eChapters

Organizational communication can be defined as the process of the flow (Transmission and Reception) of goal oriented messages between sources, in a pattern and through a medium or media. And organizational communication is the study of how people communicate within an organizational context, or the influence of, or interaction with organizational structures in communicating / organizing.

An additional elements in organizational communication (not present in interpersonal communication) is the flow pattern of messages. Thus here are 6 elements in organizational communication.

1. The transmitting source

2. The receiving source

3. Source (the target)

4. The transmitted message

5. The goal of the message

6. The medium or media and the flow pattern (which is called network). The transmitting and receiving sources are the people sending and receiving the message.

Normal distribution :- A random variable x is said to be normally distributed with population mean u and standard deviation σ if it assumes the following distribution

Introduction

The recognition of environment as the desired precondition for human existence and development both by Millennium Development Goals (MDG) as well as Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDG) unquestionably shows its importance and necessity. The impact of climate change is fast getting into our understanding and are realizing the enormity of the situation. Consequently, global environmental issues are a growing concern among the people and communities of various regions today. The impending ecological disasters have forced the right-thinking people and organizations to seek an alternative in the form of managing natural resources without jeopardizing the developmental activities. The challenge is to enhance the standard of living compatible with ecology and environment. This underlines rather unquestionably the need to pursue a line of lifestyle and development design that is compatible with nature and the issue of the environment cannot left to languish at the bottom of priorities.

Introduction

A pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine) make up a nucleotide. Phosphodiester bonds, which connect the 5’-hydroxyl group of one pentose to the 3’-hydroxyl group of the next, bind nucleic acids together as polymers of nucleotides. RNA and DNA are the two different forms of nucleic acids. RNA nucleotides contain ribose, while uracil and cytosine are typical pyrimidine bases. Thymine and cytosine are common pyrimidine bases, and DNA contains 2’-deoxyribose in its nucleotides. In both RNA and DNA, adenine and guanine are the main purines. There is ample evidence to suggest that genetic information is encoded in DNA The Avery MacLeod-McCarty experiment, in particular, demonstrated how DNA obtained from one bacterial strain may infiltrate and change the cells of another strain, giving it some of the genes from the donor. The Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrated that a bacterial virus’s DNA contains the genetic instructions needed for the virus to replicate in a host cell, but not its protein coat. Watson and Crick proposed that native DNA is made up of two antiparallel chains arranged in a right-handed double helical configuration based on a compilation of numerous published data points. A-T and G-C, two complementary base pairs, are created by hydrogen bonds inside the helix. 10.5 base pairs are stacked per turn, perpendicular to the double helix’s long axis, at a distance of 3.4 Å. There are various structural configurations for DNA A- and Z-DNA are two variants of the Watson-Crick form or B-DNA The DNA molecule bends as a result of certain sequence-dependent structural differences.

Introduction

Entrepreneurship is crucial for economic development, especially during crises when job losses push people to find alternative livelihoods, often turning to entrepreneurship as a means of survival. Its impact is highly beneficial, promoting growth, wealth creation, and better living standards. In developing countries like India, entrepreneurship offers a path to holistic development, particularly for disadvantaged groups traditionally dependent on agriculture. Uplaonkar and Biradar (2015) noted that entrepreneurship development effectively generates employment, increases income, reduces poverty, improves health, and ensures food and nutritional security. Recognizing the importance of entrepreneurship, stakeholders in the agricultural sector now see its positive impact on business sustainability. Verhees et al. (2011) argued that promoting entrepreneurship in agriculture can significantly reduce poverty and boost rural prosperity, directly addressing socio-economic challenges in rural areas (Bhooshan and Ranjith, 2022). Therefore, supporting the entrepreneurial ecosystem in rural sectors through programs and schemes is essential.

1. Introduction
Aquaculture has emerged as one of the fastest-growing sectors of food production worldwide, driven by the increasing demand for fish and seafood as essential sources of protein, healthy fats, and micronutrients. As wild fisheries face overexploitation and environmental degradation, aquaculture is seen as a solution to meet the growing global need for seafood. However, the sustainability of aquaculture itself is under scrutiny due to its reliance on traditional feed ingredients, particularly fishmeal and fish oil derived from wild-caught fish. Fishmeal has long been considered an ideal protein source for aquafeeds because of its excellent amino acid profile, high digestibility, and essential fatty acid content. Yet, the continued use of fishmeal places immense pressure on wild fish stocks, particularly small pelagic species that are harvested specifically for fishmeal production.
The overexploitation of these fish stocks raises significant ecological concerns, threatening marine biodiversity and destabilizing food webs. The reliance on fishmeal is also economically challenging, as fluctuating supply and increasing demand have led to rising costs and price volatility. Moreover, as the aquaculture industry continues to expand, the demand for fishmeal will surpass the sustainable supply, exacerbating these environmental and economic issues. In response to these challenges, researchers and industry stakeholders have been actively seeking sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to fishmeal. These innovative protein sources are not only essential for reducing the environmental impact of aquaculture but also for ensuring the long-term viability of the industry. The development of alternative protein sources must consider several factors, including their nutritional composition, availability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental footprint.

