eChapters

A. Answer the following question

1.    What is ANF?

Ans: The substances that are naturally present in the feed which by themselves or by their metabolic products interfere with the feed utilization (FCR), reduce production and affect the health of the animal are called anti-nutritional factors.

2.    How does lectin cause agglutination?

Ans: Lectins have the affinityfor certain sugar molecules. Hence, it combines with the glycoprotein components of RBC and there bycausing agglutination of the RBC.

3.    Why ruminants are more resistant to gossypol toxicity?

Ans: It is due to formationof stablecomplexeswith soluble protein in rumen which are resistant to enzymatic breakdown.

4.    Why ruminants of Hawaii and Indonesia are not susceptible to mimosine toxicity?

Ans: Ruminants of Hawaii and Indonesia possess ruminal bacteria which can rapidly degrade 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone (3,4 DHP) and thus are not susceptible to mimosine toxicity.

5.    How saponin form stable foam?

Abstract

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an important cash crop of India, is prone to many diseases and amongest these, late blight [Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de-Bary] is one of the highly destructive diseases and a major constraint in the profitable cultivation of potato. After realizing the significance of controlling the devastating disease for the sustainability in potato production and thus ensuring more profitability, the present investigation has been conducted with an objective to select the most effective fungicides and botanicals for the management of the disease. The present study was carried out by KVK, Saharsa during rabi season for consecutive two years (2015-16 and 2016-17) as On-Farm Trial mode at farmers fields of an adopted village of Saharsa district in Bihar. In each trial, there were four treatments including one control i.e. farmers’practice. The study concludes that the best treatment option to combat late blight disease is Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 5g per kg of seed and spray of Ridomil @ 2g per litre of water starting from 30 DAP alternating with Dimethomorph 1g + ridomil 2g per litre of water at 10 days intervals. The results of economic analysis reveal that the net return as well as benefit cost ratio was also highest in Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 5g per kg of seed and spray of Ridomil @ 2g per litre of water starting from 30 DAP alternating with Dimethomorph 1g + ridomil 2g per litre of water at 10 days intervals.

Macroeconomics approaches the economic problems in terms of aggregates like national income, general employment level, aggregate demand, aggregate production and so on. The important among the above is national income. The one common thing to all products is value. Therefore, the national income must be expressed in monetary terms. The entire value of the goods and services (output) produced by an economy over time is measured by national income (normally a year). It also serves as a measure of the money generated by production and/or the total amount of expenditures made in order to produce the output.

Significance

The Central Statistical Organization of India has been calculating the country’s gross domestic product. We can measure your academic performance in relation to other students by the percentage of the marks scored by you. Similarly a country’s economic performance has been measured by indicators of national income such as GDP or GNP. Additionally, it is crucial to measure national income for a number of reasons, such as making predictions about how the economy will develop in the future,

1. Stem rot / Foot rot/Collar rot
Diagnostic Symptoms
• The appearance of water-soaked spots on the stem close to ground level is what characterizes it.
• The tissues degrade as a result of the fast enlargement of these patches, girdling the stem and turning it dark brown or black.
• Strong winds cause these afflicted plants to topple over and eventually die.
• If the disease attack is not too severe, the plants will still be stunted and only one side of the stem will decay.
• If fruit develops, it is deformed and withered.
• The plant eventually dies (Fig.1).
Etiology
• Pathogen: Pythium aphanidermatum.
• Mycelium is colorless, slender, coenocytic, profusely branching and rapidly growing mostly intracellularly.
• Sporangia terminal or intercalary produce a vesicle at the end of hyphal branch.
• Zoospores biflagellate and reniform.

Good Agricultural Practices

Guidelines for Good Agricultural Practices of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants is intended to apply to the growing and primary processing of all such plants traded and used in food, feed, pharmaceutical, flavouring and perfume industries. The main aim is to ensure that the raw material meets the demands of the consumer and maintains standards of the highest purity. Important aspects are that, these are produced hygienically, in order to reduce microbial load to a minimum, and are produced with care, so that the negative impacts affecting plant during cultivation, processing and storage can be minimised. The guidelines provide guidance for producers to reduce raw material contamination to the lowest level. This document can be used in bilateral relationship between the supplier and the customer and the products documentation is regarded confidentiall (EUROPAM).

Materials Required

Fruits/ vegetables, washing tanks/ containers, size grader, fruit waxes, packaging material, neem based fungicides etc. 

Procedure

    1.    Take available fruits or vegetables 
    2.    Wash them in plain water or chemical solution as told by the teacher
    3.    Shade dry the fruits / vegetables
    4.    Prepare suitable wax solution
    5.    Apply wax on to the fruits as told
    6.    Record the fruit weight before packing
    7.    Pack the fruits properly in the trays / boxes depending upon the type and purpose
    8.    Do curing if required 
    9.    Do pre-packaging, if desired
    10.    Label the package for desired information
    11.    Keep the fruits for storage
    12.    Record the observations pertaining to weight loss and rotting periodically depending upon the commodity and its shelf life.

