eChapters

Introduction

The people in Kolli Hills were more traditional in nature believing the fith and practices of the local communities. They happened to manage their livelihood through agriculture and maintained an indigenous life with their own knowledge system. They used to maintain the longstanding traditions from their ancestors and spread the knowledge in different spheres of livelihood. Such socially generated knowledge is popularly called as local knowledge. The ongoing practice of using such knowledge for indigenous communities established the belief that such knowledge used in atraditional manner was fruitful for the people. The concept of indigenous knowledge gained its worldwide recognition through the United Nations Conference on Environment and Education in 1992, World Conservation Strategy of International Union and Conservations of Natural Resources in 1980, Brundtland Commission, and World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. These events recognized the existence of indigenous knowledge in every country, society, culture. Since India has a long history and much enriched culture there is abundant reservoir of indigenous knowledge in every part of the country. Similarly Kolli Hills of Namakkal district in Tamil Nadu, is a historical land having enriched cultural heritage which has varied communities and immense resources. Its flora and fauna are vast and varied in nature. The tribal communities, of this Kolli Hills, “Malayali” appear to live on their own knowledge system. The paper is intended to unfurl the essence of Indigenous Tribal Agricultural Practices (ITAPs) in Kolli Hills and the rationality analysis ITAPs in the study area. According to Grenier (1998) indigenous knowledge is the traditional knowledge of the local community existing within and developed around the specific conditions of women and men indigenous to a particular geographical area.

Materials Required

Tomato fruits, pulper, steel pans, weighing balance, refractometer, sugar, salt, spices, acetic acid, citric acid, muslin cloth etc.

Procedure
I. Puree

    1.    Extract fruit pulp by Hot process as told by the teacher.
    2.    Record the TSS of the pulp.
    3.    Concentrate the pulp by heating to 12º Brix (heavy puree)
    4.    Hot fill the boiling puree into pre-sterilized glass bottles (200 ml cap.)
    5.    Seal the bottles by crown corking
    6.    Heat process in boiling water in a big aluminium pan for 15-20 min. 
    7.    Cool the bottles to room temperature as quickly as possible.
    8.    Label and store at a dry place.

The term rare amino acid is misleading in some respects. It refers to all those amino acids that are not incorporated into proteins. We already got to know some of them like ornithine or citrulline that are rather common intermediates of the basic metabolism. Roughly 220 different structures are known, most of which occur in plant cells in a free state though glutamate-, oxalate- or acetyl- derivatives can also sometimes be found.

Plants are the generators or the primary source of organic matter while animals are the transformers- secondary source of organic matter. In agriculture, plants add 10–30 percent of organic matter through their roots stubbles and leaf fall and exudations. The excreta of livestock, the organic wastes of urban and rural residential areas include the garbage and sewage and sludge. The by products of agro based industries viz. bagasse, vinasse, pressmud from sugar industries, the coir dust from the coir industries, dust of cotton from ginning industries, the fruit and food processing industries wastes.

Wildlife Sanctuary is a natural habitat, owned by the government or private agency, that safeguards particular species of birds and animals to make sure that viable population of the wildlife and their habitats are maintained.

A family of about 90 genera and 3,000 species distributed in both tropical and temperate regions. Central and South America are the chief centres of distribution where over 40 genera are found. About 15 genera and over 90
species have been reported from India. Some of the larger genera along with their approximately world over reported species (Hickey and King, 1988) are Solanum (1700), Cestrum (150), Physalis (100), Lycium (80-90), Nicotiana (66), Capsicum (50), Petunia (40), Hyoscyamus (20) and Datura (10). Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) are the two most utilized plants of Solanaceae.
Petunias, popular bedding plants, with variety of forms, sizes and shapes are employed for landscape planning, garden designs and container gardening. The numerous phenotypes viz., Grandifloras, Multifloras, Millifloras, Waves, Hedgifloras, etc. are complex hybrids. The outstanding marketable series of P. x hybrida have been developed for upright, spreading and semi-trailing to trailing habits.
Selected Indian Genera
Atropa, Capsicum, Cestrum, Datura, Nicotiana, Petunia, Physalis, Solanum, Withania.

Effective feeding strategies and feed management are vital for enhancing fish growth, achieving optimal feed conversion ratios (FCR), and reducing both feed wastage and environmental impact. As feed expenses account for around 60–70% of total aquaculture costs, efficient feeding is key to economic and environmental sustainability. A well-designed feeding approach includes selecting appropriate feed types, setting correct feeding rates, timing feedings properly, and observing fish feeding behavior closely. Feed characteristics—such as floating or sinking nature, pellet size, and nutritional composition—should align with the species, age, and health of the fish. Insufficient feeding can result in poor growth and higher disease risk, whereas excessive feeding not only escalates costs but also compromises water quality due to decomposing leftover feed. Feeding rates are usually based on a percentage of body weight, modified according to factors like water temperature, oxygen levels, fish condition, and seasonal changes. For example, warmer weather increases metabolism and appetite, requiring more frequent feedings,

