eChapters

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blue print of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods and techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyzing data and interpreting the findings for revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under following sub-heads for easy understanding:

1. Locale of research
2. Sampling design
3. Pilot study
4. Variables and their measurements

Introduction

Eco-friendly interior design is an important consideration for anyone who wants to create a healthy, sustainable, and beautiful space.

Environmental impact: The materials used in interior design can have a significant impact on the environment. Eco-friendly materials are made from renewable resources, reduce waste, and often have a lower carbon footprint than traditional materials.

Introduction

This chapter reviews literature related to the area of the current study. Scrutiny of the available literature is of great value in gaining insight into the research problem under investigation. As the studies on the job motivation in the university libraries in Kerala is less, the works reported other places were reviewed that are relevant to the different areas of present research. Hence, the available studies related to the topic of research are exhaustively reviewed. In order to survey the previous studies on the topic, a number of primary, secondary and tertiary sources were consulted. The reviews are arranged under the following headings.

• Job Motivation in General
• Job Motivation in Libraries

Abstract

This chapter discusses the concepts of risk and uncertainty in decision-making. Risk refers to the condition where the decision-maker knows the possible outcomes and their probabilities. Uncertainty refers to the condition where such information is unknown to the decision-maker.

Abstract

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which plays a major role in various disciplines including drug discovery, pharmacogenomics, proteomics, comparative genomics, microbial genome applications in biotechnology. Food plays a vital role in various processes in body and also helps in controlling various chronic diseases. Food safety and food processing are very crucial factor for human lives. Bioinformatics has been successfully applied in food industry for improving various factors of food such as flavor, taste, allergenicity, probiotics, optimizing the quantitative and compositional parameters for food processing and assessing the food safety. In this chapter, we have given an overview about the role of bioinformatics in food industry.

Introduction

Blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary solution in various industries, and agriculture is no exception. By providing a secure and transparent system for recording and verifying transactions, blockchain has the potential to transform the agricultural sector. In this chapter, we will explore the role of blockchain in agriculture, its benefits, and various use cases that demonstrate its potential. Additionally, we will present key statistics and real-world examples to illustrate the impact of blockchain in agriculture.

Introduction

The use of drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), in the agriculture sector has ushered in a new era of precision farming. These versatile flying machines equipped with advanced sensors and cameras have the potential to transform various agricultural activities, resulting in increased productivity, reduced costs, and more sustainable practices.

This chapter explores the history of drones, their components and functioning, the numerous agriculture activities where drones can be employed, the benefits they offer, real-world use cases, challenges in adoption, and possible solutions to fully realize their potential in the agriculture sector.

Introduction NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) are organisations with professional staff that work to lessen human suffering and advance developing nations. The number of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in India is close to 3.4 million, and they work in a range of sectors, from disaster relief to advocacy for underserved and neglected groups. It is a nonprofit organisation that operates without interference from any governmental body. It is taskoriented and organised by people with common interests in a local, national, or international setting. It performs a variety of services and charitable tasks. Particularly, some are structured around particular concerns, such as health, the environment, or human rights. These make up a sizeable portion of civil society and bring about quick social change. They have developed into a vital and vocal platform for civil society participation in public affairs (Desai, 2014.).

The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, in its 1957 report, proposed the establishment of a Panchayati Raj System consisting of three tiers: Gram Panchayats at the village level, Panchayat Samitis at the block or intermediate level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. The National Development Council also supported a similar structure in 1958, with villages at the bottom and districts at the top. However, it was the 73rd Constitutional Amendment in 1992 that gave the Panchayati Raj System its current form. Most states now have Panchayati Raj Institutions operating at three levels: village, intermediate, and district. However, smaller states with populations under 20 lakh have only two tiers: the village level and the district level.

Importance of Statistical Data

In the modern era economic and social life of the people and the functional system of industry and business, educational and medical facilities and other activities of the community have undergone substantial changes due to spectacular developments in the field of science and technology. Now the emphasis is on specialization in mass production and utilization of goods and services of a given type with a view to get the maximum possible benefit per unit of cost.

