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Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.)  commonly known as drumstick or sehjna is a multipurpose tree of India and grown intensively in the tropics and sub-tropics. It is a vitamin rich, mineral packed and nutritious vegetable crop. The name drumstick is derived from the pod shape resembling the slender and curved stick used for beating drum. Fruits are also resembled with the siliqua of radish and hence the name is “radish tree’’. Ancient Indian literature mentioned that moringa is an interesting plant due to its widespread uses in socio-economic for food, medicine, agriculture and industry.

Abstract

Three villages were selected randomly representing the flood affected areas of Dhemaji district of Assam. Analysed data on climatic parameters like rainfall(mm), temperature(oC), potential evapotranspiration (mm), relative humidity (%) of last 10 years collected authentic sources and depth of ground water table  was collected from the well water depth from the three villages for twelve months showed that the length of growing period was more than 300 days and during July to September the ground water table is above the soil surface i.e. there is flood in this period, but during January to March, it is very low and water becomes inadequate for growing crops. Other climatic parameters are most suitable for both Kharif and Rabi crops, but annual flooding affects the crop during July to September. From the study it was concluded that short duration varieties of different crops like that of paddy, pulses, oilseeds etc. may be grown at pre and post flood condition.

1.     Extraction of b-galactosidase from Yeast Cells
    
2.     Measurement of Enzyme Activity
    
3.     Immobilization of Enzymes
    
4.     Precipitation of Enzyme and Proteins
    
5.     Protien Purification by Dialysis

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the giant molecule that carries genetic information in living things, is made up of just a few chemical building blocks that bond together in very particular ways. A typical molecule of DNA consists of two strands that are linked together. A segment can be visualized as a ladder-like structure:

The DNA as made of two strands, a left and a right, which are linked in the middle. In reality, since the ladder is twisted, there really is no “right” or “left,” but we use that terminology here since it applies to the model graphs. The square shapes and diamonds you see in the middles of the “rungs” are the links, which are meant to represent the different chemical bonds between the two strands of DNA.

Mosaic is the combination of two or more raster images into single image. Sometimes, single image captured by remote sensing satellite doesn’t completely covers the desired study area mostly. Therefore, users resort for mosaicking two or more images captured by satellite sensors from different paths so that the whole study area is merged into a single raster image to facilitate the image processing and analysis. The pixel size of the raster images should be same for mosaicking.

In most of the cases, there is spatial overlapping among the raster images from which we want to create mosaic. These overlapping areas are handled in multiple ways which is being discussed further using R – code example. For mosaicking raster images in R, mosaic function of the raster package is used.

7.1 Measurement of Radiation Dose

Radiation dosimetry involves the measurement of the energy actually absorbed in a substrate exposed to ionizing radiation. The radiation may be either electromagnetic or corpuscular in nature. The passage of electromagnetic radiation through a substrate causes ionization by virtue of the secondary electrons released. Particle radiations on the other hand, ionize directly because they are charged, or indirectly through the charged particle resulting from a collision with a substrate. Alpha, beta particles, and protons yield primary ionization. Gamma rays and neutrons produce ionizing radiation by their interaction with the substrate in passage through it.

In India, some of the major horticultural crops productivity is affected by major problems. Some of these have been overcomed by certain control measures strategies. However, a few of them are long lasting and have attained the status of national problems. These are mango malformation, alternate/biennial bearing, spongy tissue in mango, bunchy top of banana, guava wilt, citrus decline, rootwilt of coconut and yellow leaf disease of arecanut.

Mango malformation: Mango malformation was reported for the first time from Darbhanga, Bihar. The disease is more prevalent in northwest than northeast and south India. This disorder is widespread in flowers and vegetative shoots.Three types of symptoms are mainly observed. These are bunchy top phase, floral malformation and vegetative malformation. Bunchy top phase is observed in nursery, bunching of thickened small shoots, bearing small rudimental leaves. Shoots remain short and stunted giving a bunchy top appearance. In vegetative malformation, excessive vegetative branches of limited growth are observed in seedlings. 