While collecting and processing semen the following points needs to be considered:

1.    Good quality Artificial Vagina (AV) should be used for semen collection. Strict hygiene should be maintained while collecting semen.

2.    Highly scientific and flawless collection technique should be used for semen collection.   

3.    Neat semen should be maintained at close to body temperature.

4.    Semen should not come in contact with any contaminant such as lubricant, dust, infection etc. in the collection yard or in any stage of semen processing.

5.    Direct exposure of semen to sunlight or cool white fluorescent light should be avoided as it may cause chromosomal damage.

6.    Enclose all cool white light sources e.g. laminar flow hood, cold room etc. in gold or orange sleeves that absorb ultraviolet and low wavelength visible light (< 475 to 500 nm).

A. Answer the following?

1.    How antibiotic increases nutrient absorption from the gut?

Ans: In antibiotic fed animals, the intestine becomes thinner and healthier, thus they helps in more absorption of nutrient.

2.    What is probiotic?

Ans: Probioticcan be defined asthe live microbial food supplement that beneficially affects the host animal by improving the intestinalmicrobial balance.

3.    What is prebiotic?

Ans: These are the compound other than dietary nutrients that modifythe balance of microbial populationbypromoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and thereby maintain healthier intestinal environments.

4.    What is eubiotics?

Ans: Eubiotics are defined as non-antibiotic products maintaining the desiredbalance of good bacteriaand pathogens or eubiosis in the digestive tract. e.g. direct acting gut flora modulator (organic acid, essential oil), probiotics, prebiotics, immune modulator.

5.    What is supplement?

Abstract

The main aim of the article is to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of current IPR system in context to Indian regime and also to understand overall planning as well as important tactics and means to use IP legal protection system to fully safeguard one’s legitimate rights and interests, obtain and maintain competitive edges, restrain competitors and seek optimal economic performance by selection of appropriate IP strategies. This article also proposes ways to select IP strategy based on BCG matrix and product mix.

ABSTRACT

Basic understanding of plant cell proliferation and differentiation is essential for applying modern techniques of genetic transformation. The lack of understanding about the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying in vitro morphogenesis, together with the non-availability of reliable morphogenetic markers, is one of the most serious constraints for application of gene transfer technology to plant improvement. Plant tissue culture has therefore remained an empirical science. In recent years, concerted efforts are being made to understand the molecular control of cell differentiation. In light of this, present work was carried out to study the role of CKI1 (cytokinin independent 1) gene, one of the genes implicated in shoot regeneration, by transforming the tomato cotyledons through Agrobacterium mediated transformation with two different gene constructs one with CKI 1 gene and another without CKI1 gene. In both the constructs, nptII gene was used as a selectable marker. Transformation of tomato cotyledon explants with CKI 1 gene resulted in higher regeneration of putative transformant s (8.0%) as compared to transformation of explants without CKI1 gene (2.1%). The results show that CKI1 gene has a role in increasing the regeneration frequency in tomato.

Introduction

In the last two decades, there has been a significant change in the Indian society, not only in the terms of economics following the post 1991 reforms but also in the dietary and health sectors. There is an increasing demand for livestock products, as a result the farming systems are becoming more and more intensive. With the high input intensive agricultural practices on the one hand, the limitations in terms of environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, health hazards to consumers, etc. are also on the rise which are acting as limiting factors to continue on the same path of intensification. To achieve sustainable intensification of agriculture, mixed crop-livestock systems, combining livestock and cash crops at farm level, are considered to be a good alternative (Russelle et al, 2007; Wilkins, 2008; Ryschawy et al., 2012). These practices benefit the environment by improving nutrient cycling (Hendrickson et al., 2008). In the agriculture based states of India, about 50% of the income is from the crop-livestock systems (Deshingkar et al., 2008). Mixed crop-livestock systems also generate higher economic efficiency in saving production costs through complementaries between crop and livestock (Wilkins, 2008). Apart from direct income by diversifying production, there is an added advantage of reducing risks with regard to market fluctuations (Russelle et al., 2007).

Theories of Population

The theory of population is studied because the supply of labour depends upon population and its growth. Observing the abnormal growth of population and consequent fall in the standard of living, Thomas Malthus (1760-1834) an English Clergyman frst studied population growth in various countries of Europe. Later he wrote a book entitled “An Essay on the Principles of Population” in 1798. His his theory is popularly known as Malthusian theory of population. To quote the theory in his own words “By nature human food increases in a slow arithmetic ratio, man himself increases in a quick geometric ratio unless want and vice stop him”

"Unseasonal thundershowers," remarked Mr. Ritesh Prasad, as he peered out of the windows at the overcast sky and the storm raging outside - the landscape outside was no different than the one raging inside AXYZ ltd, a family-owned, logistics firm. Mr. Ritesh Prasad, or RP as he was popularly known, had been the CHRO at AXYZ for a decade now. He was a personal favourite of Mr. Pulkit Sahni, the founder-owner of AXYZ, and was quite popular with all levels of hierarchy, because of his genial disposition and general sense of empathy towards the firm's workforce.

