eChapters

• Male and Female flowers borne in a mixed flower bud.
• Most important nut fruit of world ranking: 5th in production worldwide.
• Chilling requirement – 400hrs at or below 7.2°C
• Contains 70% Fat and a good amount of phosphoric acid.
• HDP varieties: Desirable, Cheyenne
• Pecan is a valuable horticultural gift of North America to the world.
• Fat – 72%, Carbohydrates – 15%, Protein – 9%.
• Almost 90% of the nuts are sold shelled and rest in the shell.
• It is most commonly used in baking dishes and ice creams.
• Pecan shell, a byproduct, is also used to manufacture tannin, charcoal and abrasives in hand soap.
• pH ranges – 5-8
• Requires three coldest months between 7.2°C and 12.8°C with at least 400h of chilling.

1. The word "Statistics" derived from the Latin word 'Status' meaning POLITICAL STATE.

2. Statistics are lifeblood of successful commerce.

3. Statistics are not suitable to study the qualitative phenomenon.

4. Statistics laws are not exact.

5. A.L.Bowley "Statistics are numeral statement of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other".

6. Croxton and Cowden "Statistics may be defined as the science of collection, presentation analysis and interpretation of numerical data from the logical analysis".

7. Alfred Marshall - "Statistics are the straw only which I like every other economist has to make the bricks".

8. Function of statistics

a. Condensation

b. Comparison

c. Forecasting

d. Estimation

e. Tests of hypothesis

9. ANOVA-Analysis of Variance.

10. ANOVA-developed by Prof. R.A. Fisher.

The advances in science and technology are deeply intertwined. Researchers can use the semiconductor manufacturing techniques that underlie miniaturization to build radios and exceptionally small mechanical structures that sense fields and forces in the physical world. These inexpensive, low-power communication devices can be deployed throughout a physical space, providing dense sensing close to physical phenomena, processing and communicating this information, and coordinating actions with other nodes. These multifunction devices are battery operated and are connected wirelessly with sensing, processing and communicating capabilities and are known as the wireless sensors. If we use these sensors with biological issues or Biotechnology, then we can find the new concepts biosensors. If we really implement these concepts in real life we can get rid of many diseases like heart attack, blood sugar level, gene reaction and other changes that happens in our body much before its shows to outside.

Introduction

1. Various genera of tapeworms are found in poultry. They are:
   1. Raillietina spp.
   2. Choanotaenia spp.
   3. Davainea spp.
   4. Amebotaenia spp. and
   5. Hymenolepis spp.
2. Tapeworms mainly parasitise the small intestine. Tape worms deprive the bird of its nutrition and cause weight loss and decreased egg production.
3. Out of 3 species of Raillitina, Raillietina echinobothrida is one of the pathogenic species as it produces granuloma at its attachment site (nodular disease).
4. They all require intermediate host for their development.
5. Intermediate hosts are common houseflies, ants, beetles and grasshoppers, which makes control of tapeworms difficult.

Family: Cleomaceae

Flowering: May-July

Fruiting: August-October

Botanical description: The plant is a tall annual herb growing up to a meter high, more or less hairy with glandular hairs. The leaves are compound, with 3-5 leaflets. Leaflets are obovate, elliptic-oblong, very variable in size. Flowers are yellow in colour, 10-15 mm across with 6-20 mm long pedicels. Fruits are 30-75 mm long, 3-5 mm broad, linear-oblong, erect, with tapering at both ends. Seeds many, 1.25mm across with dark brown colour.

12.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of Australia and Malaysia.

• Introduced by British people in Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu for fuel and timber.

• Commercially grown in Seychelles, Java, South Africa, Guatemala, Congo and Brazil.

• Eucalyptus tereticornis - Commercial species

• Major growing states - UP, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka.

12.2. Economic importance

• Known as spotted gum tree.

• Source of citronellol, hydroxycitronellal and menthol.

• Contains 0.5-4% essential oil; rich in citronella.

• Essential oil - Therapeutic and ayurvedic benefits.

