eChapters

Endometritis is one of the leading causes of reproductive inefficiency, infertility and decreased milk yield in high yielding dairy cows and buffaloes as well as in other species of animals and are associate with severe economic loss. Indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents has resulted in development of resistance to the available antimicrobials. Plant-derived active principles have promising potential to act as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the mechanism of action of Eucalyptus robusta leaves (ER) extract against resistant bacterial isolates. Out of 70 clinical samples of uterine discharges from cattle and buffaloes having history of uterine infection, we have identified one isolate as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. As per the CLSI guideline, this isolate (S4) was found to be catalase +ve, oxidase –ve and possess mecA and coaA genes along with shown resistance to cefoxitin and MIC breakpoint for oxacillin was >4 µg/ml. Methanolic extract of ER reconstituted in water showed presence of eucalyptol (marker compound) along with other major bioactive phytoconstituents following GC-MS analysis. ER extract exhibited marked in vitro antibacterial effect against S4 isolate and MRSA (ATCC 33591) as evidenced by agar well diffusion test with MIC value of 0.3125 mg/ml.

Within a few weeks after November 8, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen made the discovery of X-rays, they were being used in medicine and many sophisticated medical applications. This single discovery of X-rays revolutionized the entire medical field and developed into a separate discipline in the diagnostic and therapeutic applications in human beings and animals. On 10 December, 1901, Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize for Physics in recognition for discovery of X-rays. Radiography in veterinary practice may not always be used to arrive at a final diagnosis of the disorders. In the last few years, various types of X-ray scanners have been developed that allow highly detailed views of a particular section of the body. One type, known as a computerized tomography (CT) scanner, sends narrow beams of X- rays at various angles through a patient’s body. The information obtained from the X-rays is processed by a computer to produce an image of a cross-section of the body. The image shows much more detail than an ordinary X-ray picture. A section of the body can be studied in three dimensions by producing a series of adjacent cross-sectional images. Nevertheless, radiography remains a valuable modality in diagnostic purposes and has significantly extended the usefulness in medicine and research.

Bioinformatics is a multidisciplinary approach that combines computational and biological expertise to analyze biological data to advance research and development and it drew public attention with the announcement of the draft sequence of human genome by the then US President, Bill Clinton along with Craig Venter and Francis Collins in 2000. Bioinformatics and life sciences research are gaining attention in the government, industries and academic sectors. India was the first country in the world to establish a biotechnology information system (BTIS) network in 1987 through the Dept. of Biotechnology and created an infrastructure that enables it to harness biotechnology through the application of bioinformatics. Through this branch of science, biological data are acquired, stored and then analyzed. Bioinformatics can be used to store huge bioscience data for their future uses. By exploring computational tools, databases and new strategies for pests and diseases, resistant genes can be identified and plants with desired traits can be engineered to enhance agricultural productivity. Bioinformatics can be utilized in two ways for agriculture, viz., (i) at molecular level for application in breeding strategies and (ii) agri-informatics for land use planning, farmers window, early warning system, impact assessment and environmental applications.

WNV was first identified in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937. Reported in Western Hemisphere for the first time in 1999, in New York City. The virus had until that time been found only in Africa, Eastern Europe, West Asia and the Middle East.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Flowering: October-November

Fruiting: December-January

Botanical description: The plant is a annual climbing herb, having stems up to 6 metres long that scramble over the ground or climb on other plants, supporting themselves by means of tendrils. Leaves are roundish, kidney-shaped, base deeply heart-shaped. Upper surface is rough, lower surface shortly bristly, 5-7-lobed, with long and hairy stalk. Tendrils are slender and rarely simple. Flowers are yellow in colour, calyx tube 10-15 mm long with spreading petals ending in a short point. Fruits large, succulent, densely hairy when young, with a thick waxy deposit when mature.

26.1. Origin

• Native to Dalmatia (Yugoslavia), Herzegovina and Montenegro.

