunately, the world’s food security is now in jeopardy due to the manufacture of bio-ethanol from the aforementioned edible energy crops. For the synthesis of bio-ethanol, lignocellulosic biomass-such as agricultural residues, forest woody residues, micro-algae, and even municipal solid waste is consequently a more advantageous source. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin make up the lignocellulosic complex structure. While hemicellulose is in charge of binding and 88 | Biofuels Production Using Sustainable Bioprocessing Technologies lignin guarantees the toughness of the entire stricture, cellulose, a polymer made of glucose, gives plants structural support (Kumar et al., 2016; Prasad et al., 2016). According to Tran et al. (2019), pre-treatment is a crucial step in order to: (i) increase the amorphous area to facilitate hydrolysis; (ii) improve the porosity of the porous matrix to facilitate enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis; and (iii) separate cellulose from lignin and hemicellulose. The majority of the most successful pre-treatment techniques now in use are physio-chemical and chemical techniques, which also produce harmful compounds such furfural (Liyamen and Ricke, 2012). Other techniques are also used, each with advantages and disadvantages. For example, biological pre-treatment is environmentally benign but does not generate large amounts of material. Compared to the thermochemical approach, the biochemical conversion process performed better and was more ecologically friendly (Mu et al., 2010; Liyamen and Ricke, 2012; Kumar et al., 2019). It should be mentioned that the pre-treatment cost should also include the expense of detoxifying harmful inhibitors, which are created as a result of the pre-treatment technique (Liyamen and Ricke, 2012). All things considered, a successful pre-treatment ought to be both financially and environmentally responsible. It’s also critical to make sure that other advantageous aspect like maximum energy savings, waste and wastewater recycling, material recovery, and the use of a biorefinery method are taken into account throughout the lignocellulosic bioethanol production process (Kumar et al., 2019). Figure 1. Overview of how ILs typically pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass for the manufacture of biofuel (cheah et al., 2020).

Preanesthetic agents are so named because they are usually given to prepare the patient for administration of an anesthetic agent for one or more of the following reasons:

    1.    To reduce the amount of general anesthetic needed and increase the margin of safety.
    2.    To calm the patient so that anesthesia can be administrated without fright or struggling. 
    3.    To reduce secretions of salivary glands (antisialogogue) and mucous glands of the respiratory tract, thus maintaining a free airway. 
    4.    To reduce gastric and intestinal motility and prevent vomiting while the patient is under anesthesia. 
    5.    To block the vagal reflex, thus prevent cardiac slowing or arrest (bradycardia).

Abstract

Prebiotics are the non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or limited number of bacteria in the colon. These are heat resistant components which remain intact during the baking process; this allows prebiotics to be incorporated into every day food choices. Consumption of non-digestible ingredients allows the growth ofbio cultures by reaching the intestine unaffected by the digestion process resulting in improvement of digestive health. Prebiotics reach the intestine in an unaltered form and shows the prebiotic effect when there is an increase in the activity of healthy bacteria in the human intestine. The prebiotics stimulate the growth of healthy bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the gut and increase resistance to invading pathogens. Functional foods increase consumer choice by adding prebiotics to every day food items such as cereals, biscuits, breads, table spreads, drinks, and yoghurts. By continuing to eat and drink common foods, but choosing functional alternatives (such as bread containing prebiotics) dietary requirements can be met, without significant changes to foodpreferences. Some common example of cereal based products containing prebiotics are oat-based prebiotic drink, Breakstone's and Knudsen live active cottage cheese, prebiotic yogurt- Attune and Muller vitality, multi-fruit drink enrich and flavoured water enrich, prebiotic flavoured water, prebiotic capsules, dried fruit bars, prebiotic powder- Biocare fructo-oligosaccharides, Newtree purplaisir chocolate spread. The claims are constipation relief, suppression of diarrhea and reduction of the risks of osteoporosis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, obesity and possibly Type-2 diabetes. At present, claims about reduction of disease risk are only tentative and further research is needed.

Introduction

Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are interrelated terms. Probiotic is discussed in detail in previous chapter. In this chapter, prebiotics and its effect on gut along with probiotics are emphasized. Prebiotics can be defined as non digestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and/or activity of bacteria in the digestive system in ways claimed to be beneficial to health. They were f irst identified and named by Marcel Roberfroid in 1995. He defined prebiotic as a selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora that confers benefits upon host well-being and health. Further, FAO defined prebiotic as “a non-viable food component that confers a health benefit on the host associated with modulation of the microbiota.”Whereas the term synbiotics refers to a product that contains both probiotics and prebiotics in the form of synergism. A synbiotic has been defined as “a mixture of prebiotics and probiotics that beneficially affect the host by improving the survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal tract, by selectively stimulating the growth and activating the metabolism of one or a limited number of health promoting bacteria, and thus improving host welfare”. As described above, the combined use of prebiotics and probiotics is often described as synbiotic, but the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommends that the term “synbiotic” be used only if the net health benefit is synergistic.

Prebiotic foods have been consumed for centuries, either as natural components of food, or as fermented food. However, interest in dietary use of prebiotics blossomed in the later 1800s and early 1900. Preliminary researches revealed that lactose had a profound effect on the pH of the caecal contents and intestine due to lactic acid fermentation resulting in enhanced calcium and phosphorous absorption. Further, it was also noted by several workers that inclusion of lactose in poultry diets resulted in better growth and reduced mortality.

A prebiotic can be defined as “a non digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectivity stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improves host health” (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995). Based on this definition, Russell (1998) formulated the criteria according to which a substance can be a prebiotic. First, prebiotics are always feed ingredients that are not digested by the host, not or little used and/or metabolised as they pass through the upper portion of the intestinal tract, so they can reach the f lora of the large intestine. Secondly, they have to be able to serve as a substrate for one or more bacterial species with a potentially beneficial effect on the host. Finally they have to be able to cause a shift in the microf lora that improves the health of the host. In principle only non-digestible, fermentable feed components are prebiotics.

