eChapters

Site of Incision

Make an incision around the eyeball at the margin of orbit.Then remove the supraorbital process by cutting dorsal and ventral end to access inside the orbit. Remove all the attachments of eyeball from osseous orbit through carefull dissection. Then remove all the extraoccular and periorbital fat to expose the muscles of eyeball.

Ornamental horticulture is the branch of horticulture concerned with cultivating plants of all kinds for show and to satisfy the eye rather than for food (Bailey, 1960). It includes floriculture, the culture of trees for shades, display and landscape gardening. Gill (1988) defined taxonomy as a study aimed at producing a system of classification of biological organisms, which best reflects the totality of their similarities and differences. According to
him, there are three inter-related aspects of taxonomy namely: Identification, Nomenclature and Classification. Identification deals with the determination of a taxon as being identical or similar to another and already known organisms. Nomenclature on the other hand has to do with determination of the correct name for the organisms and is governed by International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. It permits only a single valid name for each plant. Classification is the placing of plants in groups or categories according to particular plan or system.
The objectives of taxonomy are to provide: a convenient method of identifying, naming and describing plants, a classification which as far as possible express the natural relationships of organisms, detect evolution at work, discovering its processes and interpreting its results, an inventory of plant resources-local, regional and continental and to provide an integrating and unifying role in the training of biology.

Objectives
• Understand the concept and structure of analogy-based questions.
• Recognize different types of analogies used in reasoning.
• Develop strategies to approach analogy questions effectively.
• Enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills through practice.
Introduction
An analogy is a comparison between two things that highlights a relationship or similarity between them. Analogical reasoning is frequently used in verbal reasoning sections of competitive exams, as well as in day-to-day problemsolving.
In analogy-based questions, pairs of words are given, and the goal is to identifythe relationship between them and apply the same  relationship to another pair. Analogies test your ability to comprehend relationships, draw logical inferences, and think critically.
Structure of an Analogy Question
Typically, an analogy question follows this format:

1. Introduction

Sundarbans is claimed to be one of the wonders of the world for its natural resources of halophytic mangrove forest (some 34 species of true mangroves are present), biodiversity and ecosystem that form an extraordinary environment of the globe. Available brackish water environment of Sundarbans provides favourable substratum for algal communities (Naskar and Naskar, 2010). Enteromorpha intestinalis specifically is one of the algal species that is very abundant in the Sundarban region. The production of total seaweeds in India in 2000 was approximately 600,000 tons (wet weight). India produces 110-132 tons of dry agar annually utilizing about 880-1100 tons of dry agarophytes. The seaweed industry in India is mainly a cottage industry and is based only on the natural stock of agar-yielding red seaweeds, such as Gelidiella acerosa and Gracilaria edulis, and algin yielding brown seaweeds species such as Sargassum and Tubineria (Kaladharan and Kaliaperumal, 1999).

Investigational studies indicate that marine algae contain significant amount of nutraceuticals, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, fiber and antioxidants. Composition indicates that there is a tremendous scope for food and pharmaceutical applications. These may be used for food fortification but after rigorous studies. Formulation, standarizaiton and characterization should be performed before human use. Studies for exploitation of the bioactive components of the species may open up new avenues. Hence there seems to be a full scope for the realization of outcomes of the research. Further the utilization of the developed processes at higher scales may reap in financial benefits and may prove beneficial to the local people, who are supplier of the raw materials. The present study is an attempt to utilize this India variety of macro-algae for fortification of bakery food products.

Abstract

Demand for starch is increasing day by day and is met by restricted range of crops. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in obtaining starch from non-conventional sources such as sweet potato, buckwheat, sago, water chestnut, which can be used as a substitute for conventional sources. So it is necessary to search for other underutilized and nonconventional sources of starch to meet the increased demand. Typha angustifolia, an aquatic weed containing appreciable amount of starch in its rhizome and roots, can be used for starch isolation to make its use in food and non-food derivatives. In many parts of the world, starch-rich roots of Typha angustifolia are eaten raw or boiled or dried roots are pulverized into a powder, and then, used as a thickener in soups or added to cereal flours to make biscuits and bread.