Several centuries ago, Father of medicine Hippocrates, has said “Let food be your medicine”. Our traditional therapies or alternative medicine effectively integrated this concept and include herbal remedies, nutritional interventions like vitamins/minerals supplementation specialized diets etc, and other techniques such as acupuncture, relaxation regimens, and homeopathic medicines. While, in modern medical science medicines are used to cure diseases which may have some inherited side effects. From the final decade of the last century, a renewed interest was seen in traditional therapies and people are thinking of integrated medicine with a focus on prevention of disease rather than its cure. In this context many terms like “dietary supplements”, “nutraceuticals” and “functional foods” were frequently used to address this issue. The term “nutraceutical” was coined from “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical” in 1989 by Stephen DeFelice, MD, founder and chairman of the Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM). Nutraceutical can be defined as, “a food or part of a food, that provides health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of a disease.” However, the term nutraceutical as commonly used in marketing has no regulatory definition. There is confusion between the closely related terms nutraceuticals, functional food and dietary supplement. Kalra (2003) differentiated between these terms as: Functional food provides the body with the required amount of vitamins, fats, proteins, carbohydrates, etc, needed for its healthy survival. When functional food aids in the prevention and treatment of disease(s) and disorder(s) other than anemia, it is called a nutraceutical.

Rocks and minerals formed under a very high temperature and pressure, when exposed to atmospheric conditions of low pressure and low temperature, they become unstable and weather. Soils are formed from rocks through the intermediate stage of formation of regolith (parent material) which is the resultant of weathering.

Analytical Chemistry

The science involving the determination of the constituents in terms of elements and compounds is called Analytical Chemistry. It is used to identify the substances found in a material and to quantify the exact amount of substances in them.

The basic principles involved in Analytical Chemistry are changes takes place in the substances by the process of combination, decomposition, replacement and double decomposition.

Management of crop diseases by various methods of exclusion in order to reduce the pathogen population in a geographical location / country may be achieved by either preventing introduction of pathogens or by growing disease-free seeds and planting materials. In addition, the inoculum of a pathogen reaching newly planted crops may be significantly reduced by adopting appropriate cultural practices also. The contributions of these factors for successful cultivation of crops are discussed hereunder.

8.1 Prevention of Introduction of Microbial Pathogens

Prevention of pathogen introduction is the primary responsibility of plant quarantines. Quarantines have been established by several countries by enacting appropriate laws that regulate the importation of plants, seeds and asexually propagated plant materials. These materials are placed in post-entry quarantines (PEQs) and examined by technical personnel for the presence of pathogens and pests. It is obligatory for the exporting countries to comply with the regulations of the importing countries. As the movement of plant products has increased enormously, following the adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), vigilant enforcement of sanitary and phytosanitary measures has become essential. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) appointed an Expert Consultation on the Harmonization of Plant Quarantine Principles to formulate basic principles to determine standards for plant quarantine principles in relation to international trade (FAO 1991). According to the recommendations of the Expert Consultation, the sovereignty of the importing country is recognized and it has the right to implement the phytosanitary regulations deemed fit by that country. However, cooperation among countries was emphasized for the successful implementation of the recommendations by the member countries belonging to one of the eight regional plant protection organization set up after the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) held in 1951. A plant pathogen is recognized as of quarantine significance (QS), if its exclusion is considered to be essential to protect agriculture and natural vegetation of the importing country which has to be provide necessary infrastructure and trained personnel to prevent or delay its entry along possible routes. Lists of quarantine pathogens and the regulations to be followed are prepared by the importing country and made available to the exporting countries.

Introduction

The science of Biotechnology has been making every effort to create new opportunities for the welfare of humanity. Modern biotechnological tools are applied in India to boost fish production through aquaculture as well as conservation of the vast aquatic resources of the country for sustainable utilization. Transgenic technology is widely used in biotechnology, from the generation of genetically modified (GM) foods to the production of pharmaceutical proteins. This technology has been successfully used to develop fast growing super-fish stocks for aquaculture. The main reasons for genetic manipulation of species used in aquaculture are to enhance the growth and efficiency of food conservation, to increase tolerance to environmental variables like temperature and salinity, to produce new colour variants of ornamental fishes, to increase the resistance of species to pathogens, etc. Though the conventional selective breeding approach has proven to genetically upgrade rohu19, it is a rather time consuming process. Traditional selective breeding approaches in combination with transgenesis can bring about faster improvement of selected traits.

1. What does the term PLC stands for?

a) Product long cycle

b) Production life cycle

c) Product life cycle

d) Production long cycle

2. Which of the following is not the stage of Product Life Cycle?

a) Introduction Stage

b) Peak stage

c) Decline stage

d) Mature stage

3. When a new product enter into the market with higher quality and new features better than its competitors, those products are known as__________

Key Points

• Dystocia, uterine prolapse, obstetrics, and torsion of the uterus are among the common obstetrical issues in dairy animals.

