eChapters

1. INTRODUCTION

There are many countries surrounded by the waters of the Caribbean Sea. These countries vary widely in size, topography, ethnicity, language spoken, agricultural production systems, main sources of income, income levels and styles of governance, to name a few.

This analysis covers only the countries where English is spoken as the first language. These countries are linked through a grouping of Caribbean Communities, called CARICOM, an organization of 15 Caribbean nations and their dependencies. It starts with Jamaica in the North to Trinidad and Tobago in the South, but also includes Belize in Central America and Guyana and Suriname in South America. Although French speaking Haiti and Dutch speaking Suriname belong to CARICOM, they are not discussed because of the language barrier. The other French speaking islands (Guadeloupe and Martinique) and the Spanish speaking islands (mainly the Dominican Republic, Cuba and Puerto Rico) have different administrations for agricultural development. CARICOM countries stretching from the tip of Florida, USA, in the North to Venezuela in South America. CARICOM includes Belize in Central America and Guyana and Suriname in South America.

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, any issue related to “information and communication technologies in agriculture (ICTs)” is extremely interesting and it belongs to the modern subject-matters of the agricultural economics science. Unambiguously the above phrase is the buzz remark for the agricultural extension scientists considering that the process of communication is fundamental to extension, training and passing on information. Thus, learning processes, dissemination of innovations and social change cannot be explained without reference to communication (Albrecht et al., 1989).

An efficient communication strategy, especially when combined with a wide range of available ICTs, utilises the advantages of both personal and impersonal media communication. This can be achieved by building up, promoting and using communication networks and modern technologies. Under the term “network” we understand the complex of communication channels which ensure that all members of the target group receive the message more than once, both from various personal contacts and media. This calls for the use of existing communication relationships, the dissemination of information by multipliers and influential individuals and a range of media which are appropriate to the type of information and for reaching the target groups. As well thought out, communicative approach can partly compensate for the often lamented shortage of advisers provided that one is in a position to communicate a message in various ways, to evaluate feedback and then to take action accordingly.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. National Agriculture Scenario

Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian Economy, contributes 23 per cent of national GDP, accounts for 11 per cent of exports, and 50 per cent of billion depends on it. Interestingly India feeds 16 per cent of population with 2.4 per cent of global land.

In the last five decades, there has been a steady and spectacular transformation of Indian agriculture from the food deficit to food sufficient status. Diffusion and adoption of modern technologies, high yielding varieties, dedicated efforts of farmers, extension personnel and scientists and also programmatic support of central and state governments have all contributed significantly from 50 million tonnes in 1950-51 to land mark achievement of 230.67 million tonnes of food production in 2008-09.

1. INTRODUCTION

The agricultural paradigm in the developing world including Iran will have to be recast to take advantage of knowledge availability to achieve multiple goals of income, food, jobs, etc. Although, many farming communities in developing countries need timely expert advices to make them more productive and competitive, they are still facing a multitude of problems to maximize agricultural productivity. In spite of successful and promising researches conducted on new agricultural practices, majority of the farmers are not getting upper-bound yield due to several reasons. One of them is that scientific agricultural advice is not reaching the farming community in a timely manner. A wide information gap exists between research and practice.

To cope with this problem different countries have taken various measures. What is common in the extension systems of developing countries is that in a backdrop of rapid organizational and social changes in agriculture, new hardware and software devices have to be applied for better responsiveness to increasing farmers demand for timely and accurate information. At the pace of recent progress in ICT, within a decade it will be possible to provide instantaneous connectivity to millions of people, enabling mass customization and personalized services (Reddy and Ankaiah, 2005). Data mining technology can be used to extract useful knowledge from huge database and simulation technology can be used to predict in to the future (Wiederhold, 2002).

1. INTRODUCTION

There is increasing recognition that information and knowledge are now at the heart of socio-economic development. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and broadband are enabling tools and infrastructures for accessing, developing, using and sharing information and knowledge. Accordingly, Irish Government policy has focused on promoting the adoption and use of ICT in the home, in education and in the workplace.

There have been significant increases in levels of engagement with ICT in Ireland in recent years. Almost two-thirds of all adults now have access to the internet, compared with only 1 in 20 in 1996, while four out of every five adults own a mobile phone. This chapter critiques the level of adoption of ICTs among the farming community and compares this with levels of adoption by the general population. It analyses the use of ICTs by the government and by public and private extension agencies in Ireland and identifies constraints to their adoption.

