eChapters

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in an aericendoaquept (pH, 6.67; organic carbon,  CEC,) to study the relative efficiency of different organic manures on the changes in some selected soil properties growing rape (cv. B-9) in a randomised block design replicated thrice using different combinations of organic and inorganic chemical fertilizers (T1- NPK 100%, T2- Compost 100%, T3- Compost 50% + NPK 50%, T4- Vermicompost 100%, T5- Vermicompost 50% + NPK 50%, T6- FYM 100% and T7- FYM 50% + NPK 50%). However, the objectives of the study was to assess the relative efficiency of organic manures with respect to availability of nutrients in relation to yield of rape affected by combined application of organic manures and chemical fertilizers. The results show that the amount of available N, organic carbon content, CEC and K contents were found highest in the treatment T5 where Vermicompost 50% + NPK 50% was applied combinedly.

SANTOSH P. SARANGAMATH & VIVEK M. PATIL

While System Software like device drivers and utilities enables the application software to interact with the computer hardware, Programming Software like compilers, debuggers and interpreters provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs. However, most common users interact with their computers using Application Software, which enables them to carry out various daily tasks.

Application Software

Application software is programs that work with the operating system software to help the computer to do specific types of work. Applications are the pieces of software that perform tasks for the user besides helping the computer to operate (i.e. the task of system software). Applications range from games, calculators, and word processors (document creation programs). Application software can be easily divided by looking at exactly what function they serve. Listed below are some common types of software which one may encounter while using a computer. Application Software can be categorized into :

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the results of agroforestry trials that had been conducted in lower shivaliks for assessing soil and water conservation under different land uses. The experiments reveal that agroforestry is a profitable venture compared to monocroping in lower shivaliks, where agriculture is rainfed.

Introduction

The lower Shivalik is composed of an alternating sequence of well indurated, fine grained, purple and grayish-purple sandstones and purple and maroon clays in the lower part and grayish-purple, medium to fine grained standstones in the upper part. The formation attains a thickness of 1,300 m to 1,900 m in the Western Himalaya. The important places of lower Shivaliks are along Sambha-Udhampur Road, Jammu – Srinagar national highway, Nahan, Kalka, Nalagarh, Bilaspur, Sarkaghat regions of Himachal Pradesh. In Kumaon Himalaya, lower Shivaliks are in Kotdwar, Rathwadhab, Mohand, Haldwani and Tanakpur regions

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Life cannot be sustained without adequate nourishment. Human beings need adequate food for growth, development and to lead an active and healthy life. Animals satisfy basic food requirement mainly through natural selection. But human beings have access to a wide range of foods to choose to make up their diet. Since all foods are not of same quality from nutritional point of view, man’s ability to meet his nutritional need and maintenance of good health depend upon type and quantity of foods he is able to include in his diet to satisfy hunger. Human beings need a wide range of nutrients to perform various functions in the body and to lead a healthy life. Several reports have shown that adequate intake of fruits and vegetables forms an important part of a healthy diet and low fruit and vegetable intake constitutes a risk factor for chronic diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and cataract formation. The nutrients include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The foods containing these nutrients which we consume daily are classified as cereals, legumes, nuts and oil seeds, fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products and f lesh foods like fish, meat and poultry. Some foods provide only a single nutrient and some multiples. Scientific evidence indicates that frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables can prevent oesophageal, stomach, pancreatic, bladder and cervical cancers and that a diet high in fruits and vegetables could prevent 20% of most types of cancers. Reports indicate that increasing individual fruit and vegetable consumption by 600 g per day could reduce the global burden of stroke by 19% and decrease the risk of coronary heart diseases by 31% respectively. Realizing the food value of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) recommends per capita use of 120g fruits and 280g vegetables per day.

Fracture healing is a specialized type of wound healing response in which the regeneration of bone leads to restoration of skeletal integrity. Though the process of fracture healing is usually considered to be biologically optimum; the healing of 5-10% is delayed or impaired. For management of these types of fractures, use of biological methods for the enhancement of fracture healing is essential. Furthermore, fracture-healing can be modified by almost any endogenous or exogenous factor that has an influence on the metabolic function of cells. These factors include transforming growth factor-beta, bone morphogenetic proteins, hormones, vitamins, prostaglandin and calcium containing feed supplement medicine.

Keeping in view the above, in this chapter, efficacy of herbal product-Magacal in promoting osteogenesis during fracture healing in experimental animals is discussed. Magacal optimizes absorption, bioavailability and utilization of dietary calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. It is claimed to have advanced chelating agent to form organic complex chelate with dietary Ca, P and Mg, besides containing natural Vitamin D metabolites in highly bioavailability organic form, naturally protected and stable biotin and modern delivery system for optimum translocation of Ca, P and Mg ions to the sites of requirements.

