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Persuasive speaking is a powerful tool for influencing opinions, inspiring action, and fostering change. Unlike informative speaking, which focuses on sharing knowledge, persuasive speaking aims to convince the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint, belief, or behavior. Whether in a business pitch, a political campaign, or a motivational speech, mastering the art of persuasion is essential for effective communication. This chapter explores the key components, strategies, and techniques that define persuasive speaking and how to deliver impactful persuasive speeches.
Persuasive speaking is a form of communication aimed at influencing the beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors of an audience. Unlike informative speaking, which focuses solely on sharing knowledge, persuasive speaking seeks to convince the audience to adopt a particular perspective or take a specific action. It is widely used in various settings, including public debates, marketing pitches, advocacy campaigns, and motivational speeches.
At its core, persuasive speaking involves presenting arguments that resonate with the audience, using a combination of credibility, emotion, and logic. Effective persuasion requires not only compelling content but also an understanding of the audience’s values, beliefs, and needs.
Key Characteristics of Persuasive Speaking
1. Goal-Oriented
Persuasive speaking is driven by a clear objective, such as changing opinions, inspiring action, or reinforcing existing beliefs.
Example: A speech urging people to donate to a charity aims to motivate the audience to take immediate action.
2. Audience-Centered
A successful persuasive speech focuses on the audience’s interests, concerns, and values, tailoring the message to connect with their perspectives.
Example: Advocating for renewable energy by emphasizing job creation to an audience concerned about unemployment.

The College of Food Technology was established in the year 1976 at Parbhani as one of the constituent College of VNMKV, Parbhani. Food Technology College involves the knowledge of application of different fields of food Science and also includes transfer of Food Science technology to the students to make them well equipped with knowledge and skills required for employment in public  and private sector.

ABSTRACT
Nisargruna biogas technology has been developed in BARC for processing different types of biodegradable waste. This technology is based on biphasic separation of aerobic and anaerobic stages. Introduction of aerobic predigester has increased the efficiency of the process in terms of enhancing the quality and quantity of methane and also reducing the retention time of the process. Process parameters of the plant were studied and found that the modified design has proved very effective in faster digestion of complex waste. The technology has been commercialised and has spread across different parts of country for processing variety of wastes including kitchen waste, municipal waste, agriculture waste, textile waste and poultry waste. Microbial population from different stages of the plant was also studied and found their ability to convert waste to biogas, containing mainly methane.

Keywords: biogas, biphasic digestion, green energy, methane, microbial fermentation, Nisargruna, waste management

Maize is presently the crop with growing importance in the state. Earlier it was primarily grown for human consumption only. In view of rapidly increasing demand of poultry feeds and fodder in Assam presently it has more use in some small industries. It is the raw material for most of the feed industries. Presently the crop has state acreage of 27953 hectare and production of 93179 tonnes with a productivity of 3333 kg/ha (2014-15).

While most other states in India are gradually moving away from their traditional agriculture based economy toward industry or service oriented economy, Assam is still predominantely dependent on the agricultural sector. While the sociopolitical problems afflicting the state since the last few decades are partly to blame for a lack of conducive environment for economic development of the state, particularly in industry or service oriented areas, there are various economic reasons (e.g. fragmented land) responsible for the lagging agricultural sector in the state. Economy of Assam is fundamentally based on agriculture. Over 70% of the state’s population relies on agriculture as farmers, agricultural laborers, or both for their livelihood.

Assam produces both food and cash crops. The principal food crops produced in the state are rice (paddy), maize (corn), pulses, potato, wheat, etc., while the principal cash crops are tea, jute, oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton, and tobacco. Although rice is the most important and staple crop of Assam, its productivity over the years has not increased while other crops have seen a slight rise in both productivity and acreage.