• These reproductive abnormalities cause dairy farmers to suffer significant f inancial losses.

Introduction

Every instance of obstetrical complications needs to be handled right away. Along with taking the case history, a general clinical assessment and examination should be performed. Dystocia is one of the various obstetrical problems that is more common in cattle.

A family of about 86 genera and 3,000 species distributed chiefly in tropics and sub-tropics. About 22 genera and over 30 species have been reported from India. Some of the genera along with their number of approximately reported species and common names of them are Clerodendron (400, glory-flower), Verbena (250, vervain), Vitex (250, chaste tree), Lippia (220, Frogfruit), Lantana (150), Callicarpa (140, beauty-berry), Stachytarpheta (100) and Tectona (3, teak).
Verbena is popular ornamental plant suitable for flower gardens, hanging baskets, and balcony boxes. They are excellent both as ground cover for rockeries, and as bedding types. These plants abundantly flower in the seedin year and, thus, are grown as annual plants.
Selected Indian Genera
Clerodendron, Duranta, Lantana, Tectona, Verbena, Vitex.
Economic Importance
1. Timber yielding plants: Teak, one of the most famous timber-yielding plants of the world, belongs to Verbenaceae. It is used for high quality furnitures, heavy constructions, ship building, musical instruments and several other similar purposes. Some other timber-yielding plants are Gmelina arborea, Premna benghalensis and Vitex altissima.

Introduction
In the global perspective, water contamination is a significant issue. Every day, it is the cause of almost 14,000 deaths. The most valuable natural resource on Earth is water, which makes up more than 70% of its surface.
Definitions
• The term “water pollution” refers to the contamination of water bodies by human activity, which can be detrimental to the plants and organisms that call thesem bodies of water home. It can be characterized as any alteration in the quality of water brought about by human activity that makes it less suitable for any of its positive uses, actual or potential. Excess of any substance or heat that could endanger people, animals, or aquatic lifeMan’s actions alter the quality or composition of water, either directly or indirectly, making it unfit for any purpose.
Sources of Water Pollution
• Point source pollution, which is defined as pollution having a distinct source and point of entry into the water, making it easy to identify. It describes impurities that find their way into a waterway by a covert channel, like a ditch or pipe. For instance, contaminants include metals and organics in municipal and industrial discharge pipelines.

Abstract

There is an urgent need to – create market driven linkages rather than do it alone by building new infrastructure. A lot needs to be done to improve infrastructure in terms of reducing the logistics cost, eliminating middlemen influence and eliminating the wastage of basic inputs. There is a need to blend technologies based on principle of dovetailing production for masses with the advantage of mass production, particularly in the area of grain processing, packaging and marketing which would help combine livelihood, security with agricultural competitiveness. Risk in crop production is not new to any age and the farmers have been bearing it since times immemorial. The farmers should be allowed to maximize their grain. High performance continuous and batch dryers remove moisture in a way that is predictable and reliable. The problems associated with moisture content may be harmful to international trade in grain and need to be addressed adequately by the standardization institutions.

Amounts up to 5 ml of blood can be safely drawn from the auricular marginal vein, using a 23- to 25-gauge needle (or) a 23-gauge butterfly attached to a syringe or tube. The jugular vein should be avoided for blood collection if the rabbit suffers from a respiratory problem or shows respiratory distress. It may become cyanotic during the procedure. Alternate sites for blood collection are the cephalic and the lateral saphenous veins. (Their locations are the same as in dogs and cats. These veins are fragile, and a hematoma is easily formed).

Definition

‘Whipping agent’ are a wide variety of materials to describe their role in confectionery manufacture as a means of holding air introduced into a product, to produce a uniform dispersion of air cells within the confection leading to a lower specific weight and considerable modification to the texture.

Stable foams cannot be obtained by whipping high concentration sugar solutions without the presence of a ‘surface-active’ agent.

Many types of proteins have whipping properties and those used in the sweet industry are:

(a) Egg albumen, crystal powdered and spray dried;

(b) High Bloom gelatine and gelatine hydrolysates;

(c) Skimmed milk in spray dried form;

(d) Whey, or whey in a mixture with skimmed milk;

Export and import- an overview

The major thrust of livestock development strategy in India has been on achieving self-sufficiency in livestock products through import substitution. Several initiatives were taken to develop the Indian livestock sector in the past and India emerged as the largest milk producer in the world and it is also one of the largest producers of other livestock commodities. However, the economic policy reforms and economic liberalization triggered in 1991 have widened market opportunities for the livestock sector. The global demand for livestock products is also on the rise. Such developments offer an opportunity for India to increase its livestock exports, especially for products like bovine meat, whose domestic demand is low. With improved domestic production and marketing efficiency, better access to expanding world market, India has the potential to become more competitive and may augment port of livestock products. The export and import details reveal that there has been a steady increase in the value of imports and exports of livestock and livestock products in India.