eChapters

Nervous system Disorders in Domestic Animals
Nervous system disorders in domestic animals encompass a range of conditions that affect the brain, peripheral nerves, and spinal cord. These disorders can result in a variety of clinical signs, depending on the area of the nervous system involved. Infectious disorders like rabies, canine distemper, toxoplasmosis, listeriosis. Congenital and developmental disorders like hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia and chiari-like malformation can cause these disorders. Traumatic and degenerative disorders like Intervertebral Disc Disease. Degenerative myelopathy, metabolic and toxic disorders like hepatic encephalopathy, hypocalcemia, lead poisoning, organophosphate toxicity, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders like meningitis and meningoencephalitis may also lead to nervous system disorders. Some tumours associated with nervous system like meningiomas and peripheral nerve sheathtumours also cause nervous system disorders.  

India has vast animal genetic resources with a wide variety of indigenous farm animal breeds. These breeds have evolved over generations to adapt to specific agro-climatic and socio-economic needs of the people. Many number of these breeds are now subjected to fast genetic degradation and dilution because of unplanned and indiscriminate breeding and introduction of exotic germplasm.

Domestic animal diversity in developing countries is embedded in traditional farming and pastoral communities who manage their livestock according to their Indigenous Technological Knowledge (ITK) and in tune with local ecological constraints.

Cosmos is a flowering plant belongs to family Asteraceae. Cosmos bipinnatus is ornamentally important species grown for garden display. The word cosmos is derived from the Greek word “kosmos”, which means a balanced universe or order, harmony and often referred to as Mexican Aster. The species name is from the Latin “bipinnatus” meaning “twice-pinnate” The botanical epithet is from the Latin “pinnatus” meaning “with leaflets arranged in opposite pairs”. Cosmos flowers are produced in a capitulum. Modern varieties come with single or double flowers, picotee edges, and even furled petals in the variety Seashells. Ornamental uses of cosmos include cut flowers and as border annual in the gardens. It is a very popular flower for summer bedding. Cosmos has a pleasant aroma and attracts butterflies to the garden. Essential oil extracted from leaves of cosmos. The major constituent of C. bipinnatus contained 15-17% beta-elemene, 15-17% beta-caryophyllene, 10-21% germacrene D and 12-15% bicyclogermacrene (Menut et al., 2000).

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

Cosmos is native to scrub and meadowland in Mexico where most of the species occur, Florida and the southern United States, Arizona, Central America, and to South America in the north to Paraguay in the south.

It can also be found in natural areas in much of North America, where it is a garden escape (introduced species) and in some habitats becoming a weed. Cosmos sulphureus originates from Central America (Mexico) and northern South America, where it is still found in the wild. It has been introduced as an ornamental in many countries all over the world, in tropical Africa e.g. in Senegal, Cameroon, Sudan, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Réunion and Mauritius. Sometimes it has escaped from cultivation and behaves like a weed, e.g. in Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, the United States and Canada. Cosmos caudatus is indigenous to tropical America. It was introduced by Spaniards into the Philippines, possibly because it was used by them as a vegetable at sea. Now it is pantropical, including Southeast Asia, where it is cultivated but also occurs in a naturalized state.

Principle

Western blot analysis (also called protein immunoblot) is a useful tool for the detection of proteins in biological samples. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate native or denatured proteins by the length of the polypeptide (denaturing conditions) or by the 3-D structure of the protein (native/ non-denaturing conditions). The proteins are then transferred to a membrane (typically nitrocellulose), where they are probed (detected) using antibodies specific to the target protein.  It is a technique for analyzing and identifying protein antigens: the proteins are separated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, then transferred (“blotted”) onto a nitrocellulose membrane or treated paper, where they bind in the same pattern as they formed in the gel. The antigen is overlaid first with antibody, then with anti-immunoglobulin or protein A labeled with radioisotope, fluorescent dye, or enzyme. 

The method originated from the laboratory of George Stark at Stanford. The name “Western blot” was given to the technique by W. Neal Burnette and is a play on the name “Southern blot”, a technique for DNA detection developed earlier by Edwin Southern. Detection of RNA is termed northern blotting and the detection of posttranslational modification of protein is termed “Eastern blotting”.