Rivers are the most important system for water, for irrigation and human settlement. Historically, civilizations always nucleated near rivers, and latter also had social and religious significance. Rivers in India are considered holy and play the most important part in the lives of people, fauna & flora and the future environmental system.

The Ganga Basin is the largest river basin in India which includes the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Ghagra, the Gandak, the Kaveri basin etc. Compared to these, the Vishwamitri River, situated between Mahi River in North and Narmada River in South in Central Gujarat is a small seasonal river but it is very important for the city of Vadodara and Central Gujarat region. This seasonal river originates from Pavagadh hills and flows east to west. It is a typical small river with the kind of problems in most rivers in India and other countries – liquid and solid wastes, enouncements, blocking of water ways, floods in monsoon months and dry dumping basin during most other months etc.

Abstract

The UAE Space Reconnaissance Center (SRC) is accounted as a major national and regional source of up-to-date geospatial data, with direct reception of IKONOS, IRS and KOMPSAT satellite imagery as well as access to some other satellite and aerial imagery resources; an activity which covers the whole Middle East region. The main concern in monitoring the environment of UAE and surrounding countries is the desertification process, the monitoring of which requires careful watching of the sand movement and some other relevant features.

This paper throws light on the role of various types of satellite images in monitoring desertification, by utilization of IKONOS, IRS Pan and Landsat TM images covering part of Liwa and Alain areas, representing the two main dune regimes; Liwa and Manadir, which constitutes the northeastern edge of the Empty Quarter sand sea.

The availability of high resolution images makes it possible to detect the yearly or even seasonal sand movements, being controlled by the prevailing wind conditions and distance from the main sand source. The results clarify that movements of up to 25m was encountered at some small sand dunes and about 10m for larger sand dunes, towards the SSE and SSW in Liwa area. In Rimah area a movement of up to 30m was noticed at a small sand dune towards the ENE and about 12m shift in the hinge of a larger sand dune towards the NW. Temporary or permanent ? movement of thin sand sheets can reach 100’s of meters, was easily detected on Landsat images; ~ 25km NE of Alain city. The 5m panchromatic images, on the other hand, helped in tracing sand movements measured in few 10’s of meters, and interpretability of such images was enhanced by merging them with Landsat imagery.

INTRODUCTION

Zinnias are popular in flower gardens because of their variable coloured blooms and their ability to withstand hot summer temperatures. They are easy to grow from seeds. Plants come in many colours, shape and size adapted well to most growing conditions. Out of about twenty species, these are some eight to ten species of zinnia known to the gardens, but only few of them have become favourite and that abundantly deserves the pre-eminence. They have attained position as one of the most splendid of annual flowers. Most varieties are prolific bloomer, making them excellent for landscape. They are also available as compact varieties suitable for hanging baskets, window boxes and containers. Recently, new hybrid zinnia cultivars have attracted attention as a cut flower crop. There are at least hundred varieties in the diversity of flower colour and types. Some with flower heads upto 15 cm across. The colour of zinnias are white, cream, green, yellow, apricot, orange, red, bronze, crimson, purple and lilac with stripped, speckled and bicoloured flowers. An important variety of zinnia is Coccinea or Scarlet-rayed. This variety became popular after its existence in 1829 and was thought much of for its brilliant colour and stately habit. During the fifty years that have elapsed since it appeared, the flower has been in all characters and now posses a race of perfectly double zinnias, the flowers of which show no central disc, but are perfect rosettes of exquisite form and of every shade of colour except blue. There is not a more striking instance of floral advancement, accomplished by systematic selection, than is afforded by zinnia, which is at once one of the largest and long standing of many good and cheap annual flowers.

Abstract

Gender equity is more pronounced in livestock sector where more than 70% participation is from women side as compared to 33% in agricultural farming. About 75 million women are engaged in livestock sector. In India, livestock production is largely in the hands of women. In fact animal husbandry is becoming feminized. At present about 22% of milk and 2% percent of meat is processed into value-added products for trade while in developed countries it is above 90% and 60%, respectively. Traditional dairy products not only have established market in India but also great export potential because of strong presence of Indian diaspora in many part of the world. Value addition to dairy foods would provide health benefits to the consumers and improve the scale of economy in the dairy industry. Nearly half of the milk produced in India (50-55%) is utilized for the manufacture of value-added milk products but only 22% of the total milk produced is processed by the organized dairy sector. Conversion of surplus milk into indigenous milk products in and around production areas is least expensive and more profitable. Most of the animal farming activities such as cleaning of barn, washing of animals and hygienic maintenance, fodder collection, feeding, watering, and health care, management, milking, collection of dung for fertilizer and fuel, care of sick, pregnant and lactating animals, milking, household-level processing and value addition (ghee, curd, khoa, lassi and desi butter-making) are undertaken by women. However adoption of value-added livestock products as an entrepreneurship is scarce activity because of lack of training and financial liberties.