Proper selection of plant health medicines like fungicide, bactericide, antibiotics, algaecide, viricide, nematicide, weedicide, plant harmones and auxins and its application at the correct dose and the proper time are highly essential for the management of plant health. The basic requirement of an application method is that it delivers the chemical to the site where the active compound will prevent the pathogen/pest damaging the plant. 

Liquid nitrogen and cryocan

Several cryogenic agents like solid carbon-di-oxide (-79^ºC), liquid air (-183^ºC), liquid helium  (-263^ºC) and liquid nitrogen (-196^ºC) have been used in many countries for freezing and preservation of bovine semen. Liquid nitrogen is fourth coldest substance known and its small amount is converted into a very large amount (near about 700 times) of its volume when exposed to atmosphere. It is a colourless, odorless, non-irritant, non-toxic, non-caustic, non-corrosive, non-inflammatory and inert gas having boiling point of -196^ºC. Being a liquid it comes into good contact with the surface of the semen straws, constant storage temperature is maintained throughout the straw, and due to these properties LN2 is most widely used refrigerant for semen cryopreservation in the world. 

Precipitation is a vital component of the Earth’s water cycle, playing a crucial role in shaping our climate, weather, and ecosystems. It occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Precipitation is a key driver of weather patterns, influencing everything from local weather events to global climate trends.
In this chapter, we will explore the various forms of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, and hail, and examine the factors that influence their formation and distribution 
We will also discuss the importance of precipitation in sustaining life on Earth, from supporting plant growth and agriculture to shaping landscapes and ecosystems. Key topics to be discussed are:
• Forms of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail)
• Precipitation processes (formation, distribution, intensity)
• Factors influencing precipitation (temperature, humidity, wind patterns)
• Importance of precipitation (ecosystems, agriculture, water resources)
• Precipitation measurement and prediction (methods, challenges, applications)

Precipitation is a vital component of the Earth’s water cycle, playing a crucial role in shaping our climate, weather, and ecosystems. It occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Precipitation is a key driver of weather patterns, influencing everything from local weather events to global climate trends.
In this chapter, we will explore the various forms of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, and hail, and examine the factors that influence their formation and distribution (Fig. 11.1).
We will also discuss the importance of precipitation in sustaining life on Earth, from supporting plant growth and agriculture to shaping landscapes and ecosystems. Key topics to be discussed are:
• Forms of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail)
• Precipitation processes (formation, distribution, intensity)
• Factors influencing precipitation (temperature, humidity, wind patterns)
• Importance of precipitation (ecosystems, agriculture, water resources)
• Precipitation measurement and prediction (methods, challenges, applications)

Precipitation is a vital component of the Earth’s water cycle, playing a crucial role in shaping our climate, weather, and ecosystems. It occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Precipitation is a key driver of weather patterns, influencing everything from local weather events to global climate trends.
In this chapter, we will explore the various forms of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, and hail, and examine the factors that influence their formation and distribution. We will also discuss the importance of precipitation in sustaining life on Earth, from supporting plant growth and agriculture to shaping landscapes and ecosystems. The key topics are:
• Forms of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail)
• Precipitation processes (formation, distribution, intensity)
• Factors influencing precipitation (temperature, humidity, wind patterns)
• Importance of precipitation (ecosystems, agriculture, water resources)
• Precipitation measurement and prediction (methods, challenges, applications)
By understanding precipitation, we can better appreciate the complex interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces that shape our planet’s climate and weather patterns.

Precipitation is the deposition of atmospheric moisture on earth. All the water sources on the earth depend on precipitation only. Precipitation involves condensation, growth of hygroscopic nuclei, cooling of nuclei at different stages and their fall on to the earth's surface. If the cloud particles are too small and remain suspended in the sky, they may not fall on the earth. There may be several clouds but no precipitation. Under certain conditions, water particles formed tend to fall but do not reach the surface since they get evaporated on the way. Only when the cloud droplets or ice crystals grow to certain size and can no longer remain floating due to buoyancy of air, do they fall as precipitation.

FORMS OF PRECIPITATION

Precipitation form is the state that the moisture is in, i.e., liquid, freezing, or frozen (solid). Because atmospheric conditions vary greatly both geographically and seasonally, several different forms of precipitation are possible. All forms of precipitation are collectively termed hydrometeors. Hydrometeors have been classified into 50 specific types. Out of these precipitation forms, only rain (liquid form) and snow (solid form) make significant contribution to total precipitation. In many parts of the world, the term rainfall is used interchangeably with precipitation.

Precipitation indices convert rainfall data into standardized measures of wetness, dryness, intensity and duration. They allow climatic conditions to be compared across locations and time scales despite differences in normal rainfall. This chapter introduces major indices such as the Standardized Precipitation Index, Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, Percent of Normal and percentile-based measures. It discusses data requirements, calculation, interpretation, strengths and limitations. These indices support meteorological, agricultural and hydrological drought assessment, wet-spell analysis, crop planning and water-resource management. By identifying the severity and persistence of rainfall deficits or surpluses, precipitation indices strengthen early warning, drought preparedness and climate-risk management in agriculture.

Precipitation

An ionic phenomena wherein the product of the ionic concentrations of a substance in a solution exceeds the solubility product

Precipitate is often ignited before weighing to convert it into substance of definite chemical composition and chemical stability

Compound precipitated –– precipitated form

Example: Magnesium ammonium phosphate

2.1 Introduction

Precipitation is the general term for all forms of moisture emanating from clouds and then ultimately falling on the land surface. It is the total supply of water derived from the atmosphere in the forms of rain, snow, hail, mist, dew, sleet, fog etc. The liquid form of precipitation is called as rainfall whereas the frozen forms of precipitations are snow, hail and sleet. Of all the different forms of precipitation, rain and snow are the two dominant factors that contribute maximum amount of water. In Indian condition, rainfall is the most important form of precipitation that contributes the highest amount of water causing stream flow. Unless otherwise stated, the term rainfall will be used in this book synonymously with precipitation. It is the primary input vector of the hydrologic cycle. Generally it is expressed as the depth water on a horizontal surface over any specified time interval. If the specified time interval is day, then the amount of precipitation is called as daily precipitation. Similarly, the precipitation being contributed over time interval of a month, season and year is termed as monthly, seasonal or annual precipitation. Its form and quantity are influenced by the action of different climatic factors such as wind, temperature and atmospheric pressure. The study of precipitation forms a major portion of the subject of the hydrometeorology.

