eChapters

Introduction

Entrepreneurship, known for its ability to drive innovation, economic development, and societal change, is a dynamic force that plays a crucial role in global advancement. However, the path of an entrepreneur is not a straightforward journey from concept to achievement. Instead, it is a complex process influenced by numerous factors, which together form the entrepreneurship development cycle. Gaining a deep understanding of this cycle, along with the entrepreneurial environment and the challenges entrepreneurs face, is essential for cultivating a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem.

The entrepreneurship development cycle refers to the various stages that entrepreneurs go through as they turn ideas into successful ventures. The cycle starts with ideation, where entrepreneurs identify opportunities and develop innovative solutions to address unmet market needs or problems. This is followed by a feasibility assessment, during which entrepreneurs assess the potential of their ideas, considering market demand, competition, and the resources needed. After confirming the viability of their concepts, entrepreneurs move on to resource acquisition, gathering the capital, talent, and infrastructure necessary to bring their ideas to life. The subsequent phases include launching the venture, establishing a market presence, and pursuing growth through strategic decision-making and adaptability to shifting market conditions.

Management of metabolic diseases depends on an early diagnosis. For an early diagnosis, metabolic profile test (MPT) is a diagnostic tool being commonly used in veterinary practice, particularly for dairy herds, to assess the metabolic health of the animals. It helps in an early detection by measuring various blood parameters that indicate the nutritional and health status of the cows for their effective timely management. MPT is based on the principle that the imbalance between input (feed) and output (production) is reflected in the abnormalities of key metabolites in the blood. Key components of the metabolic profile test 1. Energy balance indicators •     Glucose- Reflects energy status and carbohydrate metabolism. Low levels can indicate negative

Abstract

The experiment, conducted at research farm of Central Arid Zone Research Station, Bikaner during 2009 on sandy loam soil. The study revealed that in agri-horti system different irrigation levels significantly affected the growth parameters (plant height, stem girth and tree canopy) of fruit trees which was highest at 80% ETc irrigation level in intercropping of moth bean and cluster bean and it was significantly higher over no intercropping. Intercropping of sonamukhi gave 24.8% lower plant height of citrus over no intercropping. Highest fruit yield of citrus was recorded (40% fruiting) with intercropping of moth bean at 80% ETc irrigation level which was 51% higher over intercropping of sonamukhi.

Abstract

The bio-drainage system used to control the water logging hazards and restore the ground water table depth at a level favourable for other crops to grow. The water utilization efficiency per unit area of land improved through bio-drainage and associated cropping activities. The huge quantity of shallow and good quality groundwater that remains perpetually unutilized by the prevalent lowland cultivation system was effectively used by the biological drainage system. Thus the bio-drainage is expected to alleviate the land degradation problem due to high depth of water stagnant, to restore the crop cultivation programme on a sustainable way, to improve the water management practices, to improve the economic conditions of the lowland farmers and finally, to conserve the ecological values of this fragile agro-ecosystem.The objectives of efficient bio-drainage system are to evaluate ET and depended on growth characteristics of different trees and vegetation species having bio-drainage potential in the waterlogged land thereby to study the water table behaviour in the land under plantation and in the surrounding region and use the result in developing suitable plantation geometry to ensure desired water table draw-down, to assess interaction between bio-drainage plantation and co-existing crops and/or companion crops, to assess the value of the tree species through fodder, fuel wood and timber use, and to development of a new technology for land reclamation and evaluating its impact on soil, water and plant bodies in the basin.

Pineapple is one of the most important commercial fruits of the world. It is good source of vitamin A, B and fairly rich in vitamin C, minerals like calcium phosphorus and iron. Fresh fruit of pineapple is used as dissert fruit in the form of slices. Fruit is also used for juice, squash, jam, mixed jam and in canned form, fruit cone is used for preparing candy. Some cultivars of pineapple are used for extraction of fibre. The important states of pineapple growing are Assam, West Bengal, Tripura, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh (Bal, 1997).