Phenotype is a result of gene products brought to expression in a given environment. Genes specify the structure of proteins. All known enzymes are proteins. Enzymes perform catalytic function, causing the splitting or union of various molecules. All of the chemical reactions which occur in the cell constitute the subject of intermediary metabolism. These reactions occur as stepwise conversions of one substance into another, each group being mediated by a specific enzyme. All of the steps which transform a precursor substance to its end product constitute a biosynthetic pathway. Several genes are usually required to specify the enzymes involved in even the simplest pathways. Before gene-enzyme relationship could be postulated, soon after rediscovery of Mendelian principles of inheritance, it was discovered that genes were not merely separate elements producing distinct individual effects, but they could interact with each other to produce completely novel phenotypes. The simplest example of gene interaction could be the fact that allele A could be characterized by phenotype A, and the allele B by the phenotype B and an organism having both alleles A and B at the same time might show phenotype C. The occurrence of such interactions means that the phenotype we observe is not present in the genes themselves but arises from a complicated developmental process resulting from a biosynthetic pathway as illustrated below (Stansfield, 1969)

Since the wide introduction of organochlorines and other synthetics in early 50’s farmers have heavily relied on the chemical pesticides for pest control. Over emphasis on chemical control has caused serious imbalances in the agro-ecosystem. The enormous quantities of chemicals, poisonous to microbial life, that fall on earth gets mixed up well with soil. Some problems like non-target effects of chemicals as well as latrogenic diseases are being experienced. Coupled with these, the increasing awareness of impeding pollution, health hazards and development of resistance have intensified the search for alternative strategies.

In the present investigation, the attempts have been made to test the stability and pest management efficacy of the plant extracts of some Indian medicinal plants, namely, Datura stramonium, Ricinus communis, Vitex trifolia and Nerium indicum. In the earlier chapters detailed methodologies and the results have been elaborated. This chapter embodes the comprehensive inter- and intra-comparative results and discussion on the basis of selected plants, extraction media, pest species and bioassay followed by conclusions.

The hot sterilized water extracts of R. communis were found to be more stable (i.e. 20 days to start the fermentation). In overall study the plant extracts were stable or viable means active for three to four weeks only. In most cases, the activity of cold and hot water extracts was found to be increasing with fermentation however the decrease in the activity of some extract was also observed.

The highest mean anti-fungal activity was reported for R. communis extracts followed by D. stramonium and N. indicum aqueous extracts, whereas no any anti-fungal potency was reflected by V. trifolia against test fungi species. R. communis and N. indicum extracts, the cold water method extraction showed greater positive effects in terms of mean anti-fungal potency as compared to the hot water extracts. The water extraction of D. stramonium was found to be more effective in anti-fungal activity study.

ABSTRACT

With the rapid innovation in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), the libraries and information centres have gone through tremendous changes or facing transformation. In this digital era, libraries are facing heavy technological pressure to serve their users on their satisfaction level. Library and information professionals are also struggling more to implement these cutting-edge technologies for learning, research, and information for their users. Therefore, the library and information centres have now been trying to adopt and implementing various emerging or cutting-edge technologies in housekeeping activities as well as in its services. In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate some of the cutting-edge technologies in libraries’ point of view. An overview is also made to evaluate the concept, advantages and disadvantages of cutting-edge technologies.

Keywords: ICT, Cutting-Edge technology, Emerging technology, Library services, Impact.

In the detection of soil organic carbon a known weight of soil is heated with an excess volume of standard K2 Cr2 O7 in the presence of Con. H2 SO4 . The soil is slowly digested at the low temperature by the heat of dilution of H2 SO4 and the organic carbon in the soil is thus oxidized to CO2 . The highest temperature attained by the heat of dilution reaction produced with the addition of Con. H2 SO4 is approximately 12o C which is sufficient to oxidize the active forms of the soil organic carbon but not the more inert forms of carbon that may be present.

Abstract
The use of Genetically Modified Microorganisms (GMMs) and Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) offers a groundbreaking solution for tackling environmental pollution, especially in highly contaminated areas. These microorganisms, engineered for enhanced degradation of pollutants, offer significant potential for restoring polluted environments such as soil, groundwater, and wastewater. However, concerns regarding their uncontrolled persistence, gene transfer, and potential environmental risks have prompted the need for further research and the development of safer, more efficient strategies. Key advancements in the field include the use of suicidal genes to ensure the safe removal of GMOs post-degradation, as well as the use of bioluminescent signals to monitor microbial activity in real-time. Furthermore, composting has proven to be an effective strategy for reducing the risks associated with horizontal gene transfer. Despite these innovations, the widespread field application of GMOs for bioremediation remains limited to controlled systems. This article explores the challenges and advancements in utilizing GMOs for bioremediation, underscoring the importance of ongoing research to ensure their safe and effective application.
Keywords: Genetically Modified Microorganisms (GMOs), Bioremediation, Environmental Pollution, Biosafety, Biodegradation.