Introduction

In any experiment, for instance, a varietal trial or a treatment trial, the main purpose of the experimental design would be to detect the differences among the varieties or treatments. This assumes, as an obvious prerequisite that the experimental units, such as plots or animals, be as alike as possible so that differences observed in responses, such as yield in varietal trial, could be attributable to the varietal or treatment differences. But more often than not, this condition is not realized to a satisfactory degree in practice due to heterogeneity present in experimental units. In a field experiment, for instance, a big piece of land might be quite heterogeneous regarding soil fertility, moisture content, salinity, etc; so that experimental plots marked on this land would differ widely among themselves, though plots nearer to each other would be more alike or homogeneous than the plots scattered distant apart; also in the case of animal experiments, animals forming the experimental units might be heterogeneous regarding their ages , weights, genetic composition, etc. With such experimental units in the experiment, the variability produced in the observations will be comparatively high so that only large treatment differences are detectable, since small differences are obsecured by large error variability.

The randomized complete block design (RCBD), is perhaps the most widely used design of all experimental designs, mainly for its simplicity, flexibility and validity. The main objective of the design is either to control, remove or reduce the variability due to heterogeneity in experimental material, which is quite irrelevant for treatment comparisons. In CRD, the error variability as estimated from the residual sum of squares will be considerably high. The RCBD is a device introduced in this design for separating out the variability due to heterogeneity among experimental units from the variability due to all extraneous sources, thus purifying in one sense. The design is especially suitable for field experiments where the number of treatments is not large and the experimental area has a predictable productivity gradient.The primary distinguishing feature of the RCBD is the presence of blocks of equal size, each of which contains all the treatments.

Learning outcomes

• understand the functioning of community radio in dissemination of from technology.

Introduction

Radio is the oldest type of media, and via radio the information revolution saw the green revolution. Farmers listen to the radio for weather, market price, and pestilence updates. Government began to encourage citizens by establishing radio rural forums (RRF). The primary purpose of a rural radio forum is to discuss and act. Here, a group of twenty individuals debate cultivation-related concerns and provide questions for the subsequent Radio rural forum. This allowed radio forum to get widespread popularity.

Many families who have had the pleasure of raising rabbits consider them to be valuable members of their family. Unfortunately, rabbits are susceptible to a wide range of issues and illnesses, much like other pets. Upper respiratory tract infections (snuffles), internal and external parasites, dental disease, gastrointestinal (GI) stasis, uterine issues (cancer or infections), and pododermatitis (foot sores or sore hocks) are common illnesses that affect pet rabbits. Rabbits are incredibly prolific creatures with a vast potential for procreation. 

The Indian arid zone is characterized by high temperature, low and erratic rainfall which limits the scope for high crop productivity. However, these conditions greatly favour the development of improved quality in a number of fruits such as date palm, ber, aonla, bael, pomegranate, kinnow, lasoda and in vegetables such as cucurbits, legumes and solanaceous crops, spices, flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants. The existing low productivity could be increased by following improved new technologies and inputs. It is now realized that there is a limited scope for quantum jump in fruit and vegetable production in the traditional production areas.

The population of India is estimated to touch 1.4 billion by the year, 2025, which will need at least 300 million tonnes of food grain. This necessitates the production of additional food grain from the same land without loosing the production potential of the soil. This, in turn, requires extensive research to provide a scientific basis for enhancing and sustaining food production as well as soil productivity with minimum environmental degradation. In order to attain this it is essential that the amount of nutrients removed from the soil should be replenished through judicious use of fertilizers and manures. This needs a more comprehensive approach for fertilizer use, incorporating components like soil test, field research and economic evaluation ofthe results. Soil testing is one of the best scientific means for quick and reliable determination of soil fertility status. Soil test crop response study in the field provides soil test calibration between the level of soil nutrients as determined in the laboratory and the crop response to fertilizers as observed in the field for predicting the fertilizer requirements of the crop.

Objectives of soil testing.