Abstract

This chapter examines how farm size affects farmers’ welfare. Large farm owners enjoy a higher standard of living than small farm owners, which motivates their children to continue farming. The nation’s scale economies also favor large farms. In India, farm size decreases with each generation due to inheritance rules. Farming does not provide enough income to ensure a decent standard of living, so the size shrinks as the number of dependents grows. These farms are not only small, but also scattered, making farming a low-paid profession.

Size of the farm influences the welfare of the farmers. Operators of large sized farms enioy better standard of living compared against their counterparts with small sized farms. Better standard of living in turn encourages their children to be in farming. This way the interest in farming makes the farmers to be committed to derive maximum production. Large farms further enjoy the scale economies as well. A country with this type of setting in agriculture regarding farm size marches ahead to produce larger quantity of farm products. In India, the law of inheritance brings down the size of farm operated by a farm family with every passing generation. Sub-division on one side reduces the size of farm but the size of holding is further reduced by fragmentation. With ever growing dependents in farming, the size of the farm had been dwindling over the years, as it is at present does not provide sufficient levels of income to ensure a reasonable standard of living. The size of farm that is operated by the farmer should doubly ensure this requirement. Apart from being small in size, these are scattered making the farming an unremunerative occupation.

What is A Smart Energy Home?

Smart homes use internet - connected devices to enable remote monitoring and management of appliances and systems, such as temperature, lighting, and security cameras. Smart energy homes take a step beyond the gadget-filled smart home to focus on bringing smart functionality to major household energy-using systems like HVAC, water heating, and plug loads (including appliances and electronics).

Introduction

Soil organic matter is an indispensible component of soil health management. It plays an important role in improving soil physical, chemical and biological environment. Soil health refers to the capacity of the soil in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties for maintaining ecosystem services. With respect to agricultural lands, soil health implies the capability of the soil towards improving crop growth and yield, while also supporting environmental sustainability. Some important determining properties of soil health maintenance are soil reaction, salinity or alkalinity, soil organic matter, soil texture, soil structure/aggregation, water holding capacity, porosity, internal drainage, and nutrient retention capacity. Simultaneously, the key properties maneuvering soil health are soil aeration, internal drainage, nutrient cycling, susceptibility to erosion etc. Except some of the basic properties (soil texture) and processes (soil erosion), most of the determinant properties and processes are maneuvered by the presence of soil organic matter. A healthy soil must have strong resistance to degradation processes and able to recover following a perturbation because of inherent resilience (Magdoff 2001).

1. Introduction

Social research refers to study of social trends, dynamics and principles existing between individuals and within societies. Professionals perform social research in order to better understand the social factors that motivate and influence human beings and to analyze how and why humans interact with each other, and thus create new knowledge and theories or tests and verify existing theories. The purposes of social research are manifold and can be classified as exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, community change / action and evaluative.

In subclinical endometritis (SCE), there is inflammation of the internal lining of uterus (endometrium). It is one of the major causes of repeat breeding in cattle and causes significant reduction of reproductive performance. Cervico- vaginal mucus in subclinical endometritis is clear in contrast to endometritis. It is also called cytological endometritis and is associated with increased proportion (percentage) of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in endometrial cytology samples. SCE affected cows have delayed first service and subsequent pregnancy causing significant economic losses due to reduction in reproductive performance, feed intake increase per lactation, milk yield reduction and increase in culling rate.

Before proceeding to find out the nature of the egg content of the faecal sample, one should know what class of animal the faecal sample belongs to. It is easy to identify a faecal sample of herbivore from that of an omnivore or a carnivore. The dung of cattle, sheep and horse will contain lot of vegetable fibers. The colour of the dung under normal conditions will be dark greenish yellow with a peculiar aromatic smell. But the faeces of a dog or cat will be soft and pasty devoid of fibers and dark yellow in colour with an unpleasant smell. Several procedures commonly used to examine faeces for parasites are described in this section. Before attempting to apply these procedures, a few points should be considered:

1. Introduction

Technology innovation is characterised by the development and utilisation of novel or enhanced technologies, instruments, frameworks, and procedures that result in noteworthy progressions or discoveries across diverse domains. It entails utilising resources, knowledge, and experience to create creative solutions that address issues, boost productivity, advance the cause, and add value.

