eChapters

Introduction Fish oil is the major source of essential Fatty acids (EFA) for humans. Generally, Fish requires three long-chain highly unsaturated Fatty acids (HUFA) for their normal growth and development including reproduction like docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) (Sargent et al. 1993a, 1995, 1997). Like the terrestrial mammals, DHA, EPA, and ARA are all involved in maintaining the cell membrane structure and function of fish but majorly EPA and DHA are considered. Moreover, the EPA and DHA are the major currency as fatty acid for the synthesis of phospholipids, Prostaglandins, and energy etc. However, the biosynthesis of EFA in fish changes in accordance with the relative bioconversion capacity of the PUFA (Linoleic acid and α-Linolenic acid) as shown in figure 01.

Introduction A genome marker or a genetic marker is words commonly used to refer to a marker, which is identical to the term “marker.” Genes, genetic variants, or random sequences can all be represented by markers. Markers act as milestones or signposts while creating DNA and genomic maps. Markers are DNA sequences that are frequently identified by their position in a genome. The transmission of traits or the risk of sickness within families can be tracked using markers. It is essential to the continued existence of the species and boosts an organism’s ability to adjust environmental conditions. In conjunction with other evolutionary forces like genetic drift and selection, genetic diversity inside an individual evolves, leading to divergence at the population/ communities, species, as well as higher order taxonomic levels (Askari et al., 2013). Numerous fields, including evolutionary research, resources management and conservation, and genomic improvement programmes, can benefit from the conclusion derived from genetic variety data (Liu and Cordes, 2004).

Introduction Shrimp farming is a lucrative sector in the food production industry. According to SOFIA (2020), 9.4 million tonnes of crustaceans were produced in 2020 worldwide, with 4.96 million tonnes coming from Penaeus vannamei. India is one of the largest global producer and exporter of farmed shrimp. In India, shrimp production increased significantly after introducing Pacific white leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, in 2009. Among the cultured shrimp species, Penaeus vannamei is the leading species under culture in India, with an estimated production of 7.12 lakh tonnes (MPEDA, 2020). Intensification of culture and diversification of species provoke the incidence of diseases making diseases the major constraint in aquaculture, leading to tremendous losses. Shrimp diseases are of viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic origin.

Introduction Organ-On-a-Chip (OOC) is a developing trans-disciplinary technique that shares similarities with tissue engineering and lab-on-a-chip technologies. It has benefited from recent advancements in microtechnology (particularly microfluidics), cell biology, physiology, and tissue engineering and is motivated by the need for reliable, low-cost in vitro drug screening models. It can be characterized as a microfluidic-based perfusion device that facilitates an invitro cell (co-)culture and tries to reproduce certain structure(s), function(s), and important elements of human or animal metabolism of a particular tissue or organ in healthy and pathological physiology. Important features of live organs are such as extracellular microenvironments, spatiotemporal cell-cell interactions, and physiologically important tissue microarchitecture.

Introduction NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) are organisations with professional staff that work to lessen human suffering and advance developing nations. The number of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in India is close to 3.4 million, and they work in a range of sectors, from disaster relief to advocacy for underserved and neglected groups. It is a nonprofit organisation that operates without interference from any governmental body. It is taskoriented and organised by people with common interests in a local, national, or international setting. It performs a variety of services and charitable tasks. Particularly, some are structured around particular concerns, such as health, the environment, or human rights. These make up a sizeable portion of civil society and bring about quick social change. They have developed into a vital and vocal platform for civil society participation in public affairs (Desai, 2014.).

Introduction Fishermen of Gulf of Mannar coast were largely depending on traditional fishing gears, and they were mainly exploiting the coastal fishery resources before 1960’s. After the introduction of trawl gears and mechanized fishing boats during 1960’s fishermen were more comfortable with plenty of fish catch, especially the high-valued demersal shrimps. The fishing effort was also increased at a tremendous pace in this region with the addition of stern trawlers. Due to this increment in the fishing effort, the fishery resources and their life-supporting systems such as coral reefs and sea grass beds are seriouslydisturbed.