• Used in soaps, mouth wash liquids, massage oils, air fresheners and bug repellents

• The chestnut is a nutritious low in fat and rich in Vitamin B.
• Freshly harvested nuts contain about 50% moisture, 40-42% carbohydrates, 2.9% proteins and about 1.5% fats.
• All cultivars of chestnut are self-sterile.
• The Chinese chestnut is the earliest tree to bloom. The flowers are produced in two kinds of catkins borne on current season shoot near the terminal portion of the shoot.
• Three nuts are usually produced in each bun (upper, left and right).
• Botanically, each nut is a complete fruit.
• The shell of the nut develops from the ovary wall.
• It is as hardy as peach and can withstand as low as -29°C temperature in deep dormancy.
• Some species of chestnut are used as rootstock for propagation.
• Chestnut is a highly cross-pollinated and hybrid seedling used as the rootstock is a possible cause of graft union failure in chestnut. Therefore, mixed hybrid strains should not be used as rootstock.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ is the official measure for controlling the genetic purity of the seed lot.
2. _____ serves as ‘pre-control’ as well as ‘post-control’ for avoiding genetic contaminations.
3. _____ can also be used as a measure to judge the efficacy of the certification agency or the inspector.
4. The minimum population requirement for taking the observations shall be _____ plants.

Association of human beings with plants is much older than the dawn of civilization. Use of plants as source of food, cloth and shelter started first for fulfilling basic needs. Aesthetic use by way of growing flowers and ornamental plants came much later. Gradually, it was felt that ornamental plants need to be grown in a systematic manner and that yielded the concept of designing gardens. With the advancement of time, gardening styles metamorphosed in various ways influenced by climatic conditions, geographic locations, rulers and most predominantly by people. At present, plants and gardens are part and parcel of our daily life. The scope of developing gardens is simply enormous, be it home, office, institute, temple, factory, ‘samadhi sthal’ etc. Growing plants and developing gardens are now considered a necessity wherever scope exists.

HAEMOPROTEUS

Host

Infection with Haemoproteus species is host specific.

H. meleagridis – domestic poultry and pet birds

H. olumbae in pigeons

H. nettionis in waterfowl.

Family : Araceae

Flowering: The plants flowers in Late wet season (September-October)

Botanical description: The plant is a tuberous bulb, herbaceous plant growing about 3-5 ft in height. The plant has large leaves. The leaves are heart shapes, 2-3 ft long with a long stalk of about 3 ft height. The flowers are yellowish-white spathes and spadixes are frequently produced.

Ecology: It is commonly found in damp, shady places and also cultivated. The plant is widely distributed throughout the hotter parts of India.

• Turkish hazelnut production of 625,000 tons accounts for approximately 75% of world productions.
• The common hazel (Corylus avellana) is native to Europe and Western Asia.
• In H P, it is found growing wild in Pangi region of Chamba district and locally known as Thangi.
• Hazelnut is also known as cobnut and filbert.
• Hazelnuts are extensively used in confectionery to make praline and also used in combination with chocolate truffles.
• The temperature of minus 10°C is critical, especially if accompanied by wind, which may kill both pistillate and staminate flavours.
• Hazelnuts are more shallow-rooted, most fruit and nut trees do not tolerate wet soils, the tree cannot tolerate excessive dry summer heat and hot winds.
• Hazel will grow in pH ranging from 4.5-8.5 but around pH 7 is ideal.

Depending on various findings of the study, the present section put forwards some of the policies that can be implemented for using population mobility as a tool of economic development in both rural and urban areas.

• Steps must be taken to boost up the urban services sector as it is the most attractive sector for urban in-migrants. Pro-migrant policies including some economic and social benefits e.g. free health insurance, employees’ provident fund, grater loan facilities at lower rate etc. must be provided to the migrants so that it helps the labors as well as self-employed persons of urban informal sector.