Abstract

Participation of rural women and youth in beekeeping activities provides a unique opportunity to improve rural livelihood and poverty reduction. Women have explored their own niche in beekeeping industry by actively engaging in post harvesting of bee products. Income generation is one of the major reasons for participating in beekeeping activities and beekeeping was ranked number one at the same level as agriculture as major source of income. Post harvesting beekeeping, however, needs liquid capital investment which, limit women and youth to fully participate in the business. Cultural practices are also one of the main hindrances for adult women and youth to participate in beekeeping activities. Nonetheless, presence of beekeeping groups and associations, community banks, forest reserves and beekeeping awareness campaigns in the areas provided opportunities for women and youth to participate in beekeeping. Beekeeping represents one opportunity for income generation which need not be time consuming and can fit in well with women’s priority activities. women be given the opportunity to start beekeeping, it is important that all beekeeping development programs ensure from the outset that extension messages reach rural women, and that they are able to take full advantage of training and credit facilities.

Soil

Soil has a pronounceed effect on the plant growth and productivity in kewda. Well drained sandy-loam soil with adequate supply of moisture is best suited for its vigorous growth and flower production. Thickly distributed profitableKewda plantations with normal flowering are found in the lateritic belts with deposits of silty loam soil and adequate moisture supply. In heavy clay soil with inadequate moisture supply, the plants grow vegetatively with poor flowering. At places close to the Bay of Bengal like Rangiagarh, Kujang, Paradeep of Jagatsinghpur district, where a silt-loam soil deposit is found over the clay zone, the dense plantations of kewda with free flowering ability are noticed. But surprisingly, the female plants are more at few places close to the Paradeep port, which may be due to seed propagation by drifting of ripe fruits from the uplands; while in Ganjam district, the farmers are used to plant the selected male plants in their field resulting in high flower production.

The tentative age of the natural plantations is estimated from the rates of leaf production, stem and branch growth (5-50 cm / year) and development of branching pattern (primary and secondary) in conjuction with the interactions made with the local farmers of kewda (Fig. 9). The plants of different age groups (1 to 5 years) are observed for growth characters and flower production at Tulu of Ganjam and Konark of Puri districts under farmers’ field condition and it is observed that the initiation of flowers started at 5 years of age and the rate of flower production was 1.7 to 2.2 per plant (Table 9).

7.1. Status Vegetables are generally sensitive to environmental extremes, and thus high temperatures and limited soil moisture are the major causes of low yields as they greatly affect several physiological and biochemical processes like reduced photo-synthetic activity, altered metabolism and enzymatic activity, thermal injury to the tissues, reduced pollination and fruit set etc., which will be further magnified by climate change. The consequences of the climate change badly hit the vegetable production. Under changing climatic situations crop failures, shortage of yields, reduction in quality and increasing pest and disease problems are common and they render the vegetable cultivation unprofitable. This ultimately questions the availability of nutrient source in human diet.

Packaging is an essential tool to make products stand out from the competition. Beyond the shelf appeal, packaging also provides protection to the contents from physical, chemical and microbiological hazards. However, a lesser known fact is that the same packaging material could also be a source of chemical contaminants, and hence, may impact food safety as well as food quality. Among the different components of packaging material, packaging inks play a critical role as they might hamper product and consumer safety.

Each packaging ink is a mixture of different chemicals and some of these chemicals might be harmful with the potential to migrate to the foodstuff. In terms of risk, the chemicals could be toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, repro-toxic and even endocrine disruptors. The chemical contaminants from the packaging inks can get transferred to the foodstuff by a process called migration.

Over the last two decades, a number of scientific papers have been published, revealing the migration potential of substances from the printed matter. However, the first big scandal that brought the subject alive was about the f indings of isopropyl thioxanthone (ITX, a low molecular photo initiator used in UV inks) in baby milk and other liquid foodstuffs all over Europe, resulting in a product recall in the year 2005. The food scandal alerted the packaging chain about the linkage between packaging inks and food safety. Consequently, the authorities issued strict regulations for the application of printing inks as well as general food control measures.