This practical assignment deals with operational principles and functions of the Overhead Project which governs the appropriate handling and application of OHP in real situation and also guides students in preparing different types of Overhead Projector slides for presentation.

Introduction Market-led extension is a strategic approach aimed at providing farmers with valuable and high-quality information to enhance their decision-making processes in both production and marketing. This approach acknowledges the global nature of modern markets and encourages farmers to transition from being mere producers in local markets to becoming sellers in broader, potentially international markets. To make this shift successful, it is essential to equip extension workers, those who offer agricultural guidance, with the necessary skills and knowledge about market dynamics (Ahmad and Slathia, 2011). This involves a shift in their approach, moving from solely focusing on increasing productivity to emphasizing profitability. It also involves transitioning from subsistence farming to a more commercial orientation, from single-commodity farming to diversified crop production, and from local markets to global export markets.

Myology: It is the branch of biological science which deals with the description of different muscles and their accessory structures.

Muscle is a contractile tissue present in all animals. Its function is to produce motion. Impulses from nerve cells control the contraction of each muscle fiber. Contractile part of muscles is muscular tissue.

There are three kinds of muscular tissue in the body:

a. Striated or striped muscle

b. Non-striated or unstriped or smooth muscle

c. Cardiac muscle.

For dissection purpose only striated muscles are included in this book.

The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants or UPOV is an intergovernmental organization with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. UPOV was established by the International Convention. The objective of the Convention is the protection of new varieties of plants by an intellectual property right. The Convention was adopted in Paris in 1961 and revised in 1972, 1978 and 1991. UPOV aims to encourage the development of new varieties of plants for the benefit of society by codifying intellectual property for plant breeders.

1. Introduction

Libraries and information services have traditionally been seen as quiet sanctuaries of knowledge and learning. However, in today’s rapidly evolving digital age, libraries must actively market their services to ensure they remain relevant and accessible to diverse user groups. Marketing these services involves not only promoting the library’s offerings but also effectively communicating its value to the community. Marketing in case of libraries is necessary to offer benefits to users’ want, reduce barriers to use and access, persuade and inform the users, and carefully plan to satisfy users’ needs effectively. “Marketing is so basic that it cannot be considered a separate function within the library. Marketing is a central dimension of the entire library. It is the entirety of the library’s operations and services seen from a point of view of its final result, that is, from the customer’s point of view” (Gupta and Savard, 2010). Marketing library and information service is an established sub-set of management practices which identifies customer wants and needs and meets those needs within the resources of the organization (Gupta, Koontz & Massisimo, 2013).

Introduction

The global food system is anticipated to supply safe and nutritious food to a population that is expected to increase from 7.5 billion now to approximately 10 billion by 2050. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes rise in rising and developing nations, demand for meat, fish, and dairy will rise as well (Brooks et al., 2019). Demand for agricultural commodities is rising rapidly as the world's population grows. Agriculture’s deep connections to the world economy, human societies, and biodiversity make it one of the most important frontiers for conservation around the globe (world wildlife).

Today's connected world has given entrepreneurs millions of new places to start small businesses, and the Internet has a lot of information to help them. Also, the internet has made it easier for business owners to connect with their peers, learn from their mistakes, and use their good decisions as a guide for their paths.

Introduction
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (PCRA) is a crucial piece of legislation in India, designed to address social discrimination and uphold the equality enshrined in the Constitution. Originally known as the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955, it was later amended to become the Protection of Civil Rights Act. This law aims to eliminate the social stigma associated with untouchability and caste-based discrimination, providing a framework to ensure that all individuals enjoy civil rights, regardless of caste, creed, or background.
Historical Background
India’s caste system has deep historical roots, often leading to various forms of social exclusion and discrimination, especially for those belonging to the lower castes or “Dalit” communities. Recognizing the need for legal safeguards, India’s Constituent Assembly introduced Article 17 in the Constitution, abolishing untouchability. However, legal provisions were needed to enforce these rights effectively, leading to the enactment of the Untouchability (Offences) Act in 1955. With amendments and broader interpretation, it evolved into the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
Objectives of the Protection of Civil Rights Act
The PCRA aims to
1. Abolish untouchability in all forms.
2. Protect and promote civil rights, ensuring equal access to public places and services.
3. Prohibit discrimination in any social, economic, or educational sphere based on caste or religion.
4. Penalize those who commit acts of discrimination or deprive others of their rights based on caste or other prejudicial factors.