In numerous crucial areas, the significance of technological innovation is evident:

1. Introduction

A key element in the world of agriculture, agricultural extension has long been seen as the link between scientific knowledge and the practical needs of farmers. This chapter examines how technological advancements, particularly those related to artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT), are fundamentally altering agricultural extension services and the agricultural industry as a whole.

1.1 Definition of Agricultural Extension

The process of sharing knowledge, information, and innovations with farmers and rural communities in order to enhance their agricultural practices and, in turn, their livelihoods, is known as agricultural extension.

This is an international convention governing the recognition of deposits in officially approved culture collections for the purpose of patent applications in any country that is a party to it. Because of the difficulties and on occasion of virtual impossibility of reproducing a microorganism from a description of it in a patent specification, it is essential to deposit a strain in a culture collection centre for testing and examination by others.

This was the year, 1974, the Director General of WIPO convened a committee of Experts to discuss the possibilities of international cooperation over the deposit of microorganisms for patent purposes

This chapter introduces approaches for converting egg-processing residues and by-products into useful materials and products. It examines eggshell composition and applications, eggshell membrane and its biomedical and industrial potential, utilization of surplus and inedible egg material, and extraction of high-value components such as lysozyme and IgY. Waste management, sustainability and circular-economy approaches are also discussed. The chapter emphasizes that successful by-product utilization depends not only on technical feasibility but also on economics, scale, infrastructure, biosecurity and appropriate markets.

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the Mahogany plantation for collection of seeds/stem cuttings then raised in polythene bags and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in Mahogany plantation.

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the Khair plantation for collection of stem cuttings then raised in polythene bags and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in Khair plantation.

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the Safeda plantation for collection of stem cuttings then raised in polythene bags and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in Mahogany plantation.

Observation recording Lay the quadrats with the help of rope. Identify all the plant species, and count their number in each quadrat, dbh

Objective: To study the morphological description and field identification characteristics of various temperate tree species.

Observation recording: For correct identification of any temperate tree species, it is necessary to observe the type of bark, type of leaf, leaf arrangement and surface of leaf. For easy understanding of the students some examples are given in table:

Observation recording: Poplar rarely raised by seeds. It is generally raised by stem cuttings. Students are advised to visit the Poplar plantation for collection of stem cuttings then raised in polythene bags and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in Poplar plantation.

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the Sandalwood plantation or forest for seed collection then sowing the seeds in nursery and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in Sandal wood plantation.

Objective: To study the seed germination, pollination and dispersal type of various temperate tree species.

Observation recording: To record the observation on seed germination, Pollination and dispersal needs to conduct frequent field visits in different seasons for recording the various pollination and dispersing agents and conducting experiment on seed germination.

Observation recording: To know the suitability of the tree species for plantation of various problematic areas, students are advised to visit the various nearby problematic sites or forest and record the naturally growing tree species.

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the nursey and forest plantation to record the various tending operations which are adopted by the forest department or Plantation Company.

Q1. Glucuronide conjugation occurs in the compounds with following functional groups:

1. Hydroxyl
2. Carboxyl
3. Amino
4. All above

Q2. Which of the following is not a chelating agent:

1. Dimercaprol
2. Penicillamine
3. Dimethyl sulfoxide
4. Ca-EDTA

Q3. Most appropriate treatment of acute organophosphate toxicity:

1. Atropine alone
2. 2-PAM alone
3. Atropine + 2-PAM
4. Sod. Thiosulphate alone

Nitrogen

Most commonly, complex organic compounds, ammonia, molecular nitrogen, nitrite, and nitrate are the forms of nitrogen found in soils. The physical and chemical conditions of the soil control the majority of the microbiological interconversions that change nitrogen.

