eChapters

Introduction

Cloud computing is now evolving like never before, with all types of establishments irrespective of shapes and sizes adapting to this new technology. The experts believe that this trend will continue to grow and develop even further in the coming years. While cloud computing is undoubtedly beneficial for mid-size to large establishments, it is not without its downsides, especially for smaller establishment.

GUINEA PIGS

Guinea Pigs are herbivores and they can be fed with green grass, vegetable wastes, sprouted grains and commercially available diet and diets made of locally available cereals, pulses. Guinea Pig are not able to synthesize vitamin C. So it has to be supplemented externally through diet and supplementation should be 120 mg of body weight.

Guinea Pig are highly fastidious animals (strict about their diet and their requirement i.e., they are choosy in their diet).

Minimum Requirement

Pr - 16-20%

Fat - 4%

CHO - 30-35%

Fibre - about 10%

I. General information

1. Lalbagh garden is located at Bangalore
2. Founder of Lalbagh garden is Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan
3. Total area of Lalbagh garden is 50 hectares and developed during 1760
4. Brindavan garden is located at Mysore
5. Government botanic garden, Ooty was established during 1848
6. Total area of Ooty botanic garden is 20 hectares

10.1. Co-operative marketing

Private agencies dominate Indian food grains trade.

High marketing charges and prevalence of malpractices.

Progress of regulated markets is not uniform in all areas.

Need for strengthening co-operative organization in marketing of farmers produce and supply inputs at right price and time.

Vegetable oils and fats play a very important role in our diet. They provide essential fatty acids which are precursors of important hormones such as prostaglandins. They control many physiological factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol and reproductive system [1]. Coconut oil is a popular vegetable oil obtained from kernel of fruit coconut (Cocos nucifera). It is liquid at room temperature and bland in taste. Coconut oil is extensively used in cooking purpose in coastal tropical regions although it has been used in abundance for its medicinal properties.

There are 8 fundamental Ergonomic Principles for better work performance which help you identify ergonomic risk factors and maintain your stellar safety record.
• Maintain neutral posture
• Work in power zone
• Allow for movement and stretching
• Reduce excessive force
• Reduce excessive motion
• Minimize contact stress
• Reduce excessive vibration
• Provide adequate lighting

The term “Poultry” indicates to all the domesticated species of birds like chicken, ducks, turkeys, Japanese quail, guinea fowls, geese, pigeons, ostrich, emu etc. Ducks account for 7% of poultry population and are mostly found in coastal states of the country and in states with more lakes and rivers like West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir and Tripura. Duck farming is still in primitive stage and indigenous ducks outnumbered the exotic ducks in spite of their inferior performance.

In India 90-95% of ducks are indigenous or nondescript types, which are hardly, with mediocre egg production and highly suitable for extensive system of rearing.

Mixed and Integrated Poultry Farming

Mixed farming refers to the practice of cultivating crops and rearing livestock on the same farm, aimed at maximizing economic benefits through the efficient use of resources. This type of farming can be practiced either simultaneously or at different times, depending on the needs and conditions. In India, mixed farming is particularly significant as it typically contributes at least 10% of a farmer’s income from livestock, potentially reaching up to 49%.

Advantages of Mixed Farming

• Maximized Returns: By-products of farm activities, such as crop residues, can be effectively utilized to feed livestock, leading to higher returns.

• Year-Round Employment: Mixed farming provides continuous work opportunities throughout the year, ensuring a steady income.

• Efficient Resource Utilization: The combination of crops and livestock ensures optimal use of land, labor, and capital.

• Soil Fertility: Livestock manure contributes to maintaining and enhancing soil fertility, which is crucial for sustained crop production.

• Balanced Food Production: Mixed farming allows for the production of a variety of food items, leading to a more balanced diet throughout the year.

The integration of various farming enterprises—such as crops, livestock, poultry, fishery, horticulture, agroforestry, and others—plays a vital role in strengthening rural livelihoods. However, successful integration depends on
a variety of interrelated factors. The first and foremost is the agro-climatic condition of the area, which includes soil type, rainfall pattern, temperature, humidity, and elevation. These factors determine the suitability of different
enterprises and their possible combinations. For example, fish farming is more viable in water-abundant regions, while goat farming is more appropriate in dry or hilly regions. Landholding size and its layout also greatly influence
enterprise integration. Farmers with larger and well-demarcated plots have more flexibility to integrate different components such as ponds for fish, sheds for livestock, and space for crops or horticulture. On the other hand, marginal and small farmers may find it challenging to accommodate multiple enterprises without careful planning. Similarly, water availability is a key determinant, especially for integrating enterprises like fishery, dairy, and horticulture, which require regular and ample water supply. The presence of water harvesting structures or access to irrigation facilities enhances integration potential.