Family: Commelinaceae

Flowering: August-September

Fruiting: September-October

Botanical description: The plant is a small diffused or straggling herb. Stem usually with a line of pubescence. Leaves are linear, 3.7-7.5 cm long, acute or acuminate, glabrous with prominent midrib and acute-obtuse at apex. Flowers are blue in colour and very small. Capsules are oblong and 4.3 mm long. The capsule is having 2 seeds, 2.5 mm long, ellipsoid, cylindrical with white appendage at each end.

Health is defined as a state

a) Where all body system function normally

b) Absence of disease

c) Activities continue within normal physiological limits

d) All of the above

• It can withstand a very wide range of temperature from 30 to 42°C.
• Pistachio was grown for the first time in the early eighties using seeds of pista at the PCDO Bhoktu and Regional Horticultural Research Station, Sharbo in Kinnaur district of HP.
• The two commercial varieties namely Kerman (Pistillate) and Peters (Staminate) were introduced India from California in 2001.
• They are drought resistant and very tolerant of high summer temperature, but con not tolerant excess of dampness and humidity.
• P. atlantica, P. terebinthus P. integerrima are seedling rootstocks.
• Rafsanjani is the world-famous pistachio growing region in Iran.
• Iranian varieties: Momtaz, Owhadi, Agah, Safeed.
• Turkish varieties: Uzun, Kimizi.
• California varieties: Kerman, Peter Ibrahim, Owhadi, Safeed, Sharti, Wahedi, Bronte, Sfax.
• Other varieties: Buenzle, Minassian, Red Aleppo, Trabonella.
• A sister seedling of Kerman, namely Lasson also produces good quality large-sized nuts.

Metals are toxic and non biodegradable pollutants released into the environment through effluents from agriculture waste, mining, metal processing industries, pharmaceutical industries as well as domestic and natural activities. Metallic pollutants tend to persist indefinitely and eventually get accumulated in the ecosystem. Metals especially arsenic, copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium and silver etc. possess a risk to living systems. Conventional processes applied to remediation of metallic pollutants are often restricted due to technical and economical constraints. Particularly when the metal contamination is at very low concentration the conventional methods become inefficient. In this situation application of bioremediation techniques is a technology of choice for environmental protection and clean up.

Family: Commelinaceae

Flowering: July-October

Fruiting: November-January

Botanical description: The plant is a diffuse, branched, sub-succulent herb growing upto 30-60 cm. Leaves are 3-5 x 2-3.5 cm in size, ovate or elliptic-ovate, base rounded or almost flat with blunt or pointed tip. Spathe is about 1.5 cm across, funnel-shaped, flat at apex and velvet-hairy. Sepals are nearly equal, about 2.5 mm long, outer ones linear, inner ones orbicular. Flowers are small, petals are blue in colour, larger ones about 4 x 4.5 mm with broadly ovate. The seeds are 5 and closely pitted.

These hydrolysates are dried conversion products available in a powdered form. Up to 20 DE they are normally referred to as malto-dextrins or hydrolised cereal solids. Above 20 DE they are more commonly termed spray dried glucose syrup solids.

Applications

Spray dried hydrolysates find application in a wide range of processed and convenience foods. Principally as filler/carrier and sweetness reducer.

They are ideally suited for blending into powdered formulations, and serve the following purposes.

As filler/carrier, they can

(1) Reduce loss of volume in contents on storage or in transit;

(2) Absorb fats and oils to retain free-flowing properties;

• Jackfruit is eaten unripe at 25-50% full size as a vegetable or ripe as a fruit.
• The seeds are boiled or roasted and used in many culinary preparations. The seeds are very rich in carbohydrate and protein.
• Highest production in Assam.
• Jackfruit is a monoecious plant.
• The male inflorescence is long and light green and grows to a length of 5 to cm by 2.4cm.
• Pollen production is abundant and ranges from 1,50,00,000 to 1,70,00,000 per catkin. The percentage of pollen fertility ranges from 89 to 93 and the pollen diameter ranges from 16 to 22.
• Being cross-pollinated and mostly seed propagated, the jack fruit has innumerable types or forms considering the fruit characteristics.
• Gulabi, Champa, Hazari, Rudrakhs, Black Gold, Golden Nugget, J-31, Honey Gold and Lemon Gold.