eChapters

Government Schemes and Incentives

Learning Objectives

1. Overview of Government schemes and incentives for promotion of entrepreneurship.
2. Overview of Schemes Applicable for Agriculture Startups
3. Focus on Agriculture in G20 countries under India’s Presidency in 2023
4. Role of Venture Capital Investments

Introduction

Farming has undergone significant changes since the Green Revolution in the late 1960s and economic liberalisation in the early 1990s. These changes have led to a shift in focus towards a few specific enterprises due to factors such as a decrease in farm size, fluctuating commodity prices, the need for livelihood diversification, and a shortage of labor. (Ponnusamy and Kousalya, 2017). The current scenario in the country indicates that the agricultural area under cultivation is decreasing and more than 20 percent of the current cultivable land will be converted into non-agricultural purposes by 2030 (Gill et al., 2005). 80 per cent of farm families belong to the small and marginal farmer categories. Hence India is putting more emphasis on agriculture in research as well as in technology transfer through many extension activities.

Introduction According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the world population increase from 7.7 to 9.7 billion by 2050; therefore, a growing demand for seafood and the production gap is anticipated due to stagnating fish supply from capture fisheries. The production gap may be curtailed by intensification of aquaculture practices rather than horizontal expansion. Intensive farming practices such as cage and pen culture in open water have gained significant attention and are related to the efficient utilization of untapped potential water bodies and of existing resources.

Horticultural crops are vulnerable to numerous insect pests, diseases, nematodes, weeds, and other biological stresses that can reduce yield and quality. This chapter presents integrated pest and disease management as a coordinated approach combining prevention, monitoring, cultural practices, biological control, mechanical methods, resistant varieties, and need-based chemical intervention. Accurate diagnosis and regular scouting are emphasized as foundations of effective management. Biorational products, pheromones, microbial pesticides, and natural enemies can reduce dependence on conventional pesticides. Responsible chemical use requires correct product selection, dose, timing, coverage, safety measures, and resistance management. The chapter promotes economically effective and environmentally responsible crop protection while safeguarding beneficial organisms, workers, consumers, and ecosystems.

Climate change is altering insect-pest development, reproduction, feeding, survival, distribution, host preference and interactions with natural enemies. These shifts may make conventional control measures and existing integrated pest-management programmes less reliable. Climate-resilient IPM must therefore combine continuous pest surveillance, forecasting, biological control, resistant cultivars, cultural practices, habitat management and the careful use of pesticides. Management decisions should account for changing pest phenology, emerging invasive species and regional climate risks. This chapter examines how climate change affects established IPM components and proposes adaptive, knowledge-based approaches for sustainable pest suppression, reduced pesticide dependence, ecosystem protection and long-term food security.

The recent concept of intellectual property emerged in England in the 17^th & 18^th centuries. The term Intellectual Property came in use in the 19^th century and in the late 20^th century. As of now the Intellectual Property has occupied common position in the global legal systems. There are different forms of Intellectual property rights which include patents, copyright, industrial design, trademarks, plant variety rights, trade dress, geographical indications and in some jurisdictions trade secrets too

The ITPGRFA is a comprehensive international agreement which is poised at guaranteeing food security through the conservation, exchange and sustainable use of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, instead of fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from its use. It also advocates Farmers' Rights.

13.1. Genesis of the Treaty

The conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture are keys to feed global growing population in the coming future. The Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was established in 1983, and the voluntary International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources was adopted here in. Another major step was taken in 1996 with the adoption of the Global Plan of Action at the Leipzig International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources. 

Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in driving economic growth, and its significance in the agriculture and allied industry cannot be overlooked. As the backbone of many economies, agriculture and its allied sectors provide employment to a significant portion of the global population. We shall highlight the benefits of being an entrepreneur in this sector, discuss the different types of entrepreneurs, provide relevant statistics and case studies, and touch upon the factors affecting entrepreneurial behaviour. Additionally, we will examine the current trends and forecast for the next three years in the agricultural entrepreneurship landscape and examine relevant statistics and case studies and shed light on the government’s role in promoting entrepreneurship in the Indian startup ecosystem.

Following are the reasons why must understand topic indepth.

1. Agritech startups have raised over $1 billion in funding in the past 5 years.
2. The Indian agritech market is expected to reach $15 billion by 2025.
3. There are over 1,000 agritech startups in India.
4. The top three agritech sectors in India are precision agriculture, farm management, and farm equipment rental.

Introduction

Human behaviour is a complex phenomenon. Several variables influence it. The relationship between man and workplace is of paramount importance. Several factors motivate the working environment of the personnel in an organization. Research is going on the motive of people at work. Productivity of Library and Information Science (LIS) Professional depends on several factors. Job motivation affects their productivity in libraries. The present chapter tries to examine the factors that necessitate job motivation. The university libraries are regarded as service institutions. University libraries are changing their services for the benefit of the user fraternity.

Kisan Call Centre (1551)

The department of agriculture and cooperation (DAC) Ministry of agriculture, Government of India launched kisan call centres on January 21, 2004 across the country to deliver extension services to the farming community. It provides information in all major languages through toll-free telephone no 1551 and 1800180 1551 from 6 a.m. to 10.p.m. on all 7 days of a week. on BSNL routes. With a view to monitor the KCC activities a state level monitoring committee (SLMC) has been constituted in each KCC. Presently there are — kccs in the country.