26.1. Economic importance

• Natural insecticide from dried flower heads.

• Seed or achene contains Pyrethrin I, II, Cinerin I, II, Jasmolin I, II collectively called Pyrethrins.

26.2. Varieties and types

• KKL-1 released from TNAU.

• Hansa and Jhelum released from CIMAP, Lucknow.

• Sel-2 - developed at the Kodaikanal Centre of CIMAP.

• Two types

? Dalmatian pyrethrum: C. cinerariaefolium, grown on the Easte Coast of the Adriatic Sea.

? Japanese pyrethrum also derived from C. cinerariaefolium.

Objective: To study and document the taxonomic characteristics of Siphonaptera and Trichoptera, emphasizing their unique morphological features and ecological adaptations.

1. The removal of moister from the timber is known as seasoning.

2. For boat building purpose timber should have moisture about 18-20%.

3. Mild steel contain 0.15-0.30% of carbon.

4. Low carbon steel contain less than 0.15% of carbon.

5. High carbon steel contain 0.8-1.5% of carbon.

6. The specific gravity of steel 7.84.

7. The aluminum boat was firstly built in France 1892.

8. Ferro cement boat was introduced in France 1847.

9. Specific gravity of aluminum-2.7.

10. Specific gravity of Ferro cement 2.4-2.6.

This chapter introduces hybridoma technology and its application in producing monoclonal antibodies. It explains the fusion of antibody-producing B lymphocytes with immortal myeloma cells, selection in HAT medium and the roles of HGPRT and polyethylene glycol. The survival and cloning of hybrid cells and the advantages of monoclonal antibodies are considered. The chapter also discusses tissue and organ transplantation, including autografts, isografts, allografts and xenografts. The immunological mechanisms of acute graft rejection, donor histocompatibility antigens and the involvement of T lymphocytes are addressed. These questions connect laboratory antibody production with transplantation immunology and its diagnostic, therapeutic and research applications.

Veterinarians will be often required to mention the specific animal husbandry terms for various purposes like writing certificates for various schemes, postmortem, attending court of law in veterolegal cases etc. Hence this chapter aims in refreshing the vets with the common terms associated with different domestic animals and animal husbandry activities. 

Family: Nyctaginaceae

Flowering & Fruiting: Most parts of the year, mostly dry winter season

Botanical description: The plant is a prostrate herb with diffuse inflorescences. The stem of the plant is glabrous or minutely pubescent and often purplish. The leaves are in unequal pairs, broadly ovate with obtuse or rounded apex. Flowers are very small, purplish red to reddish pink or nearly white, bell-shaped beyond the constriction.

Ecology: It is a common weed found near dry and warm river valleys; along roadsides, near habitations, in and along cultivated fields and in open cleared patches in forests. It is distributed throughout India.

Objective: To identify agriculturally important insect orders and understand their key morphological characteristics relevant to their impact on agriculture.

Introduction

1. Serious outbreaks of thrush have been observed in chickens, pigeons, geese, turkeys, pheasants, quail, peacock and many other species of birds.
2. Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated fungus from the outbreak. Mucor spp. and Aspergilli were also found in some cases.
3. The outbreaks are associated with unhygienic conditions and nutritional deficiencies. Infection is more common in young birds up to 10 weeks of age. Morbidity is very high and mortality ranges from 10-75%. Clinical signs are not specific. Poor growth and ruffled feathers are only clinical signs.

Family: Brassicaceae

Flowering: September-November

Fruiting: December-February

Botanical description: The plant is an annual herb with stems reaching up to 1.5 m tall. Stems are erect, reddish-purple below, greenish-red above, hairless, arising from large thickened taproot up to 10 cm in diameter. Leaves are large alternately arranged and hairless, upper smaller. Lower leaves are up to 25 cm long, pinnately cut, with small prickles above and below. Flowers are yellow in colour, borne in racemes at the end of branches with 2 cm across. The pods are stout, 5-9 cm long bearing 30-80 seeds with whitish, yellow or brownish in colour.