Ammonia build-up, ammonia loss by volatilization, denitrification, nitrogen f ixation, and leaching losses of nitrogen are the primary changes that occur in submerged soils. The nutrition of rice is significantly impacted by these changes. Given the favourable circumstances for quick soil transformations and nitrogen loss, it is obvious that rice soils are nitrogen deficient.

Abstract

Carbon is the backbone for the life of all living beings. Carbohydrates are metabolic currency of plants as they provide building blocks for energy and biomass accumulation. Carbohydrates include both structural and Nonstructural carbohydrates. Structural carbohydrates like cellulose and lignin are long chain molecules for the building of plants reserves and structural support. These are main constituents of plant cell wall, stem, stalks etc. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) like monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, sugar alcohols are important constituents in plants metabolism. The Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) pool is very important for plant to meet the inadequate carbon requirement under night and stressful conditions. The quantity and distribution ratio of NSC in different tissues is an ecophysiological feature to understand the adaptive strategies of plants. Substrate for biosynthesis of NSC produced from photosynthesis. Sucrose and starch majorly involved in transport, energy metabolism, osmoregulation of plants.

Abstract

Plants store structural carbohydrates (SCs) and Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) to buffer source–sink interactions at various phases of growth and under diverse environmental conditions. Structural carbohydrates (cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses) provide structural integrity to the plant and the Nonstructural carbohydrates (sugars and starch) plays important role in growth, respiration, osmotic regulation, defence and helps in maintaining the carbon balance. Abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, salinity, and lodging etc. restrict the growth and development of plant which culminates into lower yield. Hence, the role of Non-structural carbohydrates needs to be elucidated for achieving desired crop improvement interventions to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change and having sturdy crop system. Improving our understanding of whole-plant sink–source dynamics and further optimising them will have far-reaching consequences in the near future.

When embarking on the entrepreneurial journey, it’s essential to craft a Unique Value Proposition (UVP) that sets your business apart in a crowded market. Your UVP should succinctly convey the distinctive benefits your product or service brings to customers, solving their pain points in ways competitors can’t. To develop a compelling UVP, start by delving into your target audience’s challenges and desires. Understand their needs deeply and determine how your offering can address those needs uniquely and effectively. Whether it’s through innovative features, exceptional quality, or a unique approach, your UVP should highlight what makes your solution stand out. Distill this essence into a clear and memorable statement that resonates with your audience.

Use Case 1: Supply Chain Traceability

1. Description: Blockchain can enable end-to-end traceability of agricultural products, ensuring transparency and authenticity. It allows tracking the journey of a product from farm to fork, providing consumers with detailed information about its origin, processing, and storage conditions.
2. Current Scenario: The lack of transparency in supply chains often leads to food fraud and safety concerns. Consumers are increasingly demanding more information about the products they consume.
3. How Blockchain Adds Value: Blockchain technology can securely record and store data about each step of the supply chain, including details about farming practices, transportation, and storage conditions. This transparency builds trust and ensures food safety.
4. Statistics: According to a survey conducted by Label Insight, 94% of consumers are likely to be loyal to a brand that offers transparency, including detailed information about product origin and quality.
5. Startups: Provenance, a UK-based startup, uses blockchain to trace the journey of seafood products, promoting sustainability and ethical sourcing.

Microgreens, popularly known as “vegetable confetti,” are tender young greens that are grown from seeds of cereals, vegetables, and herbs. These shoots are typically harvested 7-21 days after germination when they are just (2.5-7.5 cm tall. At this stage, microgreens have a central stalk, two mature cotyledon leaves, and a second pair of tender true leaves. Compared to baby greens and sprouts, they are bigger than sprouts and smaller than baby greens. Their distinctive color, texture, and flavour can be either sweet or spicy.). Microgreens are especially important because of their high amount of micronutrients and bioactive substances.

Introduction

Mr. Ramesh Gupta was transferred from a well established business division to an emerging division of one of the largest companies of India, TN Limited (TNL) (refer Exhibit-1). Mr. Gupta had more than 30 years of work experience in TNL when he joined this new division. The division was primarily into acquisition and management of oil and gas assets in India and abroad. Recently the company had acquired a very large asset in North America. To manage this asset, a Houston, USA based subsidiary of TNL named as BM Limited (BML) was created (refer Exhibit-2). Considering scale of business and complexity involved, the company decided to post some of its brightest officers there. Through competitive and transparent process of selection, three officers viz.