Precipitation is water in liquid or solid forms, falling on to the earth. In other words, precipitation is the deposition of atmospheric moisture on earth. Formation of clouds does not mean precipitation. Precipitation involves condensation, growth of hygroscopic nuclei, cooling of nuclei at different stages and their fall on to the earth’s surface. There may be several clouds but no precipitation. If the cloud particles are too small and remain suspended in the sky, they may not fall on the earth. Under certain conditions, water particles formed tend to fall but do not reach the surface since they get evaporated on the way. Only when the cloud droplets or ice crystals grow to certain size and can no more remain floating due to buoyancy of air, do they fall as precipitation.

Precipitation is the major source of water to all the living organisms on the earth. All the water sources on the earth depend on precipitation only.

Forms of precipitation

Precipitation form is the state that the moisture is in, i.e., liquid, freezing, or frozen (solid). Different forms of precipitation may occur together, such as mixed rain and snow; but such an occurrence is simply a mixture of forms, not a separate form of precipitation. Because atmospheric conditions vary greatly both geographically and seasonally, several different forms of precipitation are possible. All forms of precipitation are collectively termed hydrometeors. Hydrometeors have been classified into 50 specific types. Out of these precipitation forms, only rain (liquid form) and snow (solid form) make significant contribution to total precipitation. In many parts of the world, the term rainfall is used interchangeably with precipitation.

Precipitation is water in liquid or solid forms, falling on to the earth. In other words, precipitation is the deposition of atmospheric moisture on earth. Formation of clouds does not mean precipitation. Precipitation involves condensation, growth of hygroscopic nuclei, cooling of nuclei at different stages and their fall on to the earth’s surface. There may be several clouds but no precipitation. If the cloud particles are too small and remain suspended in the sky, they may not fall on the earth. Under certain conditions, water particles formed tend to fall but do not reach the surface since they get evaporated on the way. Only when the cloud droplets or ice crystals grow to certain size and can no more remain floating due to buoyancy of air, do they fall as precipitation.

Precipitation is the major source of water to all the living organisms on the earth. All the water sources on the earth depend on precipitation only.

FORMS OF PRECIPITATION

Precipitation form is the state that the moisture is in, i.e., liquid, freezing, or frozen (solid). Different forms of precipitation may occur together, such as mixed rain and snow; but such an occurrence is simply a mixture of forms, not a separate form of precipitation. Because atmospheric conditions vary greatly both geographically and seasonally, several different forms of precipitation are possible. All forms of precipitation are collectively termed hydrometeors. Hydrometeors have been classified into 50 specific types. Out of these precipitation forms, only rain (liquid form) and snow (solid form) make significant contribution to total precipitation. In many parts of the world, the term rainfall is used interchangeably with precipitation.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The chemistry of the soil is much more complex than can be represented simply by precipitation, adsorption, or exchange processes. The complexity arises from the time scale of soil chemical reactions in which the structure and dimensions, the extent and distribution of pores, and the content and mobility of water in them, interact immensely with the reaction chemistry. The fourth process adding to this complexity is the dissolution of native and reprecipitated soil constituents by percolating water containing solutes accumulated by natural processes or added by man. The fifth complicating factor compounding the time scale is that very often the resultants of soil chemical reactions are large complex molecules, occasionally polymeric, made up of several constituent groups or atoms. It is by no means clear which of the four processes participate in a chemical reaction and in which order. That a process reoccurs during a prolonged reaction is very likely.

Such complexities explain why no single model related rigorously to the retention and release of cations and anions, can provide a basis for a laboratory procedure to test and compare the chemical properties of soils. In this chapter, some of the soil reactions that are important to plant nutrition and pedological processes are discussed, principally those leading to relatively simple compounds accumulating in soil.

The major source of water supply on the earth is precipitation. The water received at the earth’s surface from the atmosphere either in solid or liquid form is called precipitation. The water received in solid form may be snow or hail. The precipitation is seasonal in character in many parts of the world. The precipitation may occur due to –
• Conventional physical process
• Orographic effect and
• Convergence of air masses
3.1. Conventional Physical Process
It occurs when the air on the surface of the earth and few metres above the surface of the earth is heated by absorbing long wave radiation emitted by the earth’s surface. As the air is heated, it becomes lighter. The water vapour formed due to evaporation from the soil surface or water bodies will mix with the air and the air will be moist. When the moist air gets heated it becomes lighter and rises vertically upwards. After reaching certain height, the air gets cooled enough to get saturated with water vapour. The moisture in the saturated air will condense on small solid particles to form tiny drops. These solid particles may be dust or smoke or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere and are called aerosols.

1.0. Objectives

• To demonstrate meaning, definition, importance, essentials of the précis writing
• To impart the technique how to write the essence of texts
• To make readers develop an objective approach

2.0 Precise

“Precise may be defined as a concise and clear statement embodying in a connected and readable shape the substance of a longer passage.”

The word “Precis” is a French term PRECISE which means summary. Thus it conveys the brief statement of the longer texts.

3.0 How to Write a Precise

Derivation & Meaning-Skills required-Method or procedure-Guidelines; Summarising-Meaning-Steps to write a summary.

Derivation

‘Precis’ is a French word which means to cut off, to be brief.

Meaning

A precise is a summary or the gist of the main ideas of written matter. Thus, precise writing means summarising. It is an exercise in concentration, comprehension and condensation. In order to make a summary of an article, a speech or a story, one has to read it carefully and grasp its meaning. Precise-writing forces one to concentrate on the material which is to be summarised. In summarising a passage, though the length of the precise is not fixed, it is generally expected that the it should be one third the length of the passage. The summary is known as precise and precise writing means summarising. A precise is not a paraphrase. At the same time, the essential points of the main passage must be presented in the precise in such a manner that reader may easily grasp the main ideas of the passage.