Use: Leaves are fried with oil then eaten and also chopped leaves and stems are dried in shade, stored in an earthen pot for consumption.

Cell walls mainly consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in a 4:3:3 ratio. This ratio differs from sources such as hardwood, softwood, and herbs. Besides these three components, natural lignocellulosic materials contain a small amount of pectin, nitrogenous compounds, and the secret ash.

1. Cellulose

2. Hemicellulose

3. Lignin

Cellulose

Cellulose is a glucan polymer consisting of linear chains of 1,4-ß -bonded anhydroglucose units. Cellulose is the structural component of the primary cell wall of the green plants.About 33% of all plant matter is cellulose (the cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40-50% and that of dried hemp is approximately 45%. Cellulose is a straight chain polymer.The number of sugar units in one molecular chain is referred to as the degree of polymerization (DP).Cellulose is insoluble in most solvents including strong alkali. It is difficult to isolate from wood in pure form because it is intimately associated with the lignin and hemicelluloses.

Etiology

Cryptococcosis (KRIP-toe-cock-co-sis) is caused by the fungus, Cryptococcus neoformans (KRIP-toe-cock-kus knee-O-for-mans). It is found worldwide and primarily affects cats and people with weak immune systems.

Family: Brassicaseae

Flowering: November-February Fruiting: February-March

Botanical description: The plant is a herb with white edible mass of abortive flowers aggregated on thick branches of the inflorescence.

Ecology: It is widely cultivated as vegetable in the tropical countries including India. The plant grows in winter season.

Use: Leaves are fried or made into curry and consumed. Inflorescence is used in various types of preparations.

Founded in 1924, with the aim to develop and publish standard procedures in the field of seed testing, with member laboratories in over 70 countries world wide. ISTA membership is truly a global network. ISTA secretariat is located at Zurich, Switzerland.

1. VISION AND MISSION

ISTA members work together to achieve their vision of ‘Uniformity in seed quality evaluation worldwide’. The association produces Internationally agreed rules for seed sampling and testing, accredits laboratories, promotes research, provides International seed analysis certificates and training and disseminates knowledge in Seed Science and Technology. This facilitates seed trading Nationally and Internationally and also contributes to food security.

    14.1 Dry land ecosystem of Jammu and Kashmir
Geographically, Jammu and Kashmir state is divided into various zones- the mountainous plain known as Kandi belt, hills including Shiwaliks ranges, mountains of Kashmir valley and Pir Panjal range, and Tibetan tract of ladakh and kargil. The maximum areas of Jammu division is existing in rainfed condition and are known as kandi belt or sub-mountane region which includes the lower shiwalik region. The soils of kandi belt are light to dark colored, well drained, severely eroded and with varying degree of stoniness. These soils are neutral to slightly alkaline nature, low organic matter and poor in fertility. In these areas, mango, guava, aonla, phalsa, citrus, bael, ber and jamun are commonly grown as all these fruit crops are survived under rainfed condition or require less irrigations. In these areas the normal rainfall is nearly 900-1000 mm with a high co-efficient of dissimilarity. The rainfall division patterns are especially erratic in time and space which leads to moisture stress situation. About 70 to 80 per cent the annual rainfall occurs during from July to September as a result of the South-West monsoon. April to June and October to November are the driest months and is scarcity of water. Therefore the farmers are suffering by growing the agricultural crops and they have tremendous scope for growing fruit crops. These crops are less water requiring as compared to agricultural crops. Therefore RRSS, Raya, SKUAST-Jammu was initiated since 2016 for systematic research work for collection of germplasm, conservation, evaluation and utilization of red flush guava strains for growers community (Anonymous, 2022).

It is a fungal infection of skin and the term favus is used for the disease in poultry. The disease is world wide in distribution.

Etiology

Microsporum gallinae, a fungus. The fungus is zoonotic. Lesions of ring worm are produced in humans in contact with infected birds.