The Ministry of Agriculture has been among the most enthusiastic supporters of the Government of Ireland’s policy by promoting the adoption and use of ICTs among its clients. It sought to facilitate easier transmission of information to clients, to minimise the collection of new data by using existing electronic information and to integrate with clients’ own systems. These projects are described in this chapter.

The use of ICTs by the public extension system is also critiqued; it has been innovative in using ICTs to disseminate information to its clients and the use of mobile telephony has been particularly effective. Internet based services to deliver online training and advisory information have also been developed and are critiqued.

1. INTRODUCTION

The contribution of Extension and research to Israel’s agricultural productivity and profitability is a collaborative effort with research hailing back to the late 19^th century. It facilitated technological innovation in agriculture, transfer of information, training of farmers and connectivity. These were in effect a dictate of continuously deteriorating agricultural terms of trade, crippling water shortages and severe climate and soil constraints.

The Israeli Extension Service’s (IES) adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) significantly enhanced extension’s capabilities and scope of activities. ICT empowered extension’s ability to develop, introduce and adopt innovative agricultural technologies and collaborate with research and other partners. Adoption of ICT as one of the tools of technological innovation dramatically improved the transfer and management of information, production chain efficiencies and integration within and with the agricultural sector. These were and are critical success factors contributing to Israeli Extension, Research, Services and Farmers ability to sustain a profitable and thriving agriculture sector. As such the overall results are a major contribution to rural viability and an illuminating case study of technological innovation adoption.

1. OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL SCENARIO AND EXTENSION SYSTEMS IN JAPAN

1.1. Japanese Agricultural Policy and its Short History

The modernization of Japan’s agriculture was started through mechanization such as cultivators, rice planting machines, tractors and combines in the 1960s. Mechanization led to a large decrease in hours spent on rice cultivation, and the redundant labor force moved from agriculture to the manufacturing industry. This movement resulted in the modernization of rice cultivation, high productivity and high income for farm households.

On the other hand, a decreased demand for rice caused by westernization of the diet, e.g. greater consumption of animal products, became a serious problem. The national government decided to regulate rice production, and the acreage of paddy fields equivalent to the excess rice production has been used to cultivate other plants since 1978. Nowadays, the permitted area for planting rice is about 60 per cent of the paddy fields, with the other 40 per cent used to cultivate other plants such as barley, soybean, buckwheat and so on.

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Agriculture, as one of the most important economic sectors in Jordan, is under increasing pressure due to rising population, consumer affluence, pressure from globalization and a shrinking resource base. Previous production challenges in Jordan have been met largely through improvements in traditional agricultural inputs such as seeds and agrochemicals, but the present challenges need different solutions. Better management, which involves higher degrees of information and knowledge, is widely seen as a way to address these challenges. The potentials that ICT has to offer range from the sharing and re-use of data, research findings, lessons learned and best practices among R&D institutions to developing quick response mechanisms for agricultural and natural resources crises situations; from permitting informed decision making among the agricultural officials to sounder policy making among the legislators; from improving the extension delivery systems in the rural areas to bringing e-Commerce to the farmers.

Agricultural extension is about the application of information into knowledge and adoption, such as application of scientific research to agricultural practices through farmer training. ICT broadly defined as facilitation by electronic means the creation, storage, management and dissemination of information. Two types of ICT – old and new are practiced in extension service; the former refers to radio and TV which are low cost and require little skill to use while the latter forms of ICT include networked computers, satellite-sourced communication, wireless technology and the internet. Assume key factors explaining different ICT taken up by country are: per capita income; levels of education; the rural concentration; and dispersal of a country’s population.

The development of ICT in Jordan is fast and the Jordan’s IT capacity related to agro-information dissemination needs to be vastly improved at the local level to allow the effective horizontal transmission of information and communication between the farmers and institutions. However, technological challenges have still to be addressed such as the lack of trained communicators, poor ICT infrastructures high costs and limited access to ICTs and lack of relevant content.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the past, conventional ICTs that have been applied to agricultural extension services include the use of television, radio, etc., and these media have been criticized as archetypical, passive, top-down in nature; hence they have not created meaningful impact on agricultural information delivery (Akpabio, 2007). As a result of this, extension roles have undergone several transformation, over the years. One of the objectives of agricultural extension is to create conducive platform for empowerment so that food security can be guaranteed. In order to guarantee food security there is need to utilize faster and more efficient techniques of project identification, selection, implementation and evaluation in the agricultural extension process (Braimoh and Oladele, 2000). The inadequacies of interpersonal communication strategy in development gave credence to the use of media support in development process (Yahaya, 2000). In recent times, further improvements have been made on the use of media support through digital media. This is what makes contemporary ICT more relevant.