Poultry manure provides an ideal habitat for fly breeding due to high manure moisture leading to increased fly populationand fly menace in poultry farm. The moisture, temperature and humid condition play important role in fly breeding. The flies on poultry farms are unacceptable as they act as a reservoir of many diseases and spread diseases to birds and human beings. In addition to spread of diseases, fly are nuisance to birds as they distract the birds as well as poultry farm employees, nearby farms and residence (Berry, 2003). High fly population contribute tapeworm infestation in flock and disseminate bacterial (like salmonella, fowl cholera, etc.) and viral diseases (Bird flu, New Castle disease, etc. in flocks. Fly population also causes public health issue leading to pressure on poultry farmers to control fly population on poultry farms to acceptable level. The flies on poultry farm includes House fly (Muscadomestica), little house fly (Fanniacanicularis), Black Garbage fly (Hydrotaeaaenescens), Dump flies (H? aenescens, H? ignava, H? capensis), Drosophila flies (Drosophila repleta), Soldier fly (Hermetiaillucens), Stable flies (Stomoxyscalcitrans), Drosophila flies (Drosophila repleta) and Blow flies (Lucilia, Phormia, and Calliphora) and black flies. The Lucilia species include L? cuprina and L? sericata(Axtell, 1999). Among these, the most common

INTRODUCTION

Livestock is an integral part of agriculture in our country. In the decade, India’s population has grown drastically by 13% to 1.2 billion people. Meeting the nutritional needs of this swiftly growing is a gargantuan challenge. Researchers and young farmers have an important role to play in the India Government strategy to relieve pressure on food resources. The dairy industry is a large and important sector in India. We are the highest milk producers in world and milk is an integral source of nutrition and household income. But per animal production is very low as compared to developed countries. The challenge is to improve production and reproduction of dairy animals. Indian farmers feed their animals with imbalanced ration. Supplementation of mineral and vitamins in feed not only improves health status but also in turn increase the income of dairy farmers. The economic contribution of dairy sector seems to be quite substantial in the agricultural economy as well as in the national economy. Keeping in view the growing importance of dairy sector in the changing national and global economic scenario, the dairy farming vocational training programs are organized in the Extension Center of LUVAS at Jind. To undertake this work, 856 young dairy farmers of the area who have successfully completed dairy farming vocational training programmes during the year 2010 to 2013 were selected for the collection of data.

Guggul (Commiphora wightii Arnott.) commonly known as guggul, is a much branched shrub yielding gum-resin generally obtained by incision of the bark. Its plant is drought hardy and can  be grown in wasteland,  gravelly, desertic soils of arid parts of the country. This resin, normally referred as guggul, has been shown to have diverse medicinal properties like lowering of lipid activity anti-inflammatory  activity , diuretic, expectorant, diaphoretic  activity, etc (Atal et al.,1975). Its description and uses is mentioned in ancient literatures Ayurvedic treatise Charak (1000 B.C.), Sushruta Samhita (600B.C.). It has  a historical use in  folk medicine and today it ‘s highly commercially important target species .In the last few decades there has been  a sharp  decline in natural population of this species. There is hardly any commercial cultivation of this species. However, at Mangliavas near Ajmer in  Guggul Herbal Farm, more than 15,000 plants have been planted on the rocky site and the material  so  established  is being used for  research purpose on tapping of guggul and other related aspects.

Purity analysis

Purity of a seed lot indicates in percentage how large a fraction is made up of pure seeds of the species in question, and how much is made up of inert matter and other seeds. Impurities may be any non seed material (leaf, flower, fruit fractions, soil etc.), small fractions of seeds of the actual species, as well as seeds of other species. Pure seed may include both dead and empty seed, plus damaged seed, purity does not tell anything about viability. The purity analysis of a seed sample in the seed testing laboratory refers to the determination of the different components of the purity viz., pure seeds, other crop seeds, weed seeds and inert matter. Each component is reported as a percentage of total weight. The objective of the purity analysis is to determine whether the submitted sample conforms to the prescribed physical quality standards with regard to physical components. Large seeds are generally easy to clean and purity analyses are therefore often omitted. However, for smaller seeds contamination with other seeds may occur e.g., during processing.