Introduction
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important tuberous, starchy and versatile food crop belongs to family Solanaceae. In India potato is grown in an area of 2.07 Mha with a production of 48 MT and a productivity of 23.19 MT/ha. The potato producing major states in India are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka. In Karnataka, the crop is grown in an area of 44,160 ha with an annual production of 5,89,120 MT and productivity of 13.34 t/ha (Anonymous, 2014). Further in Karnataka Potato is mainly grown in Hassan, Belgaum, Dharwad, Chikkaballapur and Kolar districts. Hassan district alone contributes more than 41 per cent of potato production in the state (Bhajantri 2011). Basically potato prefers relatively low temperature during early growth and cool weather during tuber development. It requires 25°C temperature at the time of sprouting, 20°C for vegetative growth and 17 to 20°C for tuber development. ARC saplings are mainly used for seed tuber production at a quicker rate. Farmers can produce zero generation seed tubers from ARC saplings without any shipping costs involved. In this regard KVK, Hassan after knowing the existence of innovative ARC sapling technology from the International Center for Potato (CIP), German innovation center (GIZ/GIC) Bengaluru, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandali, Hassan procured tissue culture bottles/mother culture from CPRI, Shimla Himachala Pradesh through CIP, GIZ/GIC Bengaluru. By using the mother culture KVK Hassan has produced approximately two lakhs ARC saplings with existing facility and conducted the field evaluation studies on “Performance and evaluation of Apical Rooted Potato saplings in Hassan district”.
About the Technologies Addressed
The ICAR-KVK, Hassan has introduced two technologies in potato during last decade to improve the yield and to reduce the cost of production, namely, Apical Rooted Cuttings (ARC) for quality seed tuber production and Mechanization in Potato to reduce the labour requirement and drudgery. The ARC is a technology where small portion of disease free mother tuber is collected and multiplied under aseptic conditions (Tissue culture) in a growing media to produce new and healthy plantlets. These plantlets are used as mother

1.    I deem it a singular honour to deliver Dr. Sen Memorial Lecture. Dr. Sen, who was both an administrator and a visionary, was instrumental for:

Abstract
 
Pop sorghum, apart from popping qualities has also shown the potential fodder yielding abilities. A field experiment was conducted at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during kharif 2001 under rainfed situation.

There is no rapid direct test to determine fertility of semen sample. During freezing and thawing of semen, 20-80% of the spermatozoa become immotile or dies. In addition to this, there may be damage to spermatozoa by disintegration of sperm cell membrane and acrosome leading to loss of intracellular enzymes. The only reliable method to evaluate the semen is to inseminate a cow and get a calf at the end of gestation period. Now-a-days new methods have been developed for in-vitro assessment of fertility of spermatozoa. Some of these methods are exhaustive, time consuming, need for a full-fledged analysis and difficult under field conditions.

3.1 Introduction

There is now latest national thinking going on to conserve the known sources of energy such as firewood, cow dung, agricultural waste, kerosene, oil etc. i.e. by limiting their conventional uses and to propagate the use of non conventional energy especially in the rural area. The large scale indiscriminate use of non commercial fuels fully in the rural areas are not only providing to be inefficient but also inadequate to cope with the growing rural energy demand caused by growing population and growing consciousness among rural people for a better way of life. Planned input of energy are, therefore urgently require to protect the environment and to cope with raising rural energy demand. In order to assess the widening gap between the supply and demand of commercial energy and indiscriminate use of non commercial fuels in rural areas, there is a need for various types of statistical or quantified information to be collected and analyzed in an objective manner and presented suitability so as to serve as a sound basis for taking policy decision to make an optimum utilization of commercial energy in a balanced manner. This will require conducting of survey in areas to be covered.

The statistical data may be collected by complete enumeration or by a sample survey. The earlier method is very cumbersome, time consuming, cost ineffective and requires an intensive development of manpower, if domains of study is quite large. Complete enumeration and sample surveys presuppose the existence of a certain minimum of facilities such as funds, professional personnel for planning the survey methodology and supervision of field operations, sufficiently qualified enumerators, sampling frames, machine tabulation equipment, transport and communication facilities etc. These facilities or combinations there of do not always exist to the extent needed for a complete enumeration survey. As such, sample survey is preferred to complete enumeration for ethic type of studies giving due importance to sampling error.

In the integrated energy planning, there is an objective to find out the present consumption pattern of energy for different end uses, shortages being experienced and people’s reaction to using alternate sources of energy is also enumerated.

The survey methods determine – incident, distribution and the interrelation among sociological variable and psychological variable. The sociological variable s consists of age, education, income and attitude, behavior, motivation, belief and knowledge about the problem.