Soil testing provides a sound information about the suitability, fertility and productivity of the soil. This enables the farmers to make the most profitable use of some of the costly inputs in farming. However, lack of information among the farmers about soil testing and their importance in management of resources necessitates that the work of soil testing should be taken extensively. Soil testing is a useful tool for making fertilizer recommendations for various crops and cropping sequences as well as reclamation of problem soils. Thus the major objective of soil testing are to identify the type of soil related problems like salinity, alkalinity, and acidity and to suggest appropriate reclamation/amelioration measures and to evaluate the fertility status in terms of available nutrients for making soil test based fertilizer recommendations.

Learning outcome

• To learn writing for print media such as newspaper, magazine, books.
• To have in knowledge about script writing in electronic medium such as using mobile apps- LinkedIn, Twitter, YouTube and Podcast

What is Print Media?

It’s a sort of mass media that publishes news and information. Print media is the oldest way to reach a large audience. It exclusively distributes information in physical copy

Books, magazines, and newspapers are popular print media. These may consist of chapters or themes, pictures, advertising, printed journals, pamphlets and so on. Print media cannot do live reporting, discussions, or shows.

Rabbit-based cuisine has been made and enjoyed on a regular basis since the first early civilisations in the Mediterranean region. Rabbit is an easy-care plant that grows well in backyards and on farms. There are notable differences in rabbit production between nations. In 2020, Asia produced 70.5% of the world's rabbit meat, with Europe coming in second. Based on estimated figures obtained from FAOSTAT, there was a 24.1% decline in the global production of rabbit meat between 2010 and 2020.

Regenerative agriculture is a transformative approach to farming that prioritizes soil health, biodiversity, and ecosystem services, while also increasing crop yields and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This holistic method of farming is designed to regenerate the health of the entire ecosystem, rather than just focusing on maximizing food production alone. By adopting regenerative agriculture practices, farmers can improve soil fertility, enhance water quality, and promote biodiversity, ultimately leading to more resilient and productive farming systems. Regenerative agriculture involves being highly attentive to the needs of the soil, crops, and ecosystem as a whole. Alert farming requires farmers to be vigilant and responsive to changes in weather patterns, soil moisture levels, and crop health, making adjustments as needed to optimize crop yields and minimize environmental impact. This approach involves using advanced technologies, such as precision agriculture and data analytics, to monitor and manage farm operations in real-time, enabling farmers to make data-driven decisions and respond quickly to emerging challenges. The benefits of regenerative agriculture are numerous. Not only can it improve crop yields and promote sustainable agricultural practices, but it can also enhance ecosystem services, support biodiversity, and contribute to climate change mitigation efforts. By adopting regenerative agriculture practices, farmers can play a critical role in creating a more sustainable food system, one that prioritizes the health of both people and the planet .
4.1 Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) versus Regenerative Agriculture (RA)
Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and Regenerative Agriculture (RA) are two approaches (Fig. 4.1) to sustainable agriculture that share some similarities, but also have distinct differences

Introduction
Prenatal development is a crucial phase in the life of an organism during which the foundation for its future health and survival is established. In animals, the prenatal development is influenced by a complex interaction of genetic, chromosomal and environmental factors. These factors play a pivotal role in determining the phenotype, viability and overall health of the developing organism. The abnormalities of the structure or function of cells, tissues or organs present at birth are termed as congenital defects. These developmental defects can be caused by genetic, chromosomal and environmental factors.
A. Genetic Factors
Genes are the fundamental units of inheritance and their expression controls the development and functioning of all living organisms. In prenatal development, genetic factors provide the blueprint on which the formation and differentiation of tissues and organs is depend. These factors influence a range of developmental processes which include the timing and coordination of cell division and the development of specific structures.
1. Gene Expression and Regulation: Proper gene expression and regulation are essential for normal prenatal development. Genes are activated or suppressed at specific times during development and the precise regulation of these genes ensures the correct formation of tissues and organs. The mutations in key developmental genes can lead to malformations or developmental disorders.
2. Inherited Traits and Developmental Variation: Inherited genetic traits can influence the rate of prenatal development and the eventual size and characteristics of the offspring. For example, certain breeds of animals have genetic predispositions for faster growth rates, larger body sizes or distinct physical features which are evident even during prenatal development. Selective breeding practices in domesticated animals often aim to enhance these traits but they can also accidently introduce genetic disorders or vulnerabilities.
3. Epigenetic Modifications: Epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation and histone modifications also plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression during

Kamrakh or Carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) known as ‘Star fruit’ is an important fruit of tropical and subtropical regions of the world. However, it is  a drought hardy plant and grow in dry land areas. Its fruit pulp is  sour-acidic in taste due to oxalic acid content.
 
Carambola are still in wild form or in homestead gardens and therefore, no improved and recognized varieties and /or systemic cultivation practices for this fruit has been developed so far. It is mainly grown as a fancy fruit in the garden and only limited plants are maintained. The plants prefers warm, moist climate but it can grow on any type of soil with good drainage system.