A better precise can be written with more and more practice. Before writing a precise, it is important that you take care of a few essential points.

Also, make sure that all the important points of the passage are conveyed in the precise. Focus on language and try and make it as clear, crisp and concise as possible. There is no fixed pattern to write a precise. But we must follow certain rules and procedure so that the precise can be more effective. Follow the right diction and you will be able to write a good precise.

1. Land Degradation- Type, Factors, Distribution, Processes, and Impacts on Soil Productivity

A. Types of Land Degradation

1. Soil Erosion: Soil erosion, a pervasive form of land degradation, manifests through the detachment and transportation of soil particles by various agents like wind and water. Wind erosion is common in arid regions, where dry, loose soil is susceptible to being carried away by the wind. Water erosion, on the other hand, occurs through surface runoff and can lead to gully formation and the loss of fertile topsoil. This loss of topsoil directly impacts agricultural productivity by reducing nutrient availability and water retention capacity.

Introduction

Precision agriculture, also known as precision farming or smart farming, represents a ground breaking approach to agricultural management that integrates cutting-edge technologies and data-driven techniques to optimize crop production. This introduction sets the stage for exploring the transformative potential of precision agriculture in revolutionizing traditional farming practices. By harnessing advancements in sensors, drones, artificial intelligence, and global positioning systems (GPS), precision agriculture empowers farmers to make informed decisions based on real-time data and spatial variability within fields. The overarching goal of precision agriculture is to maximize yields, minimize input costs, and reduce environmental impacts by precisely tailoring farming practices to the specific needs of crops and soil conditions. As global population growth and climate change exert increasing pressure on agricultural systems, the adoption of precision agriculture emerges as a crucial strategy for enhancing food security, promoting sustainability, and ensuring the long-term viability of farming operations. Through this introduction, we embark on a journey to explore the multifaceted dimensions of precision agriculture and its profound implications for the future of agriculture.

The current world population of 7.6 billion is expected to reach 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100, according to United Nations (UN). With roughly 83 million people being added to the world’s population every year, the upward trend in population size is expected to continue, even assuming that fertility levels will continue to decline (UN, 2017). This means there will be an extra billion people to feed within the next decade. Continuing population and consumption growth will mean that the global demand for food will increase for at least another 50 years .The future’s food systems need to be resource efficient and sustainable. It is quite clear that the only way to grow more food is to increase the yield while saving the environment from further degradation. It is not just food, it is the four F’s – Food, Feed, Fiber and Fuel. Digitization has increased in importance for the agricultural sector and is described through concepts like Smart Farming (SF), Precision Farming (PF) and Precision Agriculture (PA).The only way to get higher yield from limited resources is by changing agriculture into what we call Precision Agriculture, Climate Smart Agriculture, or as I prefer to call it Water-Smart Agriculture”

Abstract

The social and economic development of any state is interlaced with the manner of its natural resource management. The unplanned use and overexploitation of resources are results in various kinds of land degradation, biomass deterioration and siltation of tanks. In addition, the low per capita availability of land, erratic and uneven distribution of rains, undulating topography, improper management, traditional cropping programmes and recurrence of droughts having cumulative effect leading to low productivity and high risk particularly in dryland farming. Further, developing dry land agriculture through sectoral approach did not bring in the desired results, as the efforts were not integrated. However, in nature all the resources are inter-linked and thus, the integrated developmental approach is the best solution for optimal development of any area. Further, development based on administrative units such as district, taluk, block and village have resulted in imbalance and sometimes, no overall development in some areas. Considering this, natural resources management through Geo- informatics tools like, remote sensing, GIS, GPS and other sensor based techniques are the possible ways for making agriculture sustainable. The paper mainly highlights theimportance of application of latest technologies in agriculture along with some field level case studies.

Keywords: Remote sensing, GIS, Watershed, CAPE, Precision agriculture

INTRODUCTION

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the major food crops whichrecorded total globalproduction of 388.1million metrictonnes(mt) in 2017-18. Out of the major staple food crops, potato production (388.1mt) is exceeded only by maize (1077.98 mt), wheat (761.88 mt) and rice (494.88 mt) (FAOSTAT, 2017). According to the three years (2012-2014)averages,globally, India ranks 3^rdin area and 2^ndin terms of production nextto China. Thenutritional quality, high productivity and acquiescence for inclusion in intensive cropping systems of this shortduration crop reflects its great potentialin modern agriculture to feed theexponentiallyrisingpopulationin the developingcountries. But, theintensive cultivation of potato crops urges increased use of fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals leading to high input costs with plateauingyields. Blanket dose of fertilizers as well as imbalance use of nutrientsnot only increases the cost of farm inputs but also degrades soil condition and causes severe environment pollution. Indiscriminate use of insecticide as well as fungicide is verycommon in potato crop which contaminate the environment and deteriorate product quality. Therefore, the chemical inputs need to be optimised based on actual requirement of the crops for sustainable crop production. Furthermore, potato production is associated witha high tillagepractices, number of tillage operation would depend on soiltype, previous crop etc.

Precision agriculture is yet to be popularized for taking its enormous advantages. In laser land levelling and micro irrigation/ fertigation it must have made its prominence but others it is with research institutes where research is focussed on the spatial variability of production environments, development of efficient and suitable data management systems, efficiency of various types of image analyses and optical sensing, efficiency of sensors and related technologies, designs of precision agriculture equipment, optimal inputs and service uses, and their spatial allocations, potentials of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), nanotechnologies and several others.The adoptions of precision-agriculture technologies have, so far, mostly been limited to parts of developed countries. Major contributions to the profitability of precision agriculture is reduced costs of plant protection inputs and higher output revenues.