Barleria, particularly Barleria cristata, is a perennial evergreen flowering shrub valued for attractive blooms, garlands, religious functions and ornamental landscaping. The crop has considerable commercial importance in southern India, while other species are used in ornamental and medicinal applications. This chapter covers the origin, distribution, genetics, botanical description and important species and varieties of Barleria. It explains suitable climate and soil conditions, propagation through seeds and stem cuttings, land preparation, nutrient management, planting and irrigation. Cultural practices such as weeding, mulching, pruning and pinching are described along with pest and disease management. Harvesting, postharvest handling and yield are also addressed.

Nutrient use efficiency of crops is being improved through temporal and spatial management of the form and amount of nutrient inputs as being demonstrated by various agronomic practices. In addition, understanding of the genetic basis of nutrient efficiency would lead to the development of nutrient use efficient varieties thus reducing the application of nutrients. Earlier studies on genetics of nutrient use efficiency were limited as increasing productivity with heavy nutrient inputs was the main focus. But in the backdrop of environmental degradation due to the excessive nutrients and its impact in climate change, nutrient use efficiency in crops is need of the hour for sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture.

A. Answer the following

Q.1.    What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Ans.    In apoptosis, there is pronounced decrease in cell volume, modification of cytoskeleton, condensation of chromatin and degradation of DNA into fragments. Due to these changes, an apoptotic cell sheds tiny membrane bound apoptotic bodies containing intact organelles. Macrophages phagocytose apoptotic bodies and cells in the advanced stages of apoptosis. But there is no release of proteolytic and the lytic enzyme, cationic proteins and oxidizing molecule in the surrounding tissue and no local inflammatory response. On the other hand, in necrosis cells swell and burst releasing their contents and possibly triggering a damaging inflammatory response.

Packaging is a tool that is used to contain the product, protect the product from environmental hazards and help in marketing the product. Examples of ideal natural packaging systems are that of a banana, orange, coconut and egg, where the packaging is provided by nature. The major step forward in the food processing arena has been the ability to protect and preserve products with packaging and hence ensuring the availability of fresh and processed products out of season and over long distances in various forms. Milk is a highly perishable product and is not uniformly available round the year to the whole country due to geographical and genetic variations. If dairy products are to be available all the year round the country, irrespective of the season and area, it must be presented in packages that are convenient to purchase and use.

Packaging has additional responsibilities of providing convenience, safety and facilitating, besides handling, storage and distribution of products. It should prevent spoilage of food by microbial or insect attack. It also preserves the quality and nutritive value of many foods by the exclusion of oxygen and the control of moisture loss or gain. It increases the shelf-life and ensures longer availability and contributes to the product image through structural and graphic design. Product information is also given out through the medium of labeling, which acts as a tool for marketing and advertising.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Vegetables are grown and consumed throughout the country either on small or commercial scale. Various terms have been used for vegetable gardening, based on the objectives for which they are grown and can be classified into various types depending on the acreage cultivated, method of cultivation and purpose of vegetable production. Based upon these facts, vegetable cultivation is divided into the following types of gardens:

Home or Kitchen Gardening: The purpose of this gardening is to supply the varieties of vegetables for family use.

Commercial Vegetable Gardening: This is the method of growing vegetables on large scale to earn profit and is further divided into seven types

Introdoction

Tillage is a prime activity carried out prior to sowing of a crop with an objective to bring the soil to a favorable tilth to provide a congenial environment for crop growth and yield. The operation of ploughing once and left out for a few weeks followed by a broadcasting of rice seeds by hand and then ploughing and raking together at the same time once gave highly significant rice grain yield (Srisa-ard, 2008). Adoption of the “Sawah” system (bunded, puddle and leveled) in inland valleys in Ghana lead to significant improvement in soil and water management; enhancement in rice grain yield and made sustainable production. Even the practice of Sawah system of cultivation increased local rice production by over 300% because of the mechanisms with intrinsic resistance to erosion (better water control and nutrient management (Buri et al., 2012).