Sensors onboard the satellite records the intensity of emitted or reflected electromagnetic radiations in the form of digital number (DN) for each pixel. These digital numbers can be transformed to more meaningful intensity units like radiance or reflectance. This process of conversion of digital numbers to radiance or reflectance is known as radiometric calibration. Sensor specific information is required to conduct radiometric calibration.

1.0. Objectives

• To describe how to develop thoughts in various situations
• To manifest the methods to judge the mind of people
• To make learners familiar with ready sentences
• To practice to imagine the consequence of conversation
• To learn to use interrogative adverbs effectively
• Impart the manner to utter information, ideas, and concepts in a more polite way

HELMINTHS Collection of parasites Fresh helminth parasites should be collected, as far as possible to achieve better results in staining. This can best be done by conducting a post-mortem examination of the animal for which the procedure given below should be followed. On opening the body and before removal of the viscera, examine the body cavity (for free lying parasites, e.g. Setaria), subcutaneous tissue (for Parafilaria and Hypoderma larvae) and the surfaces of internal organs for spot or nodules that might contain parasites. Remove them for histopathological examination (in 10 % formalin). Remove the visceral organs separately and place them in different enamel trays.

Introduction

Biofertilisers are defined as preparations containing the living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that assist in the uptake of nutrients in crop plants by their interactions in the rhizosphere, when applied through seed or soil. They accelerate certain microbial processes in the soil, which augment the extent of the availability of nutrients in a form easily assimilated by plants. The increasing pressure of human and livestock population, indiscriminate extraction of forest produce, regular forest fires and mining activities have resulted in soil erosion, loss of fertility and moisture content and decreasing productivity of forests, which pose manifold problems for the restoration of the ecosystem.

History of plant breeding
The process of plant breeding takes care of changing or modifying the genetically controlled characters of a particular variety or genotype of a crop. The practice of age-old agriculture uses the process of selection from the existing variability to save a particular quality of seed to grow better crops in the next harvest.
Gregor Mendel who is known as the father of Genetics discovered the law of segregation in the middle of the 1800s. This theory forms the base for the process of plant breeding. The primitive ways used for plant breeding are very different than what modern technology has contributed to the process of plant breeding during the 20th century.
Plant breeding is the science and art of purposeful manipulation of characters of crop species to create new varieties with a set of desired characteristics. Significance of plant breeding has been highlighted especially after the “Green Revolution”.

³Ex-Head & Principal Scientist, Dairy Extension Divison, Karnal, Haryana

INTRODUCTION

Backyard poultry production is an age old practice in rural India. Rural poultry farming in India contributes to about 40% of the national egg production. In ancient time poultry birds were reared for different purposes such as for its fighting ability. In old civilization, the cocks are known for their morning alarm and the selection is also done for these traits. Their fighting ability is more responsible for their spread than there nutritive value of the chickens. Backyard poultry farming is now gaining considerable momentum in the country and enables rural community to participate, in the economic, political and social sustainable development of the rural communities.

Backyard poultry farming is being recognized as important component of socio- economic improvement among the weaker section of society; specially rural youth, landless labour, small and marginal farmers. Backyard poultry generates self-employment, provides supplementary income with protein rich food at relatively low cost. Backyard poultry farming is the one among different enterprises in the present situation which gives some assured income to rural youths of the country. Before 1950, poultry keeping in India was largely a backyard venture. During last 3-4 decades Indian poultry industry has shown excellent growth. Poultry farming is a profitable venture as a means of livelihood and income prosperity for rural youth and farmers. The small and marginal farmers may choose backyard poultry farming alternative method for generating good income with their limited land and water use. Keeping in view of demand of poultry eggs and meat in the country and its potential for income and employment generation among rural youth, there is a need to increase the poultry production in the country.

Introduction

The innovative use of web technologies enables us to reach both local and distant users much more easily and effectively. Technologies such as email and Web provide tremendous opportunities for library & Information Scientists to deliver the information to the desktops of users. Web offers significant advantage by integrating different library & information services with a common user interface offered by Web browsers.