Modern ICTs emerged in Nigeria at a time when there was need for change in the agricultural extension delivery system to suit the contemporary situation. The conventional forms of communication used by extension agents include written (bulletin, leaflets, newspapers, articles, personal letters, circular, etc.); spoken (general meeting, special meeting, farm and home visit, official calls, telephone calls and radio); visual (result demonstration, exhibits, posters, motion pictures, charts, slide) and spoken/visual (method demonstration meeting, result demonstration meeting, meeting involving motion pictures, meeting involving charts).Torimiro et al.,(2000) noted the non-usage of telephone calls in extension work, giving reasons as preference for the locally accessible and affordable forms of communication they can employ.

1. AN OVERVIEW OF RWANDA’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC SETTING

Rwanda is a small landlocked country located in East Africa covering a total surface area of 26,338 km². It lies about 120 km south of the Equator and is bordered by Uganda in the North, Tanzania in the east, Burundi in the south and the Democratic Republic of Congo in the West. According to the national official statistics, the total population is approximately 8,200,000 people, with women accounting for 55 per cent of the people. The country’s population density is 505 people per km², making it one of the most densely populated countries in Africa (National Institute of Statistics, 2002). Since the turn of the millennium, the annual growth rate of the population has been 2.9 per cent and it is believed that by the year 2020, the country will have an estimated population of 20 million, thus exerting pressure on the limited land resources. It is also important to note that most people (64 per cent), those living in abject poverty, reside in rural areas of the country (Government of Rwanda, 2008).

1. OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONALAGRICULTURE SCENARIO - NATIONAL EXTENSION SYSTEMS, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE

Like in many developing countries, Agriculture Sector being the backbone of the Sri Lankan economy, contributes significantly (11.3 per cent in the year 2007) to the Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and the economic growth by 7.7 per cent (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2007). As to the situation in 2007, 80 per cent of country’s population of 20.01 million is rural and 31.3 per cent of the total Sri Lankan work force is employed in Agriculture sector. Nearly 14.6 per cent of the population still depends on the agriculture as the main livelihood. The country’s GDP has been growing at 6.8 per cent per annum (in 2007), though that of agriculture is growing at only 3.3 per cent.

Country as a whole is constituted by 25 administrative districts all of which is encompassed into nine provinces. Of these, nearly four fifths are predominantly agricultural districts with over 60 per cent of the total population living in them. Majority of the population in these districts constitutes the farming community and they, by and large, are the ones who keep the nation feeding. Apart from plantation agriculture which looks after large scale plantation level crops like tea, rubber, coconut along with other crops like cinnamon, pepper, coffee, cloves, nutmeg etc., grown extensively for the export market, almost all other food crops are grown by farmers, majority of who own land plots less than 2 hectares. On the one hand, this makes agriculture mainstay of a major sector of the population and on the other hand they are spread nearly everywhere in the country rather thinly on the ground.

1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter looks at ICTs in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with a focus on several selected countries in the region. Exciting and positive developments are happening throughout SSA Africa in ICTs. For instance, in spite of extensive poverty, SSA has had the fastest growing mobile market in the world over the last five years. The mobile telephone in the region has morphed to serve uniquely African development needs, including those in rural areas. It is being used for market information, extension messages and as virtual currency. In Kenya and Uganda, mobile phone services provide cheap messages about crop price information via text messaging. In Tanzania, there are ‘market spies’, farmers who visit local markets and remain in contact with the village using mobile phones to negotiate for better prices.

In spite of the growing use of mobile telephony and other ICTs, Africa has lagged behind in harnessing ICT potential for extension and other rural development issues in comparison to countries such as China, India, and Chile. Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest teledensity in the world (Bertolini, 2006a). Many challenges exist to ICT use in SSA, and there are concerns that many rural African communities are being further left behind through the ‘digital divide’.

