eChapters

10.1. Preservation through canning

• Process of sealing food stuffs hermetically in containers and sterilizing them by heat for long storage

• In 1804, Appert in France invented this process.

• Also known as appertizing.

• Saddington in England - First to describe a method of canning of foods in 1807.

• In 1810, Peter Durand obtained first British Patent on canning of foods in tin containers.

• In 1817, William Underwood introduced canning of fruits on commercial scale in U.S.A.

• Fruits and vegetables are canned in season when raw material is available in surplus.

• Canned products are sold in off season for better returns to grower.

10.1.1. Principles and process of canning

1. Introduction

Coriander is a vital spice crop with a grave role in delicious food test. It is a tropical crop and cultivated as a major in Rabi season in chill free extents through the blossoming phase. Especially, all portions of the plant are comestible, but the fresh shrubberies and the desiccated seeds are the parts conventionally used in culinary. Approximately of the diverse forms of coriander are greenery, blossom and capsules. Coriander leaves are mainly ironic in vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin K, with moderate pleased of nutritional minerals. Though seeds usually have inferior happy of vitamins, they do widely provide significant quantities of nutritional fibre, calcium, selenium, iron, magnesium and manganese. Mostly, coriander plant productivity is around one and three-fourth tonnes per acre of seed. The root is crushed and used as a condiment in useable form.

1. Introduction

Jackfruit is a fruit crop that is under appreciated and neglected. The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a member of the Moraceae family. India is the world’s greatest cultivator and producer of jackfruit, also known as the poor man’s fruit because it grows more in rural than metropolitan areas. It is a pretty huge tree that bears the world’s largest edible fruit. The jackfruit is a tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia. It is thought to have originated in India’s rainforests, in the Western Ghats, and is now widely farmed throughout the region’s lowlands. The leading jackfruit producers in the world include Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. Jackfruit can be found in East Africa, Brazil, and Caribbean nations such as Jamaica. Bangladesh’s national fruits are the jackfruit, mango, and banana.

1. Introduction

The Indian economy is heavily dependent on agriculture (employing 53 % population). Around 84 % of the holdings are less than 2 ha while approximately 67% of the farms have less than 1 ha of operational farmland (Government of India, 2013; Pandey and Suganthi, 2015). A large fraction of the farming population is mostly reliant on monsoon rains for irrigation. The condition of the farmers is found to be deteriorating year after year with the revelation that 27% of farmers did not consider farming as a profitable enterprise and 40% were ready to migrate to other avenues for employment (NSSO, 2005; Pandey and Suganthi, 2015). 

Introduction Agricultural extension plays a pivotal role in the advancement of agriculture in any nation. It encompasses the dissemination of knowledge, guidance, and assistance to farmers, rural communities, and various stakeholders involved in the agricultural domain. The primary objective of agricultural extension is to empower farmers to enhance their productivity, income, and overall quality of life. The concept of agricultural extension has undergone significant transformations across various countries, including India. This article will delve into the historical progression of agricultural extension both internationally and within the Indian context.

Introduction The world of agriculture stands at the crossroads of innovation and tradition, and at the heart of this dynamic sector lies the crucial role of farm journalism. In the backdrop of evolving technologies, shifting market dynamics, and the everpressing need for sustainability, farm journalism emerges as a vital conduit of information, education, and advocacy for farmers and rural communities. This chapter delves into the multifaceted realm of farm journalism, exploring its definition, scope, guiding principles, and its indispensable functions and roles in the sphere of rural development.

1. Quantitative characters are governed by

a) Monogene

c) Recessive gene

b) Bi-gene

 d) Polygene

2. Monohybrids are derived by hybridizing two individuals which differ for

a) Single-character

c) Quadruple character

b) Double character

 d) Multiple character

While describing fish, we need complete general information about the different specimens of fish included in the particular class or grade. A flow sheet of the general characters used in this concern may be tabulated as:

1. Origin of the term: The term Pisces comes from the old version of the plural of the Latin word piscis or singular word piscus meaning “fish.”

2. Literal meaning and definition: It describes either the creature or the meat from the creature. It is a streamlined, cold-blooded aquatic vertebrate with scales and gills,

3. Origin and evolution: The first fish appeared around 530 million years ago during the Cambrian period and then underwent a long period of evolution so that, today, they are by far the most diverse group of vertebrates. The Devonian Period is known as the “Age of Fishes”.