Introduction Hokersar wetland (34°06’ N latitude, 74°05’ E longitude), a Ramsar site and a protected wildlife reserve is located in the northwest Himalayan bio geographic province of Kashmir, back of the snow-draped Pir Panchal. The wetland shelters about two million migratory water-fowl during winter that migrate from Siberia and the Central Asian region. The wetland is fed by two inlet streams Doodhganga (from east) and Sukhnag Nalla (from west). It is the only site in Kashmir with remaining reed beds and serves as a migration route for specifically 68 waterfowl species from Siberia, China, Central Asia,and Northern Europe, including the Large Egret, Great Crested Grebe, Little Cormorant, Common Shelduck, Tufted Duck, and endangered White-eyed Pochard (Ramsar, 2021).

Introduction Technology is the application of knowledge and/or equipment in undertaking and accomplishing certain activity. Fisheries technology is a systematically organized knowledge and materials applicable to production problems to help to boost the present level of fish productivity and or extend the existing range of production. Fisheries technologies are wide range of importance; Technological innovation in aquaculture is leading an evolution in aquaculture practices, thereby reducing losses and increasing efficiency. Technology in aquaculture affects many areas of fishery, such as seed production, feed production and management, pest and diseases management, production, harvesting, marketing, processing, etc. Induced breeding technology in Indian Major Carps transformed the growth of aquaculture sector from traditional to intensive aquaculture practices and led to success of modern aquaculture industry. Mechanization in fishing increased the harvest with less time and minimal human drudgery. Fish processing technologies improved product shelf-life, reduced fish loss and added value to the products.

Climate Change - An overview The most studied topic in recent years was climate change, due to its increasing importance. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle or due to anthropogenic activities, since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. The process of raising the earth’s temperature is known as global warming. Climate change is one result of global warming in different places on the planet. Many people think that climate change means only global warming or an increase in temperatures. But the rise in the temperature is only the beginning of the story. Because in the Earth system everything is connected to one another, changes in one area or in one aspect of the system can influence changes in other areas. The consequences of climate change include flooding, intense droughts, water scarcity, wildfires, rising sea levels, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and declining biodiversity. Adapting to climate change consequences protects people, businesses, livelihoods, infrastructure and natural ecosystems. It covers current impacts and those likely in the future.

Introduction The increase in population has led to the demand for good quality food. Consumer food demand is a key factor in the development of many agricultural and food policy and high-quality food products with longer shelf lives is increasing all the time. Over recent years, Packaging has revolutionised the marketing and delivery of food goods, especially fishery products. The introduction of modern packaging technology and innovative packaging material processes paved the way for convenience products. In 2018, the value of fish and fish products exported was USD 164 billion because of improved chilling, packaging, and transportation technology has resulted in increased commerce in live, fresh, and chilled fish, which accounted for around 10% of global fish trade and 78% of the total amount shipped was for human consumption (Sofia 2020). When both fish and terrestrial meat exports for human consumption are considered, fish exports have been larger in value terms since 2016. (51% versus 49%). Furthermore, increased utilisation of fisheries and aquaculture products minimises loss and waste, which can assist reduce strain on fisheries resources and support sector sustainability.

Introduction PCR is an important molecular tool used widely in different applied research fields such as Infectious disease diagnosis, clinical medicine development and gene cloning etc., (Fang et al., 2008). Among different amplification methods, PCR was the first to be developed and has been the method of choice for its simplicity, easier methodology, extensively validated standard operating procedure and availability of reagents and equipment’s. However, it also has a good number of limitations such as advanced equipment, high cost, sensitivity to certain classes of contaminants and inhibitors requirement of thermal cycling etc. (Fakruddin, 2011). These limitations of PCR allowed to develop the alternative methods such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) (Notomi et al., 2000), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) (Compton, 1991), self?sustained sequence replication (3SR) (Guatelli et al., 1990), rolling circle amplification (RCA) (Lizardi et al., 1998) etc., most of these techniques are isothermal that don’t require thermal cycler. These methods have many advantages over PCR in terms of speed, cost, scale or portability.