1. INTRODUCTION

Sudan lays close to the east-centre of Africa between Latitudes 4° and 2° and longitude 22° and 28° east. It is the largest country in African continent (8.3 per cent) and Arab world and the ninth largest in the world (1.75) covering 2.59 million square kilometers of twenty six states (El Mustafa, 2005). It shares borders with Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central Africa, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. It is a criterion for absolute continent in terms of the extent and variety of vast agricultural lands, vast agricultural and pastoral country with rich cultural diversity. It homes about forty million people, seventy five per cent of which inhabit rural areas, speaking over a hundred and thirty indigenous languages and dialects. The country is a gentle sloping land with the exception of Jebel Marra Massif, Red Sea hills, Ingessena hills and the Nuba Mountains (Ahmed et al., 2004).

The Nile and its tributaries traverse it for about 900 km. The rainfall ranges from less than 50 mm in the northern desert to more than 1500 mm in the tropical rain forest in the south.

In general, the soils include aridsols (sand dunes and sandy soils), aridisols and vertisols (clay pockets in the valleys) in the North, vertisols in the central and southern clay plains and oxisols in the south. Variations in rainfall, vegetation and soils resulted in the formation of seven main ecological zones classified as follows: desert (0-75 mm, 28.1 per cent,), semi-desert (75-300 mm, 19 per cent), low rainfall savanna on sand (300-400 mm, 26.6 per cent), low rainfall savanna on clay (400-800 mm, 13.3 per cent), high rainfall savanna (800-1300 mm, 9.5 per cent), Montana vegetation region (800-1000 mm, 0.3 per cent) and flood region (800-1000 mm, 3.2 per cent) which embedded in twenty six states.

1. INTRODUCTION

Agricultural Extension in Trinidad and Tobago is searching for a way to effectively use Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) to improve the delivery of services to the farming community. The notion of a demand-driven extension service seems to appeal to the Ministry of Agriculture, and many believe that ICT has the potential to become a primary enabler to improving the extension service.

The country has a population of 1.3 million with one of the highest per capita incomes in Latin American and the Caribbean (US$16,090 in 2007). Oil and gas account for 40 per cent of GDP and 80 per cent of exports. The unemployment rate is 5 per cent, and the labour market is characterized by chronic shortage, high price and low productivity particularly in the agricultural sector (Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 2008). One of the government’s objectives is to develop a vibrant agriculture sector to reverse the decline of agriculture. The government’s operational plan 2007-2010 identifies a model for transformation which includes joint ventures with the private sector, investments to develop farms via Government to Government arrangements, and improvements in infrastructure and communication (Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 2007).

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. The Agriculture Sector of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe has a total area of 390 580 square kilometers of which one per cent is made up of rivers and lakes, 38 per cent is arable land and the rest is suited for livestock and wildlife production. The country is bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Mozambique. It is located between latitudes 15,30 and 22,30 degrees south of the Equator and between longitudes 25 and 33,10 degrees east of the Greenwich Meridian (CSO, 2006).

The Agriculture sector forms the backbone of Zimbabwe’s economy and accounts for about 17 per cent of the GDP. Zimbabwe‘s agricultural sector comprises mostly smallholder farmers who include communal, resettlement and small-scale farmers. However, this sector is besieged by a plethora of issues, namely high stocking rates, sub-optimal climate, and deforestation and land degradation. The Land Reform and Resettlement Programme which commenced in 1980 resulted in hundreds of thousands of Zimbabweans being resettled on former white commercial farms, in either Model A1(communally owned) or A2 schemes (large scale commercial farms). Thus the challenge to policy makers was now to ensure that future agricultural production is not compromised by current practices. The new farming sector largely comprises resource poor farmers, academics, corporate leaders, high-level policy makers and traditional farmers. Most of the new farmers lack requisite Agricultural skills and knowledge needed in modern Agricultural practice. Land reform measures led to the exodus of some white farmers in the beginning of the 21st century which crippled the economy depriving it of technological know-how and causing shortages of basic commodities.

The modernization of agriculture therefore, among other intervention strategies, through the use of ICTs can contribute directly to food security at national and household levels, beneficiation of agricultural produce, effective land management and an increase of national wealth.

To understand IoT “Internet of Things” it is important to understand internet first. Internet is connecting a device to other device anywhere in the world. When two devices are connected with the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, and video. The high-speed, fiber-optic cables are used, through which the bulk of the Internet data travels. The Internet has revolutionized the communication world. In today’s scenario the internet is an important part for people around the world. The Internet is a global network of billions of electronic devices. The World Wide Web (www) is most widely used part of the Internet.