Important Points to Remember

• The word “biotechnology” was first coined in 1917 by a Hungarian agricultural engineer, Karl Ereky. He used it to describe a system for raising pigs on sugar beets as their primary food source. He defined Biotechnology as “all lines of work by which products are produced from raw materials with the aid of living things”. He defined such a new terminology since most of the industries use mechanical devices - machines - to make things, biotechnology uses living organisms to make products of economic value.
• Many different scientific fields are responsible for emergence of this biological revolution. They are biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, physiology, computer science and what not?
• Hence, a newer, refined, definition of biotechnology was offered by U.S. Office of Technology Assessment: “Any technique that uses living organisms to make or modify products, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific purposes.”
• The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as: “Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.”
• Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory in 1838.

Abstract

Agricultural development interventions need agricultural financing to increase productivity. This study investigates what factors influence farmers’access and use of agricultural loans, what challenges they face in obtaining and repaying loans, and how financial support affects their income outcomes. The study also suggests some policy actions to improve the supply and performance of agricultural loans for farmers.

1.1. Meaning

Agricultural finance generally means studying, examining and analysing the financial aspects pertaining to farm business, which is the core sector of India. The financial aspects include money matters relating to production of agricultural products and their disposal.

Curriculum development and lesson planning are complex educational processes requiring alignment among learning objectives, competencies, instructional activities, assessment strategies, learner characteristics, and changing societal requirements. Generative AI offers new opportunities to support educators and curriculum designers in managing these processes more efficiently and intelligently. This chapter examines AI-augmented approaches to curriculum development and lesson planning, with emphasis on personalization, competency-based education, adaptive learning, and data-informed instructional design. Generative AI can assist in developing learning objectives, lesson sequences, teaching activities, question banks, assessment rubrics, case studies, and differentiated learning resources. It can also analyze student performance and recommend modifications to curriculum content, learning pathways, and instructional strategies. The chapter considers applications within Indian educational contexts, including curriculum alignment, digital platforms, low-bandwidth environments, and emerging institutional initiatives. It also discusses challenges such as teacher resistance, inadequate AI literacy, interoperability, infrastructure limitations, data privacy, and ethical concerns. Successful implementation requires human review and pedagogical judgment. The chapter ultimately presents AI as a curriculum co-design and teacher-augmentation tool capable of improving efficiency, personalization, scalability, and educational relevance.

Introduction

The almond is an important temperate nut fruit with widespread popularity for its kernels throughout the world. It is native to the central Asian mountain areas (India, Iran and Pakistan). Apart from raw consumption as an edible kernel of the drupe, it also has industrial applications as a major ingredient in many manufactured products. The kernels are a rich source of fat (58.9%), protein (20.8 %), carbohydrates (10.5%), and a rich source of Vitamin E. Almond oil contains 49% oil, 62% oleic acid, 24% linoleic acid, and 6% palmitic acid. Its oil, called badamroghan, is considered to have high nutritional, medicinal and industrial value. Almond oil is used in confectionary and also for pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparation. Kernels after blanching, roasting, frying and salting are very delicious and in great demand. Green almond kernels are also consumed in the milky stage.

Introduction

Animal behaviour is the study of how animals interact with one another, other living things, and their environment. Animals display a variety of behaviours in response to both external stimulus and their own pathophysiological state. Almost all domestic animals express a variety of behavioural responses throughout their lifespan, like feeding, sexual behaviours, etc. But every species responds to the same stimuli in a different way. This is why; the study of animal behaviour helps in efficient breeding, feeding, and reproductive management. It also serves as a reliable indicator of overall health and well-being.