Abstract
Precision agriculture (PA) represents a transformative approach to farming that leverages advanced technologies to optimize crop production, enhance resource management, and improve overall farm efficiency. At the core of PA  are advancements in GPS, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), drones, and data analysis. These technologies enable farmers to apply inputs with high precision, monitor field conditions in real-time, and make informed decisions based on comprehensive data. This chapter explores the evolution and impact of precision agriculture technologies, examining how GPS, GIS, drones, and data analytics contribute to more sustainable and efficient farming practices. It also discusses the integration of these technologies, their benefits, challenges, and future prospects in advancing agricultural productivity and sustainability.
Keywords: Precision agriculture, GPS, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), drones, data analysis, crop management, farm efficiency, resource optimization, technology integration.

Precision agriculture represents a paradigm shift in farming, leveraging advanced technologies and data analytics to optimize agricultural practices. This article explores the comprehensive role of precision agriculture in modern farming, tracing its evolution and examining key technologies such as GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and IoT. The applications of these technologies in soil management, crop monitoring, irrigation, pest control, and yield prediction are discussed. Benefits, including increased productivity, resource efficiency, and environmental sustainability, are highlighted alongside challenges such as high costs, data management complexities, and the digital divide. The article concludes by considering future trends in precision agriculture, emphasizing the potential of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain in further revolutionizing farming practices.

Precision agriculture includes information driven administration choices that further develop asset use productivity, bringing about decreased Agriculture expenses while bringing down the natural effects from agriculture. Consequently, information and information assortment frameworks, choice help devices, and information driven hardware and info changes are significant parts of Precision agriculture, participating in three vital farming advances: determination, direction, and performing separately. Before the coordination of shrewd innovations, ICT (data and correspondence innovation) was incorporated into farming devices and mechanical assembly to get certifiable data. Here, remote detecting, mechanized hardware and programming, telemetric, drones, autonomous vehicles, GPSs, and computerized developments were incorporated into cultivating rehearses. For example, the agro-tech association John Deere introduced GPSs for ranch farm haulers, anticipating extended yield and reduced input wastage. The previous status of accuracy agribusiness before brilliant cultivating can be summarized as follows.
Data Collection and Acquisition
Data, data collection, and decision support devices are critical for the distinctive verification and finish of alternate points of view in cultivating. In Accuracy agribusiness, data on individual fields and gathers are collected by seeing, assessing, and distinguishing with different sorts of sensors, yield and soil checking, and remote-detecting mechanical assemblies, such as imaging from drones, groups, airplane, or satellites. As such, “detecting” is a fundamental organization gadget of accuracy agribusiness, which is seeing distinct information and giving data on climatic circumstances, soil conditions, fertilizer necessities, water openness, nuisance and infection stresses, and other field limits. An extent of sensors is used in Accuracy farming. Biomass limits are huge in making decisions to screen the readiness and truly zeroing in on crops. Sensors for mass stream and dampness content are portions of yield screens, along with a differential global positioning system (DGPS) recipient. Appropriately aligned yield screens can produce precise constant

4.1 Introduction

In the modern era, agricultural productivity seems to have reached a maximum production due to the easy availability of fertilizers and pesticides/insecticide, which are used to improve crop productivity. Excess uses of these products and unawareness about field constraints can decrease the crop productivity and endanger the environmental balance in the cultivation area. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve agricultural system and efficient utilization of these resources for profitable and environmentally sustainable agriculture.

Government has also an emphasis on effective and efficient use of available resources and farmers are also adopting more scientific approach during crop production such as remote sensing, global positioning system, and new equipment to make their agricultural operation more precise.

Precision agriculture is one of the many advanced farming approaches that make production more efficient. It is basically an approach of farm management with the help of information technology to confirm that the cultivated crops and soil receive desire input for optimum health and productivity. In other words, precision agriculture utilizes different tools and technologies to identify infield soil and crop variability for improving farming practices and optimizing agronomic inputs. To reduce dependency on excessive use of chemical inputs in agriculture, several technologies have been applied to make agricultural products safer and to lower their adverse impacts on the environment and human beings, a goal that is consistent with sustainable agriculture. Precision agriculture has emerged as a valuable component of the framework to achieve this goal. Further, Pierce and Nowak define the precision farming that, the application of technologies and principles to manage spatial and temporal variability associated with all aspects of agricultural production for improving crop performance and environmental quality. Precision agriculture is the combination of many different elements working together in a synchronised way with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) as shown in Fig 4.1. Precision agriculture is basically an information technology based agricultural management system. In this modern management system, Geography information system (GIS) based analysis is extensively used to get land and crop related data accurately and timely, which help farming community to take correct decision .

Introduction

Agriculture is a vital sector in the world economy, as it helps to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development, especially in developing countries. However, agriculture also faces challenges such as increasing productivity and reducing environmental impacts. Therefore, new technologies and methods are needed to improve agricultural practices. One of these methods is precision agriculture (PA), which is based on the principle of sustainable agriculture and healthy food production. PA is a science that uses high technology sensors and analysis tools to improve crop yields and support management decisions. PA is a new concept that aims to increase production, reduce labor time, and optimize the management of fertilizers and irrigation processes.

While conventional agromet advisories have played a crucial role in informing agricultural practices, their inherent broad-scale nature often falls short of addressing the nuanced realities of modern farming. For instance, rainfall predictions at a district level can mask significant variations at the farm or even field level due to local topography, soil types, and microclimatic conditions. Similarly, generic recommendations for irrigation scheduling or fertilizer application may not align with the specific needs of different crop varieties, growth stages, or soil moisture retention capacities within a farm. This lack of granularity can lead to inefficient resource utilization, sub-optimal application of inputs, and increased vulnerability to localized weather events, ultimately impacting productivity and profitability.
9.1. Key Drivers for the Emergence of PAAS
Several converging factors are propelling the shift towards precision in agrometeorology:
• Escalating Climate Variability: The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, coupled with long-term shifts in climate patterns, demand more adaptive and localized strategies. Farmers need precise and timely information to make informed decisions in the face of unpredictable weather.
• The Imperative for Sustainability: Sustainable agricultural practices necessitate the efficient use of resources like water, fertilizers, and pesticides. PAAS can contribute significantly by providing targeted recommendations that minimize waste and environmental impact.
• Technological Advancements: The rapid development and increasing affordability of various technologies are making PAAS a reality. These include:
• Remote Sensing: Satellite and drone-based imagery provide highresolution spatial data on crop health, soil moisture, and other critical parameters.
• Internet of Things (IoT) Sensors: Networks of sensors deployed in fields can continuously monitor local weather conditions, soil properties, and plant physiological parameters.