1. Birth weight of rabbit is

a) 80 gms

b) 90 gms

c) 100 gms

d) 110 gms

2. Birth weight of rat is

a) 4-5 gms

b) 1-2 gms

c) 20-30 gms

d) 40-50 gms

The mycoplasmas are microorganisms in the class Mollicutes. Of the nine genera in this class, five contain species of veterinary interest. The genus Mycoplasma, in which there are about 100 species, contains most of the animal pathogens. The first mycoplasma identified in 1890 was Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides, the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Similar types of mycoplasmas which were subsequently identified were called pleuropneumonia- like organisms (PPLO).
Mycoplasmas, the smallest prokaryotic cells capable of self-replication, are pleomorphic organisms ranging from spherical (0.3 to 0.9 pm in diameter) to filamentous (up to 1.0 μm long). Because they cannot synthesize peptidoglycan or its precursors, they do not possess rigid cell walls but have flexible, triplelayged outer membranes.
Their flexibility allows them to pass through bacterial membrane filters of pore size 0.22 to 0.45 μm. Mycoplasmas are susceptible to desiccation, heat, detergents and disinfectants. However, they are resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin which interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Based on 5s rRNA sequence analyses, the mycoplasmas have been shown to be linked phylogenetically to Gram-positive bacteria such as Clostridium species which have low guanine-cytosine content in their DNA. They require enriched media for growth, characteristically forming umbonate micro-colonies
when illuminated obliquely and microcolonies with a ‘fried egg’ dppearance in transmitted light. The dense central zone is due to extension of the microcolony into the agar. Mycoplasmas, which have relatively small genomes (approximately 800 genes) are fastidious in their growth requirements.
Most mycoplasmas are facultative anaerobes and some grow optimally in an atmosphere of 5 to 10% CO2. Nonpathogenic anaerobic mycoplasmas are found in the rumens of sheep and cattle. The genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma contain animal pathogens.

Paperless to Paperless Libraries

Ancient Gurus in ancient Gurukulas used to impart knowledge to their pupils through oral teaching. The Gurus themselves were treasure troves of knowledge, without the need to refer to hard and soft copies, and online resources. How interesting it is to note we are right now in a nostalgic phase, that takes us back to those ages, when disciples were taught, learned and accumulated oceans of knowledge through oral and moving libraries, which were in the form of their revered Gurus. It is truly fascinating how history has flair to repeat itself. The long-driven transition from paperless back to paperless, that is, from oral instruction through palm leaves through copper plates through virtual paper through electronic to digital libraries is as arduous as it is fascinating. Hence the million dollars question … where to from here – Digital Library, whither thou goest?

M. D. SURANAGI

Software is a tool that allows the hardware to process and manipulate data. It is essentially a list of commands; therefore it is not something you can touch. Software is stored in the different drives in a computer. Software, like data, can be stored and shared through disks. Unlike hardware, software is not permanent. It can be added, removed, and changed very easily. Individual software pieces are normally called programs. There are different types of programs. The three major categories of software are System software, Application software and Programming software.

• System software like device drivers and utilities enables the application software to interact with the computer hardware.
• Programming software like compilers, debuggers and interpreters provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs.
• Application software is what most users commonly use to interact with their computers and carry out various daily tasks.

In chemistry, and especially in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are usually derived from triglycerides or phospholipids. When they are not attached to other molecules, they are known as “free” fatty acids. Fatty acids are important sources of fuel because, when metabolized, they yield large quantities of ATP. Many cell types can use either glucose or fatty acids for this purpose.

Seed viability tests

Only two methods, the Topographical tetrazolium (TZ) test and the embryo excision test were previously accepted by the International Seed Testing Association as official methods for some species of seeds. ISTA has recently accepted the X-ray method as a valid alternative to the cutting test for the detection of empty and insect-damaged seeds. The following tests can be applied depending on the circumstances.

Poultry is one of the fastest growing segments of livestock in India. The major growth promoters used in broiler diets in the past were antibiotics, which have been found helpful in improvement of growth performance and feed conversion ratio in poultry (Miles et al., 2006). However, constant supplementation of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in poultry feed led to residual effects in poultry products and usage of antibiotics in sub-therapeutic concentrations resulted in development of antibiotic resistant bacteria (Diaz et al., 2015) which represent a public health hazard.

In history, some developments were possible through belief and scientific study with evidence to support their claims. Our ancestors made ways of surviving on earth by varying the raw materials and tools. Science had absolutely no place, and all discoveries were derived through the trial-and-error method. The same was for agriculture, tracing back to our roots, the farming system was highly
dependent on the on-farm inputs. However, with the timeline of evolution, the exponential growth of the population demanded speedy growth in agricultural production giving rise to Green Revolution technologies (GRTs) in the mid- 1960s, which introduced high-yielding varieties of crops that were responsive to higher dosages of chemical fertilizers and irrigation and persuaded farmers to resort to intensive monocropping. Since the onset of GRTs in the mid-1960s, food production in India has risen five to ten-fold (Dasgupta, 1977).
However, while the past few decades have seen substantial ‘green revolution’ advances, I admit, the hazards have kept themselves hidden and well concealed--of these are significant adverse impacts on the natural resources, agriculture and its produce and indeed extend to human health (Koner & Laha, 2021). There is further proof that increasing dosages of chemical fertilizers led to an emergence of pest resurgence; pesticides residues considerably exceeding permissible limits contaminated drinking water and/or air often, a drop in biodiversity, nitrogen leaching and groundwater pollution, and soil heavy-metals build-up are very common in intensive agriculture regions (John & Babu, 2021). While such issues contributed to suicides in rural India, their unwarranted use also diminished pollinator populations (Baron et al.,  2017). There are many measures to ease the overwhelming cost burden upon farmers on account of farming and rising costs of cultivation. It pertains to the increased input subsidies made by various state and central governmentsthe fertilizer subsidy, the free supply of electricity for irrigation, the interest subvention on agricultural credit, and the premium subsidy for crop insurance. On the contrary, the recent trends show that 75% constitutes a higher number of electricity subsidies, reserved for agriculture consumers, from 2016-2019.