• Fish cum-poultry farming.

• Fish cum-duck farming.

• Fish cum-pig farming.

• Fish cum-paddy farming.

A) Fish Cum-poultry farming

Inland fish culture in conjunction with poultry rearing is a compatible business and can provide a readymade fertilizer for fish pond. In a larger sense fish and poultry are mutually complementary the former provides fish meal a protein rich poultry feed and the later is droppings which acts as fertilizers for plankton production to serve as natural proteinous fish feed. Fish meal is recognized as perhaps the choicest poultry feed. In an integrated fish cum-poultry farm, birds have to be housed in deep litter of battery system in which the pen flora is covered with hay. The floor of the pen is covered with chapped straw dry leaves, hay broken up groundnut shells maize straw and saw dust. Each bird should have about 0.3 m² space to live on the deep litter flooring bird droppings falling on the litter react with the flooring organic material. The litter has to be periodically churned for aeration and maintenance of hygienic conditions.

A. Answer the following.

Q.1.     What are the different phagocytic cells ?
Ans.     The phagocytic cells of mammals belong to two complementary systems (1) The myeloid system consists of cells that are rapidly phagocytic but incapable of sustained effect. (2) Mononuclear phagocytic system act more slowly but capable of repeated phagocytosis.

Q.2.     How 3 types of granulocytes are differentiated ?
Ans.    Three types of granulocytes are distinguished by the staining property of their granules. Cells whose granules take up basic dyes such as haematoxylin (a blue dye) are called basophils, whose granules take up acidic dyes such as eosin (a red dye) are called eosinophils and those that take up neither basic nor acidic dyes are called neutrophils.

Rivolta (1873) first described the chain forming cocci in pus collected from the equine infection. Later Rosenbach established the genus ‘Streptococcus’. Nocard and Mollereau (1887) first observed the relationship between the bovine mastitis and Streptococcus agalactiae.

Properties of genus

1. Morphology : Streptococci are gram positive cocci, capsulated, non-sporing and non-motile. Each coccus cell is 1µm in diameter.  They are arranged in a pair or chain of cells as the cell division occurs in one plane (Fig. 1). The chain formation and the chain length are variable. Streptococcus equi ssp equi is a constant chain producer, other species are not. The chain length is shorter in artificial media than natural one. Young cultures are gram positive whereas the bacteria present in the pus and older cultures in the laboratory are often stained as gram negative. 

Streptococcal capsule is polysaccharide in nature. It can be subdivided into different antigenic types (e.g. S. agalactiae, S. pneumonae). However capsules of S. equi, S. pyogenes are made of nonantigenic hyalu-ronic acids containing repeating units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-glucosamine. Synthesis of the polymer involves the products of three genes, hasA, hasB, and hasC, which are all in the same operon.

Introduction

Among vertebrate pests such as birds and wild animals, Well-known rodents include mice, rats, squirrels, dogs, gerbils etc., are great importance. Among rodents, rat and mice come under class Mammalia. They are small mammals belonging to order Rodentia and under sub family Murinae in the Family Muridae. Rat and mice cause severe damage to various crops like sugarcane, rice, maize etc. both directly and indirectly by gnawing, spoilage, contamination and hoarding activities. Beside this, it is big problem in house, store godown, warehouse, urban cities and industries. Rats and mice have caused more human suffering and more economic damage than any other vertebrate pest. It is also known to introduce secondary pest like fleas, mites and ticks into premises cause additional problem.  Statisticians estimate that rats and mice destroy 20 per cent of the world’s food supply every year directly by feeding and indirectly through contamination. It has adapted to nearly all human environments. They live in granaries, fields, city sewers, attics, basements, street trees, on top of 30-story buildings, and inside subway tunnels. Rats may be also responsible for the spread of many diseases. Some of the more important diseases associated with rats are plague, murine typhus fever, rat bite fever, salmonella food poisoning, and trichinosis. Adult mice have a small, triangular head with a small nose and little delicate feet as compared to the body. The mouse ears are very large relative to their heads. Rat ears are smaller relative to their heads. Rats have thicker tails than mice.