3.1. Determination of Bulk Density of Soil

3.1.1. Determination of Bulk Density of an Undisturbed Soil

Bulk density of soil is expressed as the ratio of the mass (weight) of soil particle to their total volume including the pore space between the soil particles. Alternately, it is the weight of unit volume of dry soil. It is usually expressed in the unit of gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc) or mega gram per cubic meter (Mg/m³). In fine textured soil bulk density varies from 1.00 to 1.60 g/cc, whereas in coarse textured soil from 1.20 to 1.80 g/cc.

4.1 Introduction

Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the oldest fruits and second largest growing fruit crop in the world. It is also known as Adam’s Fig and Apple of Paradise. Important banana growing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam. In South India, banana is extensively used in all auspicious occasions such as wedding, festival and worship. Banana is a good table fruit. The cultivar Nendran is used for cooking; it is also used for preparation of halwa, sweet, chips etc. Main bud or heart of banana bunches is also used as vegetable in India, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. Musa textiles is known for strong fibre quality. Ripe banana contains about 20% sugar (but no starch) and about 4.7% protein. Further, it contains vitamins A, B, C, D and E and minerals such as K, P, Ca and Fe.

A number of quality management tools are being used in food processing industry. Often selection of such tools are tough as it involves several factors for decision-making. The problem of choice of quality management and tools can be solved by selection on the basis of the objective decision making process rather than on the opinion of the decision makers (Sukkarn and Thawesaengskulthai, 2015).

The application of (VCRS) Vapour compressor refrigeration system is in the air conditioners (window, split, central or precision), car air conditioners, domestic refrigerator etc. The different parts of a domestic refrigerator are: in the hermetical sealed compressor, air cooled condenser, capillary tube, thermo expansion device, filter, rotameter, solenoid valve, temperature control sensor.

Introduction

Silk also known as the “Golden Fibre” is admired all over the world for its lustre, strength and smoothness. Sericulture industry is an ecofriendly agro based activity of mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing and production. It is a labour intensive, rural cottage industry providing subsidiary employment and supplementing the income of semi-literate and semi-skilled poor workers throughout the year [Chanotraet al., 2019]. The term ‘sericulture’ includes economic activities which receive poor workers in the value addition at each stage like (i) raising plants for feeding the silk-worms (in the form of the mulberry plantation); (ii) production of disease-free silkworm layings (dfls), eggs, or seeds; (iii) indoor rearing of silkworms till the cocoon stage which produces silk (about 30-day egg-to-cocoon cycle), and (iv) sale of silk cocoons produced.

Silk industry can be broadly classified into; (a) sericulture, (b) post-cocoon technology – reeling (yarn production), spinning and twisting of silk yarn from the cocoons; and (c) weaving, fabric production, printing and dyeing, finishing, garment designing, marketing etc. These activities also provide the auxiliary enterprises of by-product utilization and machine manufacture including spun silk yarn manufacture and pupae oil extraction, thus creating livelihood for the small and marginal farmers and labour force.

Asia is the key producer of silk in the world producing over 98.5 per cent of the global output. There are more than 40 silk producing countries, but the majority of its production comes from China and India, followed by Brazil, Uzbekistan, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea and Japan. Unlike temperate countries, India has a distinct advantage of practising sericulture all around the year, as a result of its tropical climate, yielding a stream of about 4-6 crops (Savithri and Sujathamma, 2019).

5.1 Crop modelling

• Crop model

• “Schematic representation of the system’’i.e. a model as defined by De Wit 1970.

• Such a model can be based on statistics applied to a set of experimental data or on physical laws (Guyot, 1997).e.g. Irrigation is able to satisfy a crop’s water needs provided its management relies on the measurement or estimation of evapotranspiration. The manager can either invest in equipment to monitor changes in water content in the soil or fluxes of water into the plant or the atmosphere, or rely on a ‘‘schematic representation of the system’’, i.e. a model.

• In very simple terms we can define a crop model as “a well-thought out plan of activities to grow the desired crop to get maximum possible yields of high-quality produce with the given resources. It can be a mental or a written exercise (a “schematic representation of the system”) that a farmer or a farm manager prepares for a crop or for an individual crop”.

• In other words, we can also say that a model is “an attempt to describe a certain process or system through the use of a simplified representation, preferably a quantitative mathematical expression, that focuses on a relatively a few key variables that control the process or system”.

• It is clear that in finalizing a crop model we have to assume some mean or standard values (based on the past record, experience, expert judgment, etc.) of the variables which we may not be taking explicitly in our model.