Introduction
Q fever is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular parasite, classified within the family Rickettsiaccae. Q fever (Q for “query”) was first used in 1937 to describe a mysterious febrile illness of packing house workers in Brisbane, Australia. The causative agent was isolated from infected workers and later was identified as Rickettsiae. Almost simultaneously the same organism was identified wood tick collected in Montana. Cox, an American, and Burnet, an Australian, where honored for their early work with this organism, hence the name “Coxiella burnetii”.
Host and Susceptibility
Coxiella burnetii is a well-established infectious agent that has reached a state of balanced pathogenicity in a plethora of host. Human are unnatural and usually dead-end-host. The microorganism generally maintained in a less pathogenic form in separate cycle existing independently among wild mammals and their haematophagus arthropods, principally tick and in domestic animals.
Morphology
It is an intracellular organism which is a polymorphic bacillus (0.2-0.4mm width, 0.4-1.0 mm length), which has a cell membrane, like Gram negative bacteria. However, it stains poorly with pigmented Gram stain, but gimenez staining is traditionally used to stain the Coxiella burnetii pathogen from pathological materials and crop. Coxiella burnetii has several distinctive characteristics, including a sporulationlike
process that protects the organism against the external environment, where it can survive for long periods. In mammals, the usual host cell of C. burnetii is the macrophage, which is unable to kill the bacterium. The other an important characteristic of C. burnetii is its antigenic variations, those called phase variation. This antigenic shift can be measured and is valuable for differentiating acute from chronic Q fever. Thus, it displays two antigenic phases those are phase-I and phase- II that are liable to the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the membrane.

Introduction
India has been making steady progress in the livestock sector with significant rise of meat, egg and milk production and a sustained annual growth rate of more than 5%. This growth trajectory is anticipated to accelerate further due to rising middle-class incomes combined with high income elasticity of demand for livestock products. However, despite having huge livestock resource, protein deficiency in rural India remains widespread. Recent data shows that two third of the Indian households are deficient in protein intake1. Looking at the growth potential in the sector, Govt. of India has put special focus on this sector and have undertaken many initiatives to boost animal health productivity and to increase farmer’s income. However, a major limiting factor in profitable livestock production in India is the high prevalence of infectious diseases. These livestock diseases cause great socioeconomic impact and are often exacerbated by inadequate biosecurity measures both in intensive and open production systems. Consequently, the use of antimicrobials for disease treatment has become an essential aspect of livestock management. Antibiotics usage in Animal Healthcare Antibiotics are an essential part of therapeutic management of infectious diseases in both farm and companion animals, ensuring better animal health and life; thereby also assures healthy food from the animal sources. In India a wide range of antibiotics are available in the veterinary practice viz. Penicillin, Semi-synthetic penicillin like Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Aminoglycosides like Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Neomycin; Tetracycline, Kanamycin, Erythromycin; Fluoroquinolones like Enrofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin,

Introduction
The integumentary system is a vital organ system in animals, encompassing the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands. This complex system is essential for protecting the body, regulating temperature, providing sensory information, and facilitating communication among individuals. The development of the integumentary system is a remarkable evolutionary adaptation that reflects the diverse environmental challenges faced by different species. The integumentary system has evolved to meet the specific needs of various species, playing a crucial role in survival. As organisms transitioned from aquatic to terrestrial environments, the integument had to adapt to prevent dehydration, protect against UV radiation, and manage temperature fluctuations. For example, the development of a thicker, keratinized epidermis in terrestrial animals minimizes water loss and provides a barrier against environmental stressors. In mammals, the integumentary system exhibits even greater complexity. The evolution of hair, fur, and other adaptations allows for enhanced thermoregulation, sensory perception, and social interaction. For instance, many mammals have evolved specialized hair types, such as the insulating undercoat found in Arctic species or the short, coarse hair of desertdwelling animals that aids in heat dissipation. Anatomical Structure The integumentary system is composed of several key components: the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous layer), and associated appendages such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
1. Epidermis: The outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis, is primarily composed of keratinocytes, which produce keratin, a protein that provides strength and waterproofing. Melanocytes, located within the epidermis, produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. The thickness of the epidermis varies significantly among species, with adaptations reflecting the ecological niches of each animal.

The term arrowroot is commonly applied to many starch producing plants belonging to different species whose economic part is the rhizome, eaten fresh or made into flour. The term applies both to flour and the plant. All the plants of the arrowroot group have underground rhizomes or tubers from which arise reed like erect stems. The word ‘arrowroot’ is derived from the pointed shape of the rhizome or its known ability to cure arrow injuries. The word itself is derived from the carib word araruta meaning mealy roots. The arawak, a people native to the Caribbean islands, considered arrowroot a dietary staple. They called it aru-aru meaning meal of meals.