R has become the world-wide language for statistics, predictive analytics, and data visualization. R is not limited to statistics; it provides a wide range of tools for spectroscopy. It offers a wide range of methodologies for spectral data preprocessing, spectral analysis, multivariate analysis of the spectral data, machine leraning models for prediction of properties, and visualization. As an open source project, it’s freely available for a range of platforms, including Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. An integrated development environment (IDE) for R, R Studio, allows interactive execution of R functions with user interface. RStudio is available in two formats - RStudio Desktop and RStudio Server - both available in free and fee-based (commercial) editions.
1.1. Download and Install R
The R software setup files can be downloaded from any of the widely distributed Comprehensive R Archive Network (CARN). To download R, go to url: https:// www.r-project.org/ and choose your preferred CRAN mirror, a location close to you and follow the steps to download and installation of R and Rtools.
1.2. Download and Install R Studio
Download and Install the R Studio once the base R is installed. Go to https://www. rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/ and click on download R Studio Desktop with Open Source license.
1.3. Updating R
To update the R, we need the package “installr” and use function “updateR( )”

Introduction

Fish is a renewable natural resource. It is a significant part of the domestic food supply which amount of foreign exchange. Export of fish and fish products has expanded very significantly. Fish earns increasing farming is an important component of India’s rural economy. Inland fisheries including rivers and ponds produce about 35 to 40 percent of the total fish harvest of the country. Fresh water aquaculture belongs to the unorganised traditional sector, which consists of many socio economically weak fishermen and small-scale fish farming units that use traditional methods of fish culture. Fish farming faces dual problem of conservation and development. Conservation may be defined as an approach to resource management that seeks to leave fish resources relatively untouched. Development on the other hand amounts to the use and modification of fish resources. It may involve transformation of fish resources. It is considered as a renewable resources because with proper management it can be made to yield direct services indefinitely into the future. But its renewability does not imply that it is free from pressing problem of over exploitation and total depletion.

Abstract

The present study of effect of drip irrigation and rootstocks on apple cvs Red Fuji and scarlet Gala under high density plantation was taken up at Horticultural Research Station, Seobagh, Kullu (HP) during 2002-2004. Six year old plants grafted on clonal rootstocks viz., EMLA-106, EMLA-7 and EMLA-111 planted at 3x3m were taken for studies. Five levels of irrigation at 100% ETC, 80% ETC, 60% ETC, 40% ETC and basin irrigation at 100 ETc levels were applied through drips starting from March to fruit maturity. Each treatment was replicated four times with one tree in each in a split plot design. Fertilizer application and cultural practices were carried out as per the recommendations of the university. The data on yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. The fruit firmness, TSS, titratable acidity, reducing sugars, total sugar and non-reducing sugars content decreased with increase in the volume applied through drip. There is a little difference among the varieties and rootstocks for biochemical parameters. Various physical quality parameters were significantly improved by drip irrigation over basin irrigation. The fruits of both the varieties had maximum length, diameter and weight on the rootstock EMLA-106. Similarly yield was also influenced by various levels of irrigation.  Drip irrigation at 40% ETC resulted in maximum water use efficiency (0.022 to 0.023 kg / plant/liter) in Red Fuji during both the years under study.

Introduction

Floriculture or flower farming is the study of growing and marketing flowers and foliage plants. Floriculture includes cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for direct sale or for use as raw materials in cosmetic and perfume industry and in the pharmaceutical sector. It also includes production of planting materials through seeds, cuttings, budding and grafting. In simpler terms floriculture can be defined as the art and knowledge of growing flowers to perfection. The persons associated with this field are called floriculturists.