Clinically healthy, adult New Zealand White rabbits of either sex (10) are divided equally into two groups A and B each consisting of 5 animals. All animals are kept on standard diet and management throughout the experiment. In all animals, midshaft simple transverse fracture is created in both the ulnae under thiopental (2.5%) anaesthesia. In test group (Group A), Magacal is given @5ml/animal/ day, orally from day 5-20 post fracture, whereas, in group B, no drug is given which serve as control. Antibiotic dressing of the skin wound is done daily for one week with povidone iodine and himax ointment. All the animals are administered streptopenicillin @ 0.5 gm/animal/day for 5 days postoperatively. Skin sutures are removed on the10th postoperative day.

Clinically all the animals are observed for inflammation, pain and edema at the fracture site, surgical wound healing, appetite, general health, muscular atrophy of the limb, if any, at different intervals postoperatively.

1.0. Objectives

• To impart knowledge of intonation, its types and pitch in sentences
• To identify stress on words in sentences.
• To understand how stress on words changes the meaning
• To impart knowledge of intonation symbols
• To develop the ability to recognize the intonation and acquire speech and its pattern

2.0. Definition

Intonation is the variation that takes place in the pitch of the voice in connected speech i.e. the variation in the pitch of the musical note produced by the vibration of the vocal cords. It is melody in spoken language.

Adverse climatic conditions like temperature, humidity, frost etc. affect vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting as well as quality of horticultural crops. Tropical crops are usually more sensitive to low temperature and frost injuries whereas temperate crops are vulnerable to high temperature effects. High temperature beyond tolerable limits may cause sunscald, tip dieback, bud death and heartwood damage. On the other hand, when temperature drops below the freezing point; water molecules ice formation in the intercellular spaces takes place showing freezing injuries on various plant parts. The symptoms like dehydration and necrosis are visible on plant due to increased concentration of sugars within the cell causing reduction in the water content. The extent of damage will depend upon the prevailing low temperature and its duration. Exposure of the plant near freezing temperature for prolonged time causes death of the plant due to formation of ice crystals in intercellular spaces.

The acidifiers could be used to favourably manipulate the intestinal microbial populations and improve the immune response, hence perform an activity similar to antibiotics in feed. Acidifiers also improve the digestibility of nutrients and increases the absorption of minerals. The incorporation of organic acids also leads to thinning of the intestinal lining which facilitates better absorption of nutrients and its efficient utilization. However, their effect will not be similar among all types of organic acids as their mechanism of activity is based on its pKa value. At present, coated salts of acidifiers are available commercially for use in feed of poultry.

Introduction

Malnutrition remains a pervasive global challenge, affecting millions of individuals across the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite significant advancements in agriculture and food production, a large segment of the population still lacks access to essential nutrients, leading to severe health consequences and perpetuating cycles of poverty and underdevelopment (Müller and Krawinkel, 2005). Malnutrition, defined as the inadequate intake of essential nutrients required for optimal health and development, encompasses both undernutrition and over-nutrition (WHO, 2023). While undernutrition, characterized by deficiencies in energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals, remains a significant concern, over nutrition, manifesting as obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases, is also on the rise, particularly in urban settings (Wells et al., 2020). The consequences of malnutrition are far-reaching, impacting physical growth, cognitive development, immune function, and overall well-being, with long term implications for productivity, economic prosperity, and societal stability (Saunders and Smith, 2010).

Rice, a staple food for more than half of the world’s population, plays a central role in global food security and nutrition. However, conventional rice varieties often lack sufficient levels of key nutrients, such as iron, zinc, vitamin A, and certain amino acids, leaving populations reliant on rice-based diets vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies and associated health risks (Peña-Rosas and Mithra, 2019). Iron deficiency anaemia, zinc deficiency, and vitamin A deficiency, are among the most prevalent forms of malnutrition worldwide, particularly affecting women and children in resource-constrained settings where rice consumption is high (Dipti et al., 2012)

The term genome refers to a complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism. In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread like structures called chromosomes and each species has specific chromosome number. Most of the plants are diploid and they show in each one of its body cell, twice the number of haploid chromosomes (n) found in the gametes.
There are two main types of chromosomal variation that involve changes in the number. These are euploidy (in Greek “eu”means true or even and “ploid”means unit), which involves the variation of whole sets of chromosomes and aneuploidy(“aneu” means uneven), where a single chromosome within a set varies. This variation may be either increase or decrease in the chromosome number. The euploids include diploid (2n), triploid (3n), tetraploid (4n), hexaploid (6n) or even higher degree of polyploidy. Polyploidy, thus involves more than two genomes and is, therefore, a genometic mutation involving increase in the dose of whole genome. This condition of polyploidy is more common in angiosperms.

1. Why Plant Nutrient Disorders?

Plant Nutrient Disorders result from nutrient imbalances in soils and plants. In-adequate use of one or more nutrients can result in nutrient imbalances. Presence or use of a nutrient in excess amount can hinder the absorption or uptake of another nutrient and thus,cause nutrient disorders. Lime induced iron chlorosis or use of excess Potassium can hinder the absorption of Ca²⁺/and, or Mg²⁺ by plants. Enhanced level of Mg can decrease the uptake of Zn. Excessive use of NPK fertilisers can result in micronutrient deficiencies.