24.1 Introduction

Water is a universal biological solvent and the medium in which most of the cellular reactions of metabolism occur. Fish contain a large amount of water in their cells and extracellular fluids. It is important to a fish that its water content be nearly constant. This more or less steady state of water content in the body can only be maintained when there is a quality difference between the amount of water entering and leaving the body. The process of regulating the movement of water and its volume in the body is known as osmoregulation.

28.1 Introduction

The use of biological light in active transport, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction is a feature shared by all living organisms. Surprisingly, a large number of living organisms have evolved the ability to convert chemical energy into light, which is manifested as bioluminescence.

Bioluminescence is a fascinating biological phenomenon found in both terrestrial and aquatic living organisms. The light emitted by living organisms as a result of chemical reactions in their bodies is known as bioluminescence. Cold light is produced by this type of chemiluminescence.

34.1 Introduction

Fishes are the first aquatic vertebrates whose life cycle is largely affected by the aquatic habitat. They exhibit much variation in their social life. Some species show no attraction between males and females, conversely, some provide high social attraction and parental care. Therefore, parental care is developed for their social life and habitat.

41.1 Introduction

Fishes adapted to live at a temperature ranging from 10-200C constitute coldwater f ish. Upland water at high altitudes in the mountains and spring water at low elevations in temperate regions remain cooler than the rest, allowing coldwater f isheries to thrive in these areas. Such bodies of water, which include several hill streams, pools, lakes and reservoirs, are abundant in the Himalayan and Deccan plateau regions of peninsular India. These are fed by either melting snow or springs in the north or rain on the Deccan plateau.

44.1 Introduction

Ornamental fish are a diverse and colourful species benefiting millions of aquarium enthusiasts. The term "ornamental fish" was first coined in the early 19th century to describe fish kept solely for decorative purposes by ancient civilizations such as the Sumerians and Egyptians.

They are known for their shapes, sizes, vibrant colours, intricate patterns and distinct behaviours with hobbyists and collectors. They are widely used to distinguish between fish kept for food or other practical purposes.

47.1 Introduction

Fish are one of the most important groups of vertebrates and have always been a significant species in man’s life, influencing it in a variety of ways. Fish are highly valued in human civilization for their food, cooking, and nutritional value. They have significant economic, nutritional, medicinal, industrial, aesthetic and religious values, and they employ millions of people worldwide. Several species are sought after as luxury foods in high-end restaurants. They help to ensure food security in many parts of the world by serving as a valuable supplement to varied and nutritious diets.

The process for discovering new fungicides has evolved throughout time. Over the past 20 years, a number of novel fungicides with various chemical activity have been created, after the age of site-specific systemic fungicides and multisite broad-spectrum fungicides. Compared to earlier chemicals, they are utilised at considerably lower dosages, making them more ecologically friendly.The most significant of them is called strobilurin (QoI), which is derived from the wild Strobilurus tenacellus fungus. The oxazolidinediones (phaoxadone), phenoxyquinolines (quinoxifene), anilinopyrimidines (cyprodinil, pyrimethanil), and valinamide (iprovalicarb, benchocarb), manderamide (mandipropamide), and phenylpyrrole (fenpicroyl, fludioxonil) are other significant fungicides that were introduced in the last ten years to control a variety of diseases. These substances have distinct molecular structures and modes of action.

Introduction

Plant pathogens can cause significant crop loss both pre- and post-harvest. Fungicides continue to plays an important role in controlling plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. In the last 100 years, fungicides have evolved from a few simple inorganic compounds to multiple groups of organic compounds, from contact and multisite fungicides to systemic and site specific fungicides with curative properties have evolved. The introduction of new fungicides is an integral part of sustainable disease control in staple crops. The need for new and innovative fungicides is driven by resistance management, regulatory hurdles and changing farmer needs.

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It encompasses various fields such as cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, and more. The genesis of psychology finds its roots in the pioneering work of Sigmund Freud, widely regarded as the Father of Psychology. Etymologically, the term “psychology” stems from the amalgamation of two Greek words: “psyche,” denoting soul, and “logos,” connoting science or rational discourse. Thus, linguistically dissected, psychology embodies the study or science of the soul.