Worldwide more than 140 countries are involved in commercial Floriculture. The leading flower producing country in the world is Netherlands and Germany is the biggest importer of flowers. Countries involved in the import of flowers are Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy and Japan while those involved in export are Colombia, Israel, Spain and Kenya. USA and Japan continue to be the highest consumers.

The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) based in Geneva, Switzerland and established in 1961 is an intergovernmental organization to provide and promote an effective system of plant variety protection, with the aim of encouraging the development of new varieties of plants, for the benefit of society. For plant breeders' rights to be granted, the new variety must meet four criteria under the rules established by UPOV as discussed earlier also.

Cannibalism

Cannibalism is a bad habit of birds in which the birds attack their fellow birds and eat their flesh. It is done through sharp end of beak, which causes deep wounds specially on vent. Sometimes the wounds are so deep that leads to death of affected bird. Two types of cannibalism vices are common i.e. vent pecking and feather pecking.

Cause / Predisposing Factors

• Over crowding

• Genetic predisposition

• Hemorrhage in external genitalia

• Protein deficiency (arginine and methionine deficiency)

• Loss of feathers • Wounds

• Prolapse of cloaca

Objectives
• Assists in retaining and recalling key information.
• Enhances focus and concentration during learning activities.
• Serves as a personalized summary of complex content.
• Provides an invaluable resource for exam preparation and academic success.
Note-Taking
Note-taking is the process of systematically recording important information from lectures, readings, or discussions to enhance understanding, memory retention, and future reference. It is a fundamental academic skill that not only aids comprehension but also fosters active engagement with the material.
Methods of Note-Taking
To cater to diverse learning preferences, several note-taking methods have been developed. Understanding these techniques enables learners to adopt the most effective strategy for their needs.

Introduction 
In order to ensure that future generations can prosper, sustainable development is an all-encompassing strategy that aims to strike a balance between social equity, environmental protection, and economic growth. The inclusion of genderresponsive policies is one of this agenda’s most important but often ignored components. Encouraging inclusive and sustainable development outcomes requires acknowledging and addressing the unique needs and contributions of different genders. Empowering women and other marginalized genders have positive effects on resilience, economic productivity, and environmental stewardship that go beyond local communities. Policies that are gender responsive aim to address systemic disparities by advancing equal opportunities and involvement in decision-making. These policies seek to empower marginalized groups while also utilizing their distinct viewpoints and skills to tackle urgent global issues. Women are important in agriculture and natural resource management, for example, so their input is essential in developing environmental policies that work. Gender considerations can be effectively integrated into development frameworks to produce more comprehensive solutions that lead to sustainable outcomes. In addition, promoting gender parity is not just a question of justice but also a critical component of sustainable development. Greater gender parity is associated with faster economic growth and better social outcomes in nations, according to a wealth of research. Entire communities gain when women have access to economic opportunities, healthcare, and education. In order to achieve sustainable development goals and make sure that no one is left behind, creating gender-responsive policies is therefore not just an ethical duty but also a practical necessity. In conclusion, examining the relationship between gender and sustainable development can help us better understand the many issues our world is currently facing. Gender-responsive policies should be given top priority so that we can help everyone reach their full potential and encourage creativity and resilience. This strategy opens the door for a more sustainable and inclusive future by promoting equitable development and bolstering our group’s capacity to handle social, economic, and environmental issues.

Examination of peritoneal fluid provides valuable information about abdominal and systemic disease. This chapter describes the practical collection and evaluation of peritoneal fluid, including appropriate sampling techniques and clinical considerations. Fluid examination helps differentiate transudates, modified transudates and exudates and can provide evidence of inflammation, infection, haemorrhage or other abdominal abnormalities. Physical, biochemical and cytological characteristics contribute to interpretation. Proper collection and handling of samples are essential for reliable diagnostic results. The chapter emphasizes integration of peritoneal fluid findings with history, physical examination and other diagnostic procedures to support identification of abdominal disease processes.