The “Internet of Things is a potentially integrated part of the ‘Future Internet’. IoT can be defined as a dynamic global network with self - configuring capabilities based on communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘Things’ interact with each other.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is inter-connecting the networks of smart devices. Smart devices may be embedded with vehicles, buildings, or other electronics object with software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity. Network connectivity enables smart devices to collect and exchange data. The Internet of Things (IoT), also referred to as the Internet of Everything (IoE) which comprises of the web-enabled devices. IoT has its applications in smart city, smart surveillance, automated transportation, smarter energy management systems, water distribution, urban security and environmental monitoring. Agriculture is another new area of IoT application.

Due to advancement in technology the processing power and storage capacity has been increased, in the recent years. At the same time technology is making the devices pervasive, wearable and mobile. Smart devices are fitted with sensors, actuators which enable devices to sense, compute and act intelligently. They are able to exchange information with environment.

2.1 Introduction

Automation of agricultural field with IoT and microcontroller is new era of technology. Arduino based solution to agricultural field is open source platform. It can be used for developing data loggers and new sensors environment. The rate of solutions with Arduino and sensors is high as it is open source platform. The use of Arduino in agriculture can accelerate the growth of automation. Arduino can be interfaced with sensors like:

• Temperature
• Humidity
• Soil Moisture
• Water Pressure
• Water Flow and Water Metering
• Rain Gauge

3.1 Introduction

Internet of Things (IoT) allows computational devices and sensory support to connect with each other and access services on the Internet. The IoT idea was introduced to connect devices through the Internet and facilitate access to information for users. The potential application of IoT includes agriculture. The aim of this chapter is to explain the role of NodeMCU in the agriculture field. NodeMCU is IoT module which can be used to present the IoT concept as a basis for monitoring and control. The systems used in farm production processes. NodeMCU play a key role, with a focus on their realization by available microcontroller platforms and appropriate sensors. IoT based system provides opportunity to users to monitor and control the process remotely.

4.1 Introduction

The objective of this chapter is to design a mobile app for agricultural field automation with Blynk app. Mobile app is designed to control the water management in field as per requirement. The complete system comprises of two sections sensor node and mobile app. Sensor node comprises of Node MCU, Power supply, LCD, Relay board, soil sensor and Ultrasonic sensor. The system is designed to establish control and communication with specific agricultural field to take sensory data from soil and ultrasonic level sensor and control the PUMP IN motor and PUMP OUT motor with the help of mobile app.Fig.4.1 shows a block diagram for a system to control specific agricultural field with mobile app and IoT modem.

5.1 Introduction

The chapter describes the development of local web server on the laptop, to control the actuator from the server. Web server is used as remote control for the system. The system is designed to control water pump with respect to the soil sensor values. It comprises of NodeMCU, soil sensor, LCD, two relay boards for pump in and out the water from field.

6.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the development of data logger of agricultural field parameter monitoring system with LabVIEW. The system comprises of two sections- Fields device and data logger. Field device comprises of Arduino, smoke detector (for sensing hazardous gases), soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, water level sensor, battery, display unit, 2.4 GHz RF modem. Data logger comprises of Arduino, display unit, 2.4 GHz RF modem, power supply, PC with LabVIEW. The system is designed to monitor the environment and agriculture field parameters. The field device is designed to collect all physical parameters and communicate it to the receiver end with LabVIEW. For establishing communication between two sections 2.4GHz RF modem is used, which can be replaced with any other modem also.Fig.6.1 shows block diagram of field device and Fig.6.2shows block diagram of data logger.Table.6.1 & Table.6.2 shows the component list required to develop the field device and data logger.

7.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the development of data logger of agricultural field parameter monitoring system with MATLAB. The system comprises of Arduino, water level sensor, humidity sensor, light sensor, soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, smoke detector, power supply, PC with MATLAB. The system is designed to monitor the environment and agriculture field parameters. The field device is designed to collect all physical parameters and same is communicated serially to MATLAB with I/O package. Fig.7.1 shows block diagram of the system. Table.7.1 shows the component list required to develop the system.