Introduction Surimi and surimi based seafoods are traditional products of Japan and occupy an important position in the dietary culture of the country. Today, the largest producers of surimi are the United States, Japan and Thailand. Surimi is also manufactured in China, Vietnam and Malaysia. The process of makingsurimi originated in Southeast Asia and was further developed in Japan in the 16th century. Surimi is a product of Japanese origin, derived from a traditional Japanese way of using and preserving fresh fish. The word ‘surimi’ comes from the Japanese words ‘suru’ meaning ‘to process’ and ‘mash/mi’ meaning ‘meat’. Technically, surimi is the stabilized myofibrillar protein which is obtained by mechanically deboned fish flesh, which is washed, mixed with cryoprotectants, and stored frozen. Washing not only removes fat and undesirable matters such as blood, pigments and odoriferous substances but also increases the concentration of myofibrillar protein. A fish-based product serving the raw material for preparation of analog of seafoods like crab, lobster, scallop & other shellfish.

Introduction Salmonella is a gram-negative, rod shaped bacteria, facultative anaerobe and non-spore forming. Motile by peritrichous flagella, except S. Gallinarum & S. Pullorum. Salmonella is a genus consists two species called S. enterica and S. bongori and six subspecies viz., enterica I, salamae II, arizonae IIIa, diarizonae IIIb, houtenae IV, indica VI and bongori V. the sub species were categorized into serotypes based on serological characters like somatic (O) - lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the external surface of the bacterial outer membrane, flagellin (H) – globular protein peritrichous flagella and capsular (Vi) – polysaccharide - O acetylated α 1-4, linked N- acetyl galactosaminuronic acids occurs only in S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi and S. Dublin. Salmonella plays an important role in affecting the safety of foods as it survives in a wider range of environmental conditions (Finn et al., 2013). Seafood are often contaminated with Salmonella (Duran and Marshall, 2005) and their presence causes negative impact on seafood export. During 2020-21, India exported 1.15 MMT of seafood worth US$ 5.96 billion mainly to the USA, China and EU, which are the major importers of Indian seafood (MPEDA, 2022).

Background The Gulf of Mannar is one of the world’s richest marine biodiversity areas, as well as the first biosphere reserve in the region. The EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) of this region is around 15,000 square kilometres, with commercial fishing taking place in about 5,500 square kilometres (Arnold John M. 2017). Throughout the year, both mechanised trawlers and non-mechanized vessels fish in this area (Arnold John M 2001). Crustaceans are the most key members of the benthic organism strata and have a higher nutritional value for humans, and a large number of tiny species contribute to the complexity and sustainability of tropical ecosystems. (Hendrickx 1995). The Brachyuran crab is one of them, and it dominates many estuary regions where salinity and temperatures can vary substantially on a daily basis. (Ng et al. 2008). There are around seven hundred genera and five thousand to ten thousand species of brachyuran crabs in the globe.

Background The Enormous diversity of our planet harbors individuals of the sexually reproducing population that are unique and non-identical in nature. This unique nature is the source of this vast diversity. Taxonomy is critical for identification and classification. The oldest of the scientific disciplines, taxonomy, isdescribed as the theory and practice of classifying organisms (Mayr, 1982; Mayr and Ashlock, 1991). Taxonomy is a branch of systematics that deals with the idea and practice of classifying and describing diversity (Nelson, 2006). According to the global estimates of species (Mora et al., 2011; Costello et al., 2013), 1.2-1.5 million species are considered to be described and valid to date (Costello et al., 2013; Mora et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2011). The enormous and intriguing variation among the species, as well as anatomical differences between species, developmental stages, and geographical ranges, make identification difficult. Rapid documenting of biodiversity should be a top priority before it is lost. This necessitates quick and accurate taxonomic expertise as well as enhanced identification methods, paving the way for the emergence of Integrative taxonomy (Dayrat, 2005), which combines all available data, whether morphological, behavioral, ecological, or molecular.