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It encompasses various fields such as cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, and more. The genesis of psychology finds its roots in the pioneering work of Sigmund Freud, widely regarded as the Father of Psychology. Etymologically, the term “psychology” stems from the amalgamation of two Greek words: “psyche,” denoting soul, and “logos,” connoting science or rational discourse. Thus, linguistically dissected, psychology embodies the study or science of the soul.

In the vast array of terrestrial organisms, the human species is commonly regarded as possessing a distinctive and elevated status owing to its faculty for moral discernment. This faculty encompasses the capacity to adapt to diverse environmental conditions, adeptly navigate complex circumstances, demonstrate comprehension, exercise authoritative control, and effectively tackle arduous tasks through the assimilation and judicious application of prior experiences. Termed intelligence, this quality is observed to manifest across a spectrum of degrees among individuals.

Social psychology, as previously elucidated, endeavors to delineate the nature of social behavior. Social behavior encompasses four fundamental types of interactions

i) When individuals encounter one another, mutual reactions occur. Each individual influences the other, and reciprocally, they are influenced by each other’s presence.

ii) Individuals may elicit responses from groups, such as when an extension worker interacts with a gathering of farmers.

iii) Conversely, groups collectively respond to individual members, as exemplified by a group’s reaction to its leader during a meeting. iv) Interactions extend to intergroup dynamics, where one group of individuals reacts to another group.

A non parametric test (sometimes called a distribution free test) is a statistical analysis method that does not assume the population data belongs to some prescribed distribution which is determined by some parameters. That means, a non-parametric test can be defined as a test that is used in statistical analysis when the data under consideration does not belong to a parameterized family of distributions. When the data does not meet the requirements to perform a parametric test, a non-parametric test is used to analyze it. The non-parametric test compared to parametric test, which makes assumptions about a population’s parameters (for example, the mean or standard deviation); When the word “non parametric” is used in stats, it means that population data does not have a normal distribution.

If at all possible, we should us parametric tests, as they tend to be more accurate. Parametric tests have greater statistical power, which means they are likely to find a true significant effect. Nonparametric tests can perform well with non-normal continuous data if the data of the sample are sufficiently large. Non parametric do not assume that the data is normally distributed. The only non parametric test we are likely to come across in elementary stats is the Chi-square test. In nonparametric tests have several advantages as compared to parametric tests. It includes:

• More statistical power when assumptions for the parametric tests have been violated.

• Fewer assumptions, i.e. the assumption of normality don’t apply.

• Small sample sizes are acceptable.

• It is used for all data types, including nominal data, rank data or ordinal data

• Knowledge of the population is not required to conduct this test.

• Nonparametric tests are valid when our sample size is small and our data are potentially non-normal.

Introduction

The pistachio nut (Pistacia vera L.), a small tree native to Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Iran. The Pistacia genus is a member of the Anacardiaceae family, which also includes the cashew, mango, sumac, and poison ivy plants. The tree yields seeds, which are frequently eaten as food. The genus Pistacia has about 20 species including Pistacia vera, Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia khinjuk, and Pistacia lentiscus (Parizi et al., 2016). Western Asia is the pistachio nut home region, and traders brought them to the Middle East, the Mediterranean nations, and Europe. Pistacia vera L. is the only species in this genus commercially grown for edible nuts. It was probably first grown in areas close to where it grew wild, as remains of pistachio nuts dating to the 6 millennium BC have been discovered in both Afghanistan and south-eastern Iran in recent times. Pistachio cultivation progressively spread to the West from the old Persian Empire, where it was widely grown. the word “Pistachio” etymology most likely stems from the Avestan word “pistak” from ancient Persian (Mandalari et al.2022).

Health benefits

In pistachio nuts more than 50% of the fat is unsaturated. There are also 20% proteins, 20% complex carbs, and pro-vitamin A. Dried fruit pistachios nut has the highest potassium content that is very good for health. It is also great supplier of energy, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron. The heart’s functioning can benefit from the consumption of this fruit. Moreover, it participates in cell metabolism, and the potassium it contains controls the water content of the cells. The production of hemoglobin and myoglobin depends on iron, consumption of pistachio nuts fulfill the iron requirements. It contributes to cellular respiration, intellectual growth, and immune system amplification. A crucial component of bones and teeth is phosphorus. Moreover, magnesium aids in the formation of bones and the production of proteins. This nut is good source of phosphorus and magnesium also.