Soils are being regularly depleted of their native reserves, due to intensive cropping and non-application of essential nutrients (primary, secondary and micronutrients). Lack or restricted use of quality organic manures, such as compost, green manures, crop residues etc. and cultivation of HYVs in most crops have accentuated the problem.

Coleus, commonly known as Chinese potato, is a minor tuber crop of the tropical regions of India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Africa. It is considered as a native of India , where its cultivation is mostly confined to the southern states. In Kerala, it is commonly known as koorka or cheevakizhangu. In Malaysia it is called ubi kemili, kentang kechil, kembili and kumbili java. It is also known as hausa potato, Sudan-potato, country potato, fra-fra potato, fra-fra-salanga, ratala, pomme de terre du Soudan, hausakartoffel, innala, saluga, tumuku and fabirama. 

Nutritive status
The nutritive status of this crop compares favourably with many of the major tuber crops.  Coleus tuber, with its characteristic  flavour has a special preference among consumers. Compared to other tuber crops, it fetches premium price in the market, although it is known as poor man’s potato. The tubers are used for the preparation of various delicious side dishes. Reliable data on area and production of this crop are not available. Despite the high market price and consumer preference, it is not available throughout the year.

6.1 Prokaryotic Gene Expression
    
6.2 The lac  Operon
    
6.3 The trp  Operon

2.1. Place of SME in Remeding The Nigerian Economic Paradox

This can best be explained by the two-gap economic model. The Two-Gap Models of development are contained in the Post-Keynesian growth models designed by Harrod and Domar. They tried to identify the pre-conditions for the economic growth of market economies. These two preconditions are es- sentially rooted in the Nigerian economy and these are (1) Internally: inad- equate savings would definitely translate to investment. The GAP between these two is called saving constraints (SAVING GAP). Closing this gap re- quires SME-financing. (2) Externally: inadequate foreign exchange arising from inability to export vis-à-vis high importation will lead to short fall in foreign exchange. The GAP between these two is called foreign exchange constraints (TRADE GAP) which can be corrected by facilitating the establishment of indigenous enterprises through a national embrace of the SME-initiatives. Ni- gerian leaders resorted to foreign aid assistance from developed countries, multilateral and bilateral international organizations to salvage the economy from total collapse; but, we can’t continue to carry the begging bow as our benefac- tors only give us fish and don’t teach us how to catch fish.

If x and y are related, we can study degree of relationship between them which is called correlation.

Y = f(x)=a+bx where y is a dependent variable and x is an independent variable. If x is known, y can be known.

X = f(y). Here x is a dependent variable and y is an independent variable or auxiliary variable.

Phytoplankton populations are important in shrimp ponds because they aid in shrimp nutrition and the removal of excess nutrients from the pond environment. They can be beneficial or have potentially negative consequences, depending on how they are managed.

I. General information

1. Bonsai is defined as Japanese art of growing trees & shrubs by extreme dwarfing in a shallow container
2. Bonsai, the name is derived from two words, Bon & Sai
3. The meaning for the word ‘Bon’ is tray or shallow container
4. The meaning for the ‘Sai’ is to grow
5. Origin of Bonsai is china
6. In Mamie bonsai, plant height is 2-6 inches
7. In small bonsai, plant height is 6-12 inches
8. In medium bonsai, plant height is 12-24 inches

INTRODUCTION

The genus Pallisentis was erected by Van Cleave, 1928 with P. umbellatus as its type species. The other species reported under this genus are P. gaoes (Mac Callum, 1918) Van Cleave, 1928; P. cleatus Van Cleave, 1928; P. ophiocephali (Thapar, 1930) Baylis, 1933; P. nagpurensis (Bhalerao, 1931) Baylis, 1933; P. nandai Sarkar, 1953; P. colisai Sarkar, 1956; P. basiri Farooqi, 1958; P. allahabadi Agarwal, 1958; P. buckleyi Tadross, 1966; P. pandei Rai, 1967; P. guntei Sahay et al., 1967; P. garuai n. comb. Davendrosentis garuai Sahay et al., 1971; P. magnum (Saeed & Bilqees, 1971); P. tetradontae Troncy, 1978; P. clupei Gupta and Gupta, 1979; P. cavasi, P. fasciati, P. gomtii Gupta and Verma, 1980; P. indica, P. croftoni Mithal and Lal, 1981; P. kalrai Khan and Bilqees, 1985; P. guptai, P. mehrai Gupta and Fatma, 1985; P. fotedari Gupta and Sinha, 1991 and P. jagani Koul et al., 1991.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The fish hosts were collected from the study area and brought to the laboratory for parasitic examination. The external body surface as well as the internal body organs were thoroughly examined for the parasites. The collected acanthocephalan parasites were washed and relaxed in normal saline. Then the specimen was fixed and preserved in AFA (alcohol-formalin-acetic acid) solution. To facilitate identification of the worms the parasites were cleared in lactophenol and mounted in glycerine jelly. Diagrams were made with the help of camera lucida and measurements were taken with ocular micrometer. All the measurements are in millimetres. The collected parasites were identified following Yamaguti (1963) and Bhattacharya (2007).