Introduction

Growth is the irreversible gain in body weight, size, length, and circumference. It is accomplished by two fundamental processes: hypertrophy (increase in tissue, cell volume and progressive accumulation of intercellular substances) and hyperplasia (growth as a result of cellular multiplication by mitotic division). Animal growth is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

Animal body growth and weight gain play a critical role in reproductive performance. It also acts as one of the traits to evaluate the breeding value, optimize management & feeding practices, and prepare the correct dose of therapeutic pharmaceuticals to treat animal diseases. As a result, measurement of body growth is essential for the selection of superior germplasm, feeding & housing management, health care management, and optimizing other environmental conditions that have an impact on animal growth for an economically viable animal industry.

Introduction

Aonla or Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Syn. Phyllanthus emblica) is one of the important indigenous fruits of the Indian subcontinent. Most of the xerophytes are members of the Euphorbiaceae.

The tropics are evergreen, while the subtropics are deciduous. The highest concentration of vitamin C in aonla is found in mature fruit rather than immature fruit. The special attribute is its capacity to retain vitamin C even in a dried stage, which is not possible in other fruits.

Aonla contains six seeds per fruit, and in it is found zygotic dormancy. Flowers are borne in the axils of the leaves on determinate shoots.

Introduction

The apple (Malus x domestica) is an important temperate fruit and is grown in areas where winters are cold, springs are frost free, and summers are mild. The main ancestor of cultivated apple M x domestica is M. sylvestrii, Thomas Andrew Knight produced the first apple cultivar of known parentage. Apple is disomic and has complex polyploidy, tetraploid and partially hexaploid. The apple (Malus x domestica) is the most widely grown temperate fruit in the world. First in India, the apple was introduced by Captain Lee in 1865 in the Kullu Valley of H.P. Later on, red-coloured Delicious group varieties were introduced at Kotgarh in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh in 1917 by American missionary Mr. Satya Nand Stokes. The region that includes South Western Asia, the Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia, and the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region is thought to be the primary centre of apple origin. The apple plant is deciduous without spiny branches. Climacteric fruit. Dry temperate region is most suitable for apple cultivation in India.

Artificial intelligence is a computational science concerned with smart computer machines capable of performing tasks similar to the human intelligence. The term AI is widely used for the projects involved in the developing the intellectual processes of human intelligence such as reasoning ability, meaning discovery, generalization, learning from the past. AI technology mainly analyses the huge amount of data based on the set of instructions or commands known as algorithms to do a specific function or task. The mathematician Alan Turing with a simple question “Can machines think?” revolutionised the history. His paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” in 1950 and Turing test has favour the development of goal and the vision of AI.

The research in AI are mainly focussed on the following intelligence components namely:

1. Learning
2. Reasoning
3. Problem solving
4. Perception
5. Language use

Introduction

Impact assessment (IA) is defined as "a set of logical steps to be followed in the preparation of policy proposals. It is an essential tool to ensure that policies are crafted based on transparent, inclusive, and balanced procedures, define the various quality standards, and provide basic instructions to the impact assessment process" (European Commission).

Introduction

Hematology is the study of blood and its constituents. Blood is a specialized fluid connective tissue, which consists of plasma (55-70%) and the formed elements (30-45%) that flow all over the body in the vessels of the cardiovascular system. Plasma comprises water (90-92%), proteins (6-7%), enzymes, hormones, lipids, and organic & inorganic constituents. The three major classes of plasma proteins include albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. The organic elements include non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds (like urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, amino acids, glutathione, and xanthine), glucose, neutral fats, phospholipids, cholesterol and others. The inorganic constituents include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulfur, iodine, iron, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, selenium, and molybdenum; they contribute about 1 percent of the plasma.

Blood performs various functions by its constituents. The constituents of the blood are highly dynamic, and they inter shift from their reference values very quickly in any adverse condition. This is why; studies of blood cells and complete blood count (CBC) are important for accessing general health, diagnosing various diseases, and providing prognostic information when coupled with a thorough physical examination. The blood examination is performed routinely to diagnose hematological diseases, including certain hereditary diseases of the blood, and to determine the body’s ability to respond to a hematological insult. The key parameters evaluated in the hemogram are ESR, PCV, Hb, TEC, MCV, MCHC, TLC, and DLC.