Physical properties of wood

The versatility of wood is demonstrated by a wide variety of products. This variety is a result of a spectrum of desirable physical characteristics or proper ties among the many species of wood. In many cases, more than one property of wood is important to the end product. For example, to select a wood species for a product, the value of appearance-type properties, such as texture, grain pattern and color, may be evaluated against the influence of characteristics such as machinability, dimensional stability and decay resistance.

Mastitis

Mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy animals (cows and buffaloes) caused by a wide variety of pathogens (bacteria, some viruses, fungi).Major pathogens are Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Streptococcus uberis, Str. Dysagalactiae, Campylobactor, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Klebsiella spp. Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma, Enterobactor, Trichosporon spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida spp., Leptospira spp. and many more. Mastitis is also seen in lactating goats and sheep. As compared to ruminants mastitis is less common in bitches. Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the udder parenchyma irrespective of its etiology. The disease occurs in clinical and subclinical forms. Clinical mastitis is of two types viz. acute mastitis and chronic mastitis. Subclinical mastitis is characterized by an increased number of somatic cells (>100,000 cells/ml) and/or pathogens in the milk with no apparent clinical change in the udder and milk. While clinical mastitis is associated with local (hot, pain full swelling of the udder) and general symptoms along with change in milk (increased cell count, increased pathogens, physical and chemical changes in the milk).

Agricultural extension services are critical for the dissemination of knowledge, technologies and innovations among farmers, leading to improved agricultural productivity, sustainability and livelihoods. Different countries have adopted varied approaches to extension policies, reflecting their unique socioeconomic, political and agro-ecological contexts. Here’s an overview of
extension policies in different regions:
1. United States: In the United States, the Cooperative Extension Service, established under the Smith-Lever Act of 1914, is a nationwide, publicly funded network that connects land-grant universities with local communities. It provides educational programs, resources and advisory services to farmers, ranchers and rural residents. The U.S. model emphasizes partnerships between federal, state and local governments, as well as with the private sector, to deliver extension services.
2. India: India has a diverse and decentralized extension system comprising public, private and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NMAET) is the central government’s flagship program that focuses on agricultural extension, including farmer capacity building, technology disseminationand knowledge management. Despite this, challenges such as inadequate funding, limited reach and poor coordination across agencies persist, leading to calls for reform and more innovative approaches like Information and Communication Technology (ICT) integration.

Pollution is continuously increasing in India. To control ambient air pollution CPCB has prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Introduction

Agriculture plays a crucial role in ensuring food security, accounting for a significant share of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Agriculture is not just about food production alone, since it is a complex multi-dimensional and multi-faceted sector which concerns the efficient use of the natural resources, productivity enhancement, and preservation of the ecosystems in a manner that can sustain the needs and improvements of human livelihoods (Devendra, 2012). It is also a most vulnerable sector to climate change which has been recognized as one of the most serious challenge for the world- its people, the environment and its economies. Increased incidence of abiotic stresses (drought, high & low temperature, salinity, submergence and oxidative stress) and biotic stresses (pest and diseases) have became major cause for stagnation of productivity in major crops (Grover et al., 2011). Abiotic stresses are directly correlated with the change in climate while biotic stresses are indirectly correlated as the pattern and incidence of disease varies with the variation in climatic condition. Also, crop productivity rely on extent and type of stress in the particular area.

The aim of any good zoo should be to recreate the habitat from which the animal came as accurately as possible, with enough space to move around and enough stimulation so that they can behave naturally. Monkey cages should have plenty of branches for them to swing from and bird cages should have enough room so that they can fly. Some zoos hide the lionís or tigerís food so that they have to use their senses to explore and find it.

Money

Money has made rapid economic progress possible in this modern age. In the early stages, exchange took the form of barter The direct exchange of one good for another is known as barter. For instance, the potter received paddy from the farmer in exchange for cooking pots. Barter became more challenging as there were more items to trade. Silver and other precious metals were thus utilised as currency. Then the paper currencies were used as legal money, i.e., an instrument of exchange, by the governments.

Definition of Money

Anything that the general public readily accepts as payment for products, services, other assets, and the discharge of debt is referred to as money. Robertson defned money, “as anything that is acceptable in discharge of obligations”.

According to Crowther, “Money is anything that is generally acceptable as a means