As per 20th Livestock Census (2019), Punjab has 1.3% share of India’s total livestock. The share of buffaloes was largest (57.4%) in total livestock population, followed by cross-breed cattle and indigenous cattle. The state of Punjab has about 70.60 lakh livestock in total, comprising of 25.41 lakh cattle, 40.16 lakh buffaloes, 3.48 lakh goats, 0.85 lakh sheep, 0.53 lakh pigs, 0.15 lakh horses and ponies, 1644 mules, 471 donkeys and 170 camels. The share of crossbred cattle increased to 29.3% in 2019 compared to 25.4% in 2012 which signifies that the farmers in the state are resorting to high yielding animals for increasing the milk production. These efforts have led to the highest per capita availability of milk in Punjab which stands at 1271 grams per day compared to national average of 444 grams per day (2021-22), although the share of Punjab in country’s milk production is 6.37%. Punjab is sixth largest producer of milk in India, with production of 14.76 million tonnes (t)/year.

Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges of our time, with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, economies, and societies. This has led to the higher temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, sea level rise and growing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as drought, floods, extreme heat and cyclones resulting in disruption of food supply chains. The most critical domains that impact environmental sustainability includes energy, transport, food, waste and water , although there are disparities in the consumption patten of high-income and low income countries. Apart from the food domain (33% of total GHG emissions), meat from ruminants and dairy products constitute the major proportion of carbon footprint. Although only 18% of calories are obtained from meat and dairy products, but they together account for 60% of agriculture’s greenhouse gas emissions and occupy 83% of the world’s arable land. With 18% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the livestock sector has been identified as one of the primary causes of climate change and the dairysector accounts for around 3.0- 5.1% of the total GHG emissions globally.

Introduction

Agriculture faces a massive challenge: by 2050, it needs to sustainably feed over 9 billion people while supporting economic growth and protecting the environment. Meeting this demand requires a staggering 70% increase in food production from 2006 levels, mainly by making the most of existing farmland and resources.

Precision agriculture offers a promising way forward. It's about smartly managing soil and crops using technology and information to boost profits while being eco-friendly. This approach involves giving the precise amount of resources—like water, nutrients, and pesticides—at the right time and place to optimise farming. It's all about understanding and using the differences within f ields to improve crop growth and protect the environment. Traditionally, understanding these differences involved collecting tons of soil and plant samples for lab analysis. But this can be costly. So, finding better, more efficient ways to assess these differences in soil and plant growth is crucial.

Precision agriculture relies on high-tech tools like GPS, GIS, yield monitors, and remote sensing to measure differences in soil and crop growth across f ields. By integrating these technologies with tools that adjust resource usage based on these differences (called variable rate technologies), farmers can apply fertilisers and water precisely where they're needed, optimising crop yields (Ranjan et al., 2022a). This method has three main parts: collecting data, understanding that data, and then making smart decisions based on it, all tailored to specific areas and timings. New technologies like yield monitors, satellites, and handheld sensors have made data collection faster and easier. But the real challenge is making sense of all this information and using it effectively for better farming. This review delves into how these technologies can enhance agricultural production and the hurdles they bring.

Introduction

The global aquaculture and fishery industry is a substantial business, valued at USD 281.5 billion, yielding an impressive 122.6 million tons of aquatic products in 2020 (FAO, 2022). Asia is the largest aquaculture producer, contributing to almost 91.6% of the world's total production (FAO, 2022). Forecasts indicate that aquatic animal production is poised to grow by an additional 14% by 2030 (FAO, 2022). Despite this growth, there remains a pressing need for technological advancements to address critical challenges like water pollution, disease outbreaks, the quality of breeding stock and juvenile fish, and inadequate management practices (Fearghal, 2019; Michael, 2019).

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The share of agriculture in GDP is sharp declining. Its share which was 55.1 per cent in 1950-51 came down to 21.6 per cent in 2003-04 and it further reduced down standing barely at 14.6 per cent in 2009-10. Horticulture acconts for 29 per cent share in gross GDP obtained from agriculture sector from about 13.08 per cent area put forth under horticultural plantations (Anon., 2010). To achieve the targetted growth rate of 4 per cent in agriculture, horticulture has to grow at the accelerated growth rate above 7 per cent. As a result of R&D initiatives made, there has been considerable increase in horticultural produce which is acclaimed as golden revoution. Horticulture sector has emerged as the frontier area in dealing with the situation of livelihood security and the employment generation. However, looking to the pressure arising from rising population and erratic climatic variation, more attention is required towards the development of technology driven horticulture. Precision farming is being viewed as a promise in this regard.

Precision farming is the process by which exact or accurate results of farming can be obtained. It is a management strategy that relies upon detailed, site specific information to precisely manage production inputs.

Maximisation of quality yield by managing site variable specific management practices is the basic of precision farming. More emphasis needs to be given to make the farming sustainable. In order to make precision farming a reality the following area needs due consideration.

Precision farming manages spatial and temporal variability within fields through targeted, data-driven interventions. Onion is particularly suited to precision management because its productivity and quality are sensitive to moisture, nutrients, environmental stress, pests and diseases. This chapter describes applications of GIS, GPS, variable-rate technology, IoT, cloud platforms, drones, remote sensing, multispectral imaging, smart sensors, artificial intelligence, automated systems and crop-response models. These technologies support soil assessment, field preparation, irrigation, fertilization, crop monitoring, stress detection, protection, yield estimation, harvesting and storage. Their potential to reduce input waste and improve profitability is considered alongside constraints involving investment costs, technical knowledge, connectivity, accessibility and data privacy.