8.1 Introduction

The objective of this chapter is to develop a smart control for site-specific management of fixed irrigation system with Blynk app. Mobile app is designed to control the water management in field. The complete system comprises of two sections field device and mobile app. Field device comprises of Arduino, Node MCU, Power supply, LCD, Relay board, soil moisture sensor, temperature & humidity sensor, water level sensor, motor1, motor2. The system is designed to establish control and communication with specific agricultural field to take sensory data from the sensors and control the PUMP IN motor and PUMP OUT motor with the help of mobile app. Fig.8.1 shows a block diagram for a system.

9.1 Introduction

The objective of this chapter is to design an icloud and cayenne based perimeter monitoring system for agricultural field. Mobile app is designed to monitor the sensory data. The complete system comprises of two sections field device and mobile app. Field device comprises of NodeMCU, battery, motion sensors and laser sensors. The system is designed to monitor the agriculture field perimeter with motion and laser sensors, which are deployed at different locations of field. The sensory data is transmitted through NodeMCU and received at mobile app which can be accessed by authorized person. The same data can be accessed on webserver from anywhere in the world. Fig.9.1 shows a block diagram for a system. Table.9.1 shows the component list.

10.1 Introduction

The objective of this chapter is to develop a data logger and indicator for fire detection in agriculture field. The data logger is designed with the help of Scilab. The system comprises of Ardiuini Nano, light sensor, MQ6, MQ135, IR sensor, temperature sensor, power supply. The system is designed to take sensory data on Scilab with serial communication. Fig.10.1 shows block diagram for a system. Table.10.1 shows the component list required to develop the system.

11.1 Introduction

The application of greenhouse in agriculture is vast. Greenhouses are used for growing flowers, vegetables, fruits, transplants and varieties of certain crops in a controlled environment which is appropriate for the plants. The edible flowers are served in some good restaurants to grow them precise calculation is required. Sensor network can help to monitor and automate the activities in greenhouse. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the development of sensor nodes to monitor the growth of flower plants through XBee and internet of things. The system comprises of three sections- sensor nodes, local server and main server. Sensor nodes communicate to local server with XBee and then local server communicates the same data to main server through IoT.Fig.11.1 shows the generalized block diagram, sensor node is to be implemented on each flower pot and communicating to local and main server.

1. The Fraction of incident radiation which is reflected back is called as.................

   a) Short wave radiation

   b) Long wave radiation

   c) Albedo

   d) U.V radiation

2. Hulling percent in Rice crop.........

   a) 60-70%

   b) 40-50%

   c) 80-90%

   d) 20-25%

1. The example of trisaccharide is—————————.

   a) Raffinose

   b) Maltose

   c) Glucose

   d) Sucrose

2. Betaoxidation of fatty acid was proposed by ———————.

   a) Rose

   b) Knoop

   c) J.B Sumner

   d) Bloor

1. Length of Gunter’s chain is……..ft

   a) 15

   b) 25

   c) 66

   d) 30

2. Chain is made up of thick galvanized iron wire of…..... mm in diameter

   a) 2

   b) 4

   c) 3.5

   d) 5

1. The initiator of a food web is

   a) Carnivores

   b) Herbivores

   c) Plants

   d) Decomposers

2. Fauna is term for

   a) Plant kingdom

   c) Animals

   b) Both (plant and animals)

   d) None of the above

1. Important objective of biotechnology in agriculture sector is

   a) To increase the nitrogen content

   b) To decrease the seed number

   c) To produce pest resistant varieties of plants

   d) To increase the plant weight

2. The main technology involved in agriculture biotechnology is called

   a) Tissue culture

   b) Plant breeding

   c) Transformation

   d) DNA replication

1. Mendel presented his results in the form of

   a) Two paper in French langua

   b) Two paper in German language

   c) One paper in German language

   d) None of the above

2. The alternative forms of a gene are called

   a) Allelomorph

   b) Gene

   c) Alleles

   d) None of these

1. The rice plant belongs to

   a) Short day plant

   b) Long day plant.

   c) Day neutral plant

   d) Etiolated

2. Cycoceal is a growth

   a) Growth inhibitor

   b) Growth hormone

   c) Growth regulator

   d) Growth stimulant

1. A man supplied excess fertilizer and water the grass well. After sometime the leaves turn brown because

   a) Due to water logging

   b) It decreases photosynthesis

   c) Fertilizer is drained in lower layer of soil

   d) Osmosis occurs in root and root dies

2. If roots of plant are removed and plant is placed in water, then what will be happen?

   a) Passive absorption will continue

   b) Imbibition will continue

   c) Active absorption will continue

   d) None of these

1. ………… is the father of plant pathology.