Introduction

Avian salmonellosis is the term used to describe a large group of acute or chronic diseases caused by one or more members of the bacterial genus Salmonella, which is a member of the large family Enterobacteriaceae. Domestic poultry is known to constitute the largest single reservoir of Salmonella organism existing in nature. They include host specific and nonmotile members of the genus S. enterica subspp. enterica pullorum/gallinarum. If the infection of poultry is due to other Salmonella organisms other than Salmonella enteric subspp. enterica gallinarum/pullorum, the infection is then referred to as paratyphoid.

Introduction

Commercial pig farming in India is one of the best and profitable business ideas for the Indian people. There are several highly meat producing pig breeds available around the globes. Some of those are very suitable for commercial meat production according to the weather and climate of India. A few years back, pig farming had a bad image in the society, but at present at scenario has changed tremendously and commercial pig farming in India is no more restricted to lower class people. Now peoples are conscious about the economic value of pigs like other domestic livestock animals; and higher cast, educated people also started commercial pig farming business in a modern and scientific manner.

Among all domestic animals, pigs are the most prolific animal, giving 6-12 piglets in every litter and they are fast growing, attain a body weight of about 68 kg in about 6-8 months time, when they can slaughter. Pig has shortest generation interval among meat producing livestock. Pig products such as pork, bacon, ham, sausages, lord (pig fat) are increasingly in demand both for local consumption and for export. Pig skin used for the manufacture of light leather goods. Pig manure contains Nitrogen: 0.70%, Phosphorus: 0.60% and Potassium: 0.70%. Swine has superior feed conversion power (1: 3-3.5). Swine store fat rapidly. Pigs are prolific and bring quick return. A unit of 10 sows and 1 boar will produce about 160 piglets during the first year. Gilts may be bred between the ages of about 8-9 months furrowing when approximately 13 months old. Piggery enterprise requires moderate investment. Pig has highest dressing percentage (Pig: 65-80%) as compare to cattle (50-60%) and lamb and sheep (45-55%). Pork is the most nutritious meat. Pig is extremely sensitive to unfavorable ration and to careless management. Pigs are very susceptible to numerous diseases and parasites. Sow should required skilled attendants at the time of furrowing.

Strategies To Improve The Productivity Of Drylands

With renewed interest in rainfed agriculture during 1970s, both the national (AICRPDA and CRIDA) and international institutions (ICRISAT) have studied several aspects of rainwater management. Recommendations have been made after their through testing both at the research stations and on farmer’s fields. Initially these technologies were accepted by the farmers because of the pursuasion by the Scientists and the incentives, but many of them are forgotten once the support is withdrawn. It is now time for us to examine whether the technologies themselves were weak or certain components were missing. Malfunctioning of the software may be due to a bug right from the beginning or it entered into the system at a later stage. It is also possible that we neglected certain critical inputs which became major constraints making the system defunct. Whatever the reason it should be identified and set right if the technology has to continue as tool for tackling the challenges of rainfed agriculture.

Successful cultivation of a crop is governed by various factors including the edaphic and climatic conditions of the region, owing to which the crop responds in terms of quality and productivity. Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) is one of the major crops cultivated across the tropical and sub tropical countries worldwide. Adaptability of the crop under different climatic conditions, topography, temperature, photo-periodicity, rainfall and edaphic conditions will be discussed in this chapter.

Climatic zone: Pineapple is a tropical fruit crop though it can thrive well in the sub-tropical condition as well.Pineapple grows well inwarm and humid climate ranging from mild coastal climate up to an altitude of about 1000 meters, provided the area is free from frost (Singh, 2014).Pineapple is commercially grown over a wide range of latitudes from 30° N (Assam, India) in the northern hemisphere to 33°S in the Southern hemisphere (South Africa) (Malezieux et al., 2003; Purseglove, 1972).

Topography: Pineapples are easy to cultivatesince they thrive naturally in a variety of places with different elevation, especially in tropical countries (Kaudo, 2014). Though the plant survives at different altitude, the fruit quality and size may alter at different elevation. When pineapple is grown at altitudes greater than 1000 m, smaller fruits with elevated tartness with less attractive pulp colour (Purseglove, 1968).Moreover, fruit flavour can also vary, wherein the fruit tends to bemore acidic and sour when cultivated above 1800 meters, but will be sweet and tasty under 1350 meters (Kaudo, 2014).

Temperature: On an average, the temperatures required for growing pineapples range within 18-30°C (Kaudo, 2014) andmore specifically at 23 - 24 ° C (Neild and Boshell, 1976; Py et al., 1987). The optimum day and night temperatures for pineapple were reported to be about 30°C and 20 °C, respectively (Neild and Boshell, 1976). Bartholomew and Kadzimin (1977), however have reported that leaves and roots grow best at 32°C and 29°C respectively and the growth practically ceases below 20°C and above 36°C. Py and Tisuucau (1965) have observed 25°C to be optimal for fruit ripening.

1. Introduction

Today, all the organisations rely on assessments of data provided by their users, consumers, internal procedures, and day to day operations to find new avenues for betterment and expansion of the product and services. These insights provide a large and intricate set of professionally generated, maintained, analyzed, and modified facts. "Big Data" refers to the vast amount of data (Bansal, 2022, April 6). For instance, social media platforms facilitate human contact every day and millions of people connect and share a vast array of diverse types of information through these platforms. Big Data is viewed as "incredibly significant" in academic research. In the Big Data context, data visualization tools and technologies are essential for analyzing large amounts of data and making decisions based on facts (Adilin Beatrice, 2021, March 2). Information and data are represented graphically in data visualization. By using visual components like charts, graphs, and maps, data visualization tools provide an intuitive way to observe and understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data. The process is called Big Data Analytics that describes the process of uncovering trends, patterns, and correlations in large amounts of raw data to help make data-informed decisions in various research works.

Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production sector globally, with finfish and crustaceans playing a significant role in meeting the growing demand for animal protein. However, aquaculture’s reliance on marine capture fisheries for essential feed ingredients, such as fishmeal and fish oil, presents significant sustainability challenges. The Fish In: Fish Out (FIFO) ratio, which estimates the quantity of wild-caught fish used to generate one unit of reared fish, has become a key metric in assessing the sustainability of aquaculture. A high FIFO ratio indicates greater dependence on wild fish stocks, contributing to overfishing and ecosystem degradation. This chapter explores the FIFO ratio, its role in promoting sustainable aquaculture, and innovations to reduce its environmental impact. Over the years, the global average FIFO ratio has improved, reflecting advances in feed efficiency and the incorporation of alternative ingredients such as plant-based proteins, insect meals, and by-products from fish processing. However, challenges remain in these alternatives’ availability, cost, and nutritional performance. Case studies, including salmon rearing in Scotland and shrimp farming in Thailand, demonstrate the potential of alternative feed ingredients in lowering FIFO ratios and enhancing sustainability. This chapter also addresses the limitations of the FIFO ratio as a singular sustainability metric, calling for a more holistic approach to evaluating aquaculture’s environmental and economic impacts. Ultimately, achieving sustainable FIFO ratios will require
continued innovation, improved feed formulations, and global collaboration to ensure aquaculture’s role in providing a sustainable source of protein for the growing global population.
Keywords: Sustainability, Fish In: Fish Out (FIFO), Plant-based feed and Insect based feed

Objectives
• Understand the concept of antecedents in grammar and their role in sentence structure.
• Identify different types of antecedents and their functions in sentences.
• Recognize how antecedents relate to pronouns and other grammatical elements.
• Learn how to use antecedents correctly to avoid ambiguity and improve clarity in writing.
• Analyze examples of antecedents in various contexts to enhance comprehension and application.
Introduction
In grammar, an antecedent is a word or phrase that a pronoun refers back to in a sentence.
Antecedents are usually nouns or noun phrases that provide clarity about which person, place, thing, or idea is being discussed. The correct use of antecedents ensures that sentences are clear and that pronouns have specific references.

ABSTRACT

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. is one of the important medicinal plants that contains L DOPA (L-3,4 dihydroxy phenylalanine) which is the precussor for the neurotransmitter dopamine that plays an important role in curing Parkinson?s disease. To accommodate the huge demand for L DOPA, in vitro production of the drug using cell cultures is felt essential. Hence, an experiment was carried out with completely randomized design with seven treatments viz., T₀ - Control; T₁ - MS + 2 mg l^-1 NAA; T₂ - MS + 2 mg l^-1 IAA; T₃ - MS + 2 mg l^-1 2,4-D; T₄ - MS + 2 mg l^-1 Kinetin; T₅ - MS + 2 mg l^-1 BA; T₆ - MS + 1 mg l^-1 IAA + 1 mg l^-1 BA and 3 replications. Among the various explants investigated stem bits registered the least days (12.38) for callus induction. The stem bits responded well with better callusability (78.57 per cent), relative growth rate (2.57) and callus index (249.16). MS medium + 2 mg l^-1 2,4-D was found to be the best for inducing callus in various explants namely stem bits, leaf bits and root bits. L DOPA accumulation was more in cell suspension cultured in liquid MS medium with 4 per cent sucrose + 1 mg l^-1 IAA + 1 mg l^-1 BA and that was confirmed by means of HPLC.

Bottle gourd (Lageneria siceraria) 2n=2x=22 is also known as white flowered gourd. Most important vegetable of ancient China.
 
Origin : According to De Candolle (1882) Bottle gourd has been found in wild form in South Africa and India. However, Cutler and Whitaker (1962) are of the view that probably it is indigenous to Tropical Africa on the basis of variability in seeds and fruits. This species appear to have been domesticated independently in Asia, Africa and the New world (Heiser, 1973).
 
Botany: It is monoecious, annual vine with soft pubescence. Leaves are cordate ovate to reniform-ovate, Flowers are white, solitary, open at night and has hairy ovary. Fruit shape is cylindrical, oval egg shaped, club shaped, round and other shapes also appeared.

Genetics of Important Traits

Bitterness: Single dominant gene (Path and Singh, 1950)

Fruit colour: Monogenically controlled (Kalloo, 1993)

Two major genes are involved for fruit shape (Path and Singh, 1950). Single gene for fruit colour involved (patchy v/s white) and reported by Path and Singh (1950). Monogenic recessive inheritance for andromonoecious sex form is reported by Singh et al. (1996). Hermaphrodite sex form is characterized by long corolla (3.5-4.5cm instead of 2.5-3.5cm in normal). In hermaphrodite condition fruits bears prominent blossom scar.  Long fruit conditioned by AA genotype and Round fruit is due to aa genotype where Partial dominance is reported (Kushwaha, 1996).

Introduction

Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, quails, guinea fowls, and geese for the purpose of farming meat or egg for food. Indian poultry industry is one of the fasted growing segments of the agricultural sector today in India. Undoubtedly, this impressive growth is a result of several factors such as active development support from the state and central government, research institutes, international collaboration and private sector participation. Indian poultry industry is self sufficient, supported by a broad and strong genetic base in which the productivity levels of broilers and layers are equal to those achieved elsewhere (i.e. in the United States of America and the European Union). Raising of day old chicks up to the stage of sale with assistance in the form of services from hatcheries, medical care from veterinarians, supply of medicine from pharmaceutical companies, manufacturing quality medicine, supply of poultry equipments and supply of nutritive poultry feed by commercial poultry feed manufacturers and financial assistance from various financial institutions are included under poultry industry.

In the recent days, poultry farming has become an important industry in our country. The changes, it has undergone in the past few years are quite surprising. The scope of the poultry farming is very much and there is lot of chances for improvement in this field. With the help of sophisticated instruments, the production of poultry products can be increased. Creation of public aware is needed for overall development of poultry industry. The egg is needed for over all development of poultry industry. The egg earlier treated as non-vegetarian item, is not being considered by most as not so.

In our previous chapters, we have discussed various sampling designs or techniques such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling and cluster sampling recently we have discussed unequal probability sampling i.e., probability proportional to size sampling. In all these sampling designs the variable of interest (generally there is only one variable of interest) which we have considered and perform our estimation based on that single variable. There are some other variables which are related to our variable of interest and if we utilize those variables, we may gain some efficiency in our estimator i.e., if we take some correlated variables with our variable of interest or study variable by this, we can enhance our estimation. The variable which is correlated with the study variable is usually known auxiliary variable or supporting variable or supplementary variable or benchmark variable. This auxiliary variable is utilized in two stages either in the design stage or estimation stage.

Graunt (1662) was the first who used auxiliary information to estimate the population size of England. After this Laplace used auxiliary information for the estimation of the population in France.

1. Introduction

The idea of Green Libraries transcends mere energy conservation or waste reduction. It encapsulates a broader commitment to sustainability, encompassing green building practices, sustainable operations, environmentally friendly collections, and programs that educate and engage communities on sustainability issues. This essay explores the multifaceted nature of Green Libraries, examining their significance, the principles that guide them, and their impact on communities and the environment.

2. The Emergence of Green Libraries

The Green Library movement is relatively recent, gaining momentum in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This movement arose from a growing recognition of the library's role in society as a community hub and educational institution. Libraries, traditionally seen as repositories of knowledge and culture, began to evolve in response to societal shifts towards environmental consciousness.

Introduction

Farmers Producer Organisations are associations of farmers and other rural producers formed based on membership to advance the members' common interests, engage in mutually beneficial technical and economic activities, and foster and sustain relationships with other organisations active in the same economic and institutional sphere. Farmer Producer Organisations (FPO) are a way for farmers, especially those on the margins of the industry, to band together and establish a strong front against the myriad problems plaguing the agricultural sector, including a lack of capital, knowledge, and access to markets. To better organise farmers, increase their ability to pool their resources, and increase their competitive edge in the marketplace, the Indian government's Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) has determined that Farmer Producer Organisations incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 are the best vehicle for doing so.

Background

More than 85% of India's 12.5 million agricultural households are classified as small and marginal farmers because they own less than two hectares of land. Every farmer, on average, owns 1.33 hectares of land. For farmers, investing in cutting-edge farming techniques and high-yielding inputs like seeds and fertiliser is simply not feasible in the current economic climate. They also don't make much money off their marketable surplus when they sell it off piece by piece. One strategy for farmers to reduce the cost of inputs and increase their bargaining position in the marketplace is to form Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs).

Abstract

Propagation in vitro using shoot tips / axillary buds has been applied successfully for production of  clonal apple rootstock  Malling 7 of EMLA series. For surface sterilization, HgCl₂ was found to be a good disinfectant as compared to sodium hypochlorite. Shoot tips were established best in MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l  BA, 0.5 mg/l GA₃ and  0.1 mg/l IBA. Antioxidants were added to overcome phenol exudation. Shoot multiplication was influenced by cytokinin type and concentration. Of the cytokinins tested, BA (0.5 mg/l) was found superior to kinetin. Addition of phloroglucinol improved multiplication rate and shoot growth. Among the auxins tested, IBA was found better and roots were readily induced with 1 mg/l IBA. 90-95 per cent plantlets were established successfully in peat containing pots as well as in the field.

Involvement of Farm Youth in the developmental sector of Agriculture is emerging as a crucial area for the water management sector. Initiative of Farm Youth is essential for accelerating modern Agricultural technologies to be adopted by the large number of farmers in the rural area. Being an educated, effective use of the information & communication   technology (ICT) is possible. The recent developments in the field of Agriculture like, green-house technology, exporting vegetables and fruits to outside country, formation of agricultural producer’s company etc. are the challenging areas where the Farm Youth can develop a leading role for the farming community.
 
Maharashtra, being a progressive State, encourages Farm -Youth activities in various fields to boost-up the younger generation to participate in the information and communication technology (ICT) areas. As a result of Govt. initiative, in the field of Participatory Irrigation Management, the Water Users Association, namely, ‘Mahatma Phule Water Users Association’ At Post: Ozar (Mig), Taluka: Niphad, Dist: Nasik was successfully run by a Farm Youth namely, Mr. Govardhan Rajabhau Kulkarni who is an idol for the Farm Youths to participate in the irrigation water management field. The use of internet, e-mail, agriculture related web sites and developing software programmes for irrigation management is highly appreciated by the Govt. of Maharashtra.