Food grain production has experienced a considerable jump from about 51 million tonne during 1950 to 291.95 million tonne in 2019-20 as per second advance estimates. The production of horticulture products has doubled over the past quarter century and the value of global trade in horticulture crops now exceeds that of cereals. For the first time, horticulture production surpassed food production in India during 2013-14 and continues to excel currently.

Introduction

• Agriculture with its allied activities is the largest sector in India with 70% dependency of its rural households for their livelihood and 82% of farmers in the country are small and marginal.
• Agriculture sector alone contributes about 14.5% towards gross domestic product (GDP) of India.
• Food grain production has experienced a considerable jump from about 51 million tonne during 1950 to 291.95 million tonne in 2019-20 as per second advance estimates. The production of horticulture products has doubled over the past quarter century and the value of global trade in horticulture crops now exceeds that of cereals. For the first time, horticulture production surpassed food production in India during 2013-14 and continues to excel currently.
• India is characteristically a country of small agricultural farms, where approximately 80% of total land holdings in the country are less than 2 ha (5 acres) with 30% irrigated land only.
• India produces wide variety of agricultural products because of its varied agro-climatic regions but low farm productivity is major concern, which is around 33% of the best agricultural farms world over. Indian farmers can get more remuneration from the same piece of land with fewer inputs, once the productivity gets increased.

Introduction

An revolutionary method of agricultural management, precision agriculture (or precision farming) optimises each step of the farming process using data-driven tactics and cutting-edge technology. By adapting agricultural methods to the unique requirements of each field—or even just a tiny portion of a field—precision agriculture aims to increase efficiency, decrease resource waste, and boost crop yields. To accurately monitor and control aspects including soil conditions, crop health, and environmental variables, this technique integrates technologies like as GPS technology, remote sensing, IoT devices, and data analytics.

13.1 INTRODUCTION

The hot arid regions are spread over about 31.7 million ha area mainly in the States of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, which inhabit on an average 61 persons per square km making up a home for population of nearly 20 million people. The Indian arid zone is characterized by high temperature and low and variable precipitation which limit the scope for high horticultural productivity. However, these conditions greatly favour development of high quality production of fruits such as date palm, ber, pomegranate, citrus, aonla, bael, grapes, guava and vegetables such as cucurbitaceous crops, spices and some medicinal plants. The optimized technologies and inputs could increase the existing low productivity. It is now realized that there is a limited scope for quantum jump in fruit and vegetable production in the traditional production areas. The amelioration of the extreme conditions is also considered vital for life support to the inhabitants of this area. The recent awareness regarding the potential of these ecologically fragile lands for production of quality horticultural produce has not only opened up scope for providing economic sustenance for the people of this region, but also for bringing new areas to increase production through horticulture.

The arid horticultural crops have developed and/or modified to perform certain vital physiological functions even under stress. Strong deep root system (ber, bael, aonla, wood apple, jamun, etc.), moisture synchronous flowering and fruit development (ker, lasora, aonla, pilu, etc.) and other xerophytic characters i.e. leaf shedding in summer (ber), scanty foliage (ker), spiny cladode (cactus pear), mucilaginous sap in plant part (ker, gonda, pilu, bael, etc.), sunken stomata and fur/ hairiness and waxy coating on the leaf surface (phalsa, ber, gonda, fig, etc.) thorny nature, and selective or reduced absorption of cation (Na⁺) and anions (Cl^-, SO4^—) for survival under adverse arid conditions are peculiar adaptations. Therefore, cultivation of suitable species of fruit and vegetables in the arid areas will increase the sustenance of the inhabitants and provide the alternate sources of income through development of nurseries, small scale industries and exports.

The hot arid regions are spread over about 31.7 million ha area mainly in the States of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, which inhabit on an average 61 persons per square km making up a population of nearly 20 million people. The Indian arid zone is characterized by high temperature and low and variable precipitation which limit the scope for high horticultural productivity. However, these conditions greatly favour development of high quality production of fruits such as date palm, ber, pomegranate, citrus, aonla, bael, grapes, guava and in vegetables such as cucurbitaceous crops, spices and some medicinal plants. The optimized technologies and inputs could increase the existing low productivity. It is now realized that there is a limited scope for quantum jump in fruit and vegetable production in the traditional production areas. The amelioration of the extreme conditions is also considered vital for life support to the inhabitants of this area.

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Ever since the man appeared on the earth, he has been harnessing the natural resources to meet his basic requirements. Reference to soil, water and air as basic resources, their management and means to keep them pure are mentioned in the Vedas, Upanishads and in ancient Hindu literature. Agriculture began sometime during 10000 BC and during 1930 AD use of chemical came into vogue (Sarswat et al., 2003). The phenomenal increase in population of both man and animal in the last century and fast growing industrialization and urbanization in last few decades have overstrained the natural resource base, which are getting degraded much faster than ever before. Thus, the attention of whole world is focused on how to increase production to feed the burgeoning population and the question uppermost in every ones mind is “how can we produce enough food without damage to the natural resource base, in a sustainable manner?” Precision farming is a promise in this regard. It appears to reduce risk of crop failure (De Boer, 1997).

What is Precision Farming?