   a) T J Burril

   c) Anton De Barry

   b) Needham

   d) E J Butler

2. ……… first time reported that plant diseases are caused by bacterium.

   a) Robert Koch

   c) Kuhn

   b) E F Smith

   d) T J Burril

1. International Rice Research Institute is located at

   a) Mexico

   b) Philippines

   c) Nigeria

   d) Columbia

2. Use of combining ability as a measure of gene action was first suggested by

   a) Wright (1921)

   b) Griffing (1956)

   c) Sprague and Tatum (1942)

   d) Hayman (1954)

1. Genetic principles of seed production were given by

   a) Feistritzer (1975)

   b) Kadam (1942)

   c) Kadam (1936)

   d) Swaminathan (1970)

2. Objectionable weed seed in wheat seed production is

   a) Chandvel

   b) Johnsoon grass

   c) Sudan grass

   d) Wild rice

1. The nucleus seed in cereals is produced by

   a) Ear to Row method

   b) Plant selection

   c) Progeny selection

   d) Head selection

2. Foundation seed is the progeny of

   a) Truthfully Labeled seed

   b) Foundation seed stage I

   c) Nucleus seed

   d) Breeder seed

1. Decorticator is used for shelling pods in

   a) Bhendi

   b) Maize

   c) Groundnut

   d) Sunflower

2. Debearders are used in processing of

   a) Barley

   b) Oats

   c) Wheat

   d) Rice

1. Hallow heart in pea occurs due to

   a) Calcium deficiency

   b) Molybdenum deficiency

   c) Boron deficiency

   d) Zinc deficiency

2. Presence of pathogen on the surface of the seed is termed as

   a) Admixture

   b) Infestation

   c) Infection

   d) Contamination

1. In bhendi field, the permissible limits for wild bhendi for Foundation and certified seed production is

   a) 0.10, 1.00

   b) 0.05, 0.10

   c) 0.1, 1.5

   d) None

2. Weed seed, other crop seed and inert matter are the fractions of

   a) Purity analysis

   b) Germination

   c) Seed viability test

   d) All

1. ______ an application of the accounting principles to the business of farming.

   a) Farm planning

   b) Farm budgeting

   c) Farm accounting

   d) Marketing

2. ‘Beef’ and ‘hides’ are examples of:

   a) Independent enterprise

   b) Joint enterprise

   c) Supplementary enterprise

   d) Compitative enterprise

1. “Statistics is a science of calculations and averages”, the definition was given by :

   a) R.A. Fisher

   b) Boddington

   c) Bowley

   d) Anderson

2. “Statistics is a study of population, variation and methods of data reduction” is the definition of statistics according to:

   a) A.L. Bowley

   b) R.A. Fisher

   c) Boddington

   d) None of these

1. ……….. is the study of human relationship in rural environment.

   a) Sociology

   b) Rural sociology

   c) Indian sociology

   d) None of the above

2. Journal of Extension is published from ………….

   a) UK

   b) USA

   c) Germany

   d) Holland

1. Pomology word is derived from a—————————

   a) Greek word

   b) Latin word

   c) English word

   d) None of these

2. Deficiency of ————————vitamin causes scurvy.

   a) A

   b) B

   c) C

   d) D

1. _________________ work for grape fruit setting.

   a) Alar

   b) IAA

   c) Cytokinin

   d) Abscissic acid

2. A fruits that develops from a hollow pear-shaped fleshy receptacle (hypanthodium) which encloses a number of minute male and female flowers in known as :

   a) Aggregate fruit

   b) Hesperidium

   c) Pome fruit

   d) Syconus fruit

1. Onion belongs to the family ...........................

   a) Alliaceae

   b) Brussicaceac

   c) Crucifereae

   d) Chno podoceae

2. Pungency in onion is due to ...........................

   a) Dially / disulphide

   b) Carbonates

   c) Sulphonates

   d) Allypropyl Disulfide

1. Formal garden has a ———— layout.

   a) Odd

   b) Natural

   c) Symmetric

   d) Irregular

2. Foutain is located in —— of building.

   a) Backside

   b) Front

   c) Lateral side

   d) None of these

1. This is fragrant rose variety

   a) Blue Moon

   b) First Red

   c) Gladiator

   d) None

2. Rose belong to family

   a) Amaryllidaceae

   b) Compositae

   c) Rosaceae

   d) None