The kisan call centers consists of three levels

Definition, Significance and Importance

Landscape design and gardening is the technique of design application to beautify our surroundings, our homes, office buildings and everywhere in open space with plants and garden features to give the soothing effect on the body, mind and soul. Rapid urbanization, industrialization with population explosion has been constantly depleting our natural resources through deforestation, ripping of hills and exposing them to erosion, pollution of rivers, streams and lakes with little understanding of the natural environment which supports human life. It is the application of the art and techniques of Landscape Gardening that can spell magic to our surroundings enhancing aesthetic beauty besides, improving and conserving environment. Besides, landscape beautification and ecological balance provision, other beneficial influence of gardens in human life have been researched and studied. Psychologists have found that access to plants and green spaces provides a sense of rest and allows workers to be more productive. Flowers convey our inner feelings sympathy, romance or celebration (pride and joy) or contrition in the most beautiful and delicate manner. Flowers are also used to express religious feelings. Interaction with gardens and natural spaces offers a variety of mental, physical and social beneficial influence for humans, ranging from stress reduction, quicker healing and mitigation of Attention Deficit Disorder in children to decreasing crime and air pollution. Studies throughout the world have proven the power of green spaces to improve human health. Recent studies in the Netherlands and Japan show that people with easy access to green space showed better health and lower mortality rates.

Abstract

This chapter covers how linear programming aids in reducing costs and maximizing gains. A linear programming problem (LPP) typically contains linear restrictions and an objective function seeking optimization. Initially, two-variable linear optimization models are examined using the graphical technique to comprehend the issue and investigate solutions. The graphical method provides visual insights into the problem’s nature and solutions. Linear programming identifies the mix of choices that optimizes the objective function subjected to constraints. Graphical interpretation aids in recognizing feasible and optimal solutions visually.

Lithological interpretation of igneous rocks involves the identification and description of the different types of rocks that form as a result of the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rocks can be classified based on their mineral composition, texture, and the way they formed. Here are some of the common types of igneous rocks and their characteristics:

1. Basalt

Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained rock that forms from the rapid cooling of lava. It is typically composed of minerals such as pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, and olivine.

Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava. It is typically dark in color, ranging from black to dark gray, and has a fine-grained texture. Basalt is composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals, with smaller amounts of olivine, magnetite, and other minerals.

Basalt is found in many parts of the world, including the oceanic crust, volcanic islands, and some continental regions. It is also used as a construction material, such as in road paving, because of its durability and resistance to weathering. Additionally, basalt fiber is used in various applications, including reinforcing materials in composites, insulation, and other industrial uses.

Basalt in India: Basalt is a type of igneous rock that is commonly found in India. It is a dark-colored, fine-grained rock that is rich in iron and magnesium minerals.

Local government is essential for responsive governance, citizen participation, effective service delivery, and sustainable development at the grassroots level. It ensures that decisions are made with the best interests of the community in mind, leading to improved quality of life and overall well-being for its residents. Local government ensures that decision-making is participatory, responsive, and tailored to the needs of the community, promoting effective governance and sustainable development at the grassroots level.

Management of information system

A management information system (MIS) is an information system used for decision-making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization of information in an organization. The study of management information systems involves people, processes and technology in an organizational context. MIS professionals help firms realize maximum benefit from investment in personnel, equipment and business processes. MIS is a people-oriented field with an emphasis on service through technology. MIS is a system that aids management in making, carrying out, and controlling decisions.

Metabolic diseases are closely associated with nutritional imbalance, production demands and physiological changes surrounding calving. This chapter focuses on practical management of metabolic disorders in dairy herds through appropriate nutrition, monitoring and preventive strategies. Attention is given to metabolic disturbances associated with the transition period and high milk production. Evaluation of feeding practices, body condition, production performance and clinical or subclinical indicators helps identify animals at risk. Herd-level management can reduce disease occurrence and production losses. The chapter emphasizes balanced nutrition, monitoring and preventive intervention as essential components of effective dairy herd health and metabolic disease management.

Metabolites are small molecules generated or utilized during cellular metabolism and include amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, organic acids, nucleotides, vitamins, hormones, and secondary metabolites. This chapter introduces the major classes of metabolites and their biological significance. It explains metabolic architecture as the organization and interaction of interconnected biochemical pathways that regulate cellular energy production, biosynthesis, degradation, signaling, and adaptation. The chapter describes primary and secondary metabolites and examines central metabolic pathways and their interrelationships. Understanding metabolic architecture provides the foundation for interpreting metabolomic profiles and identifying changes associated with physiological conditions, environmental stresses, disease processes, and alterations in cellular metabolic regulation.

Frequently referred to as "vegetable confetti," microgreens are produced from a variety of commercially grown food crops, including cereals, vegetables and herbs. They contain completely formed cotyledons that may or may not have partially extended genuine leaves (Treadwell et al., 2020). Seven to twenty-one days after germination, the exact piece of the delicate plant's growing stem is removed, along with the cotyledon leaves and maybe the real leaves (Galieni et al., 2020). Despite their small size, these useful micro veggies offer exceptional sensory qualities, including flavour, texture, scent, look and unusual colours. They normally have a height of 2-8 centimetres.

15.1 Sample Objective Question

1. Which one is related to deposition of Micro-organism?
   1. Madrid Agreement
   2. Berne Convention
   3. Budapest Treaty
   4. Patent Cooperation Treaty.
2. WTO was officially commenced in the year...........
   1. 1970
   2. 2003
   3. 2005
   4. 1995
3. Which one is related to protection of Trademarks
   1. Madrid Agreement
   2