It is information and technology based farm management system to identify, analyze and manage variability within fields for optimum profitability, sustainability and protection of the land resource without disturbing the environment. It is basically means adding the right amount of treatment at the right time and right location within a field.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Today’s technological advancement has reached a level where a farmer can have access to information and tools to manage mechanized field operations. They can now measure, evaluate and deal variability within field (e.g. soil fertility, water availability and yield) that was known to exist previously but was not manageable, to his advantage. The ability to handle the variation in productivity in the field and maximize financial return, reduce waste and minimize impact on environment has always been objective of an enterprising farmer in horticultural sector, especially those who advocate sound horticultural practices. Since precision farming proposes to prescribe strategic farm management decision in the field operations to help to serve this purpose through mechanization, sensing and communication technology, automate data collection, documentation and utilization of this information. Such an approach in horticultural production management gives rise to what is now termed as precision horticulture, soil specific crop management (SSCM), spatially variable crop production (SVCP), smart farming (SF) etc.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

With increasing population, urbanization and continuous depletion of natural resources, there has to be a paradigm shift in farmer’s perception from production to productivity and to profitability. In the present scenario, the major challenges arising are shrinking land and depleting water and other related resources in agriculture. There is need for promoting farmer friendly location specific production system management technologies in a concerted manner to achieve a vertical growth in horticulture production duly ensuring quality of produce and better remuneration per unit of area with judicious use of natural resources. In this endeavour, precision farming aims to have efficient utilization of resources per unit of time and area for achieving targeted production of horticultural produce. With the revolution in information technology, now it has become possible to focus on the positioning of agricultural tools with high degree of accuracy and sophistication for maximizing returns. The combination of information technology and use of hi-tech equipments made it possible for the introduction of precision farming. It is a comprehensive system designed to optimize agriculture production through the application of crop information, advanced technology and management practices. With recent advances in geographic information systems, it has become possible to focus on site specific crop production technologies so as to harness the potential of horticulture through innovative technologies in a sustainable manner.

Introduction

Precision farming is one of the most scientific and modern approaches to sustainable agriculture that has gained momentum in 21^st century. Consider this situation: ‘A farmer goes to his field with his GPS (Global Positioning System) guided tractor. The GPS senses the exact location of the tractor within the field. It sends the signal to a computer on the tractor, which has a GIS, storing the soil nutrient requirement map in it. The GIS, in consultation with a Decision Support System, decides what is the exact requirement of the fertilizer for that location and then commands a variable rate fertilizer applicator, attached with the tractor, to apply the exact dose at that precise location. And all this is done within a second, before the tractor moves further.’ Sounds like an excerpt from a scientific fiction. But this is what precision farming (PF) means to the large growers of the US or European countries. Hence, the first thing that comes to mind is that, this system is not for developing countries, especially India, where the farmers are poor, farming is mostly subsistent and the land holding size is small. But, this is far from the truth as this approach has a large potential for improving the agricultural production in developing world. This article is an attempt to explain the possibility of adopting PF in India and the role of satellite based remote sensing in facilitating that.

In this Chapter the precision farming/ Agriculture is discussed along with its steps of implementation. It also includes how artificial Intelligence plays role to perform precision farming/ agriculture in various way along with its scope, limitation and challenges.

Introduction

The primary source of livelihood is agriculture in India, where two thirds of India’s population, services and the private sector account for the remainder. Agricultural land accounts for about 43 percent of the geographical area of India. In earlier days, India was largely dependent in terms of food imports, but over the years, the country’s production of grain and seeds was self-sufficient, and this effort led to the formation of the Green Revolution. In fact, there was strong effort to achieve food self-sufficiency. This trend has continued up to now and continuous improvements have occurred. Precision agriculture or precision farming means the right thing to do, in the right way, on the right place and at the right time. Precision agriculture is expected to suit the agro-climate activities to improve application precision. Farming land has declined a bit in the last 40 years but the number of farmers has increased. According to the 2010–11 Agriculture Census, a total of 138.35 million operating holdings were estimated (single farmers) and 159,59 million hectares were covered by operations.

Precision agriculture is a management technique that collects, processes and analyzes temporary, spatial and individual data and integrates this with other information in order to support management decisions based on an estimated variability to enhance efficiency of use of agricultural production resources, productivity, quality, profitability and sustainability. Precision Agriculture manages every input of crop production (fertilizer, specifically found calestone, herbicide, seeds, insecticide, etc. Reduce waste, boost income and maintain efficiency Place. Precision Agriculture adapts soil and crop management carefully to suit the different field conditions.

Precision farming is also known as precision agriculture. A farmer is not only expected to produce more for the increasing population and his family but save and protect the fragile environment while practicing it. Advanced technologies with appropriate and exact inputs such as precision farming can take care better of environment. Precision farming is right farming operations at right time leading to maximize profit. Every farming activity performed with precision by doing the right thing, in the right place, in the right way, at the right time and with right technology leading to maximize profit is known as precision farming. It is an efficient, eco-friendly and accurate management of agriculture inputs such as water, seed, fertilizers, pesticides and harvesting tools and machinery to maximize profit and reduce waste. The basic concept of precision farming is to match agricultural inputs and operations as per crop (variety/hybrid/cultivar) and agroclimatic conditions with accuracy to their better use efficiency. Perfection (nothing requisite is wanting) in farming is the key to precision farming.

Precision farming is based on global positioning system (GPS). The unique character of GPS is precision in time and space. Its use is spreading to all farm operations. Precision farming is an integrated information and production based farming system that is designed to increase long term, site specific and whole farm production efficiency, productivity and profitability while minimizing, waste and unintended impacts on the environment. This concept of precision agriculture is based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra field variability in crops.

Farm management strategy is the key to precision agriculture that uses integrated smart technologies such as sensors, GIS, GPS, satellite radars, drones, IoT (Internet of things) and data analytics to develop informed crop production and management decisions. The field variations are precisely measured with the help of technologies to optimize applications of inputs such as manures, fertilizers, pesticides, bio-agents and water use to increase crop yield at minimum cost. The aim of precision farming is to increase productivity, decrease production costs and minimize the environmental impact of farming.

Precision farming is an approach, where inputs are utilized precisely to get increased average yields as compared to traditional cultivation techniques. Precision farming aims to improve crop performance as well as environmental safety. In other words, precision farming is the matching of resource application and agronomic practices with soil attributes and crop requirements as they vary across the field. Precision farming can improve both yield and profits by using optimum resources, while at the same time making agriculture more sustainable and less polluting. Sustainable precision farming is the most valuable innovation in farm management that is based on using Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). This is the most recent innovation technology based on sustainable agriculture and healthy food production. Popular definition of Precision Agriculture (PA), Satellite Farming or Site Specific Crop Management (SSCM) describe the term as ‘a technology enabled approach to farming management that observes, measures, and analyzes the needs of individual fields and crops’.