Introduction The Chilika lagoon situated in the eastern coast of India within 85º05' and 85º38' east longitude and 19º54' North latitude near Bay of Bengal and one of the biggest estuarine-style brackish water lagoon in Asia and the greatest migratory waterfowl wintering area on the Indian subcontinent (Suresh et al., 2018). In the monsoon & summer time, the lagoon's size varies between 1165 and 906 sq. km. The total catchment area of the lagoon is 4,406 sq km, of which 32% is made up of the Mahanadi delta and 68% is western catchment (Bengtsson et al., 2012). The lake has a distinctive combination of freshwater, brackish, and marine ecosystems with estuary characteristics. In 1981, Chilika Lake was chosen as the India's first "Ramsar site" and it considered as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the nation (Kumar et al., 2012). The lake is very productive and has abundant fisheries resources. Over 0.15 million fishermen live around the lagoon and rely on its productive fishing grounds for their livelihood (Suresh et al., 2018). The lake area is home to certain uncommon, endangered and IUCN threatened species.

Introduction The fish is an important source of protein as it constitute about 17 of the total animal protein (SOFIA, 2018) and the rising demand for fish has led to unsustainable exploitation of marine and inland water resources and fishstocks are getting overexploited, due to which the output from capture fisheries is uncertain. This has put difficulty for the management of our open water resources. It is now urgent to develop a management strategy for conservation of natural resources for future generation as our responsibility. Hilborn and Walters (1992) define stocks are arbitrary groups of fish large enough to be essentially self-reproducing, with members of each group having similar life history characteristics. Stock is defined as "a part of a fish population usually with a particular migration pattern, specific spawning grounds, and subject to a distinct fishery" by the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas. Understanding the importance of delineating the stocks and their boundaries which have become an essential part of fishery management and conservation.

Intoduction Cybertaxonomy is an abbreviation for "cyber-enabled taxonomy." It shares the traditional goals of taxonomy: to explore, discover, characterize, name, and classify species; to study their phylogenetic relationships; and to map their ecological associations and geographic distributions. To improve the speed with which we can help in providing taxonomic products and information, there is undoubtedly a requirement to move taxonomic endeavour into the digital era. Currently, the rate at which we record and maintain morphological information that enables species discovery is the primary constraint on taxonomic productivity (Lasalle, et al., 2009). Cybertaxonomy is one attempt to accomplish this complex goal. Cybertaxonomy employs a collection of electronic tools to assist and equip the science of taxonomy in accelerating species invention and the implementation of taxonomic expertise in biodiversity investigation.Cybertaxomy can yield results more quickly and efficiently than ever before thanks to adoption of digital technologies and cybertaxonomy.

Introduction A few decades back, no one would ever consider the potential danger posed by an ocean overrun with jellyfish? But many researchers around the world assure us that we can turn that danger into an asset with the help of scientific ideas and careful management. Gelatinous zooplankton like jellyfish are thought to have existed millions of years before the dinosaurs did. There are cases where these emotionless, mindless, bloodless organisms kill an adult human (Wilson, 1947). Despite being an annoyance, they could greatly benefit human society in many ways. The unfortunate truth is that even though they have 500 million years of history, they still appear to be an untapped opportunity. Jellyfish are not only edible, but also extremely nutritious due to their low calorie, fat, and protein/collagen content. Jellyfish are known for their refined taste, which can lean toward the salty side. The texture is more of a factor; it's not as gelatinous as one might think, falling somewhere between a summer squash and a glass noodle. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report published in 2019, human activities have had an impact on virtually all marine organisms, including corals, oysters, and other marine organisms. However, jellyfish are more resistant to the acidic effects of the world's oceans. This does not necessarily imply that these organisms are highly immune, but they are doing better than average. There are about hundred known venomous jellyfish species out of an estimated 10,000 worldwide.

Introduction Rapid increase in world population in last few decades has challenged the food producing sector (Agriculture, poultry, dairying and aquaculture) massively to meet the global food demand. The population is expected to be 9.9 billion by 2050 which means the food producing sector have to increase production by 60% further more than the current production (FAO, 2020). According to FAO (2016) approximately 17% animal protein and 7% total protein consumed by humans were provided by fish. Accordingly, per capita fish consumption was gradually increasing worldwide at 1.5% rate annually from 9.0 kg in 1961 to 20.5 kg in 2017 (FAO, 2018; Fajardo et al., 2022). Aquaculture which accounts for 47% of total fish production is expected to overtake capture fisheries by 2024 and reach 52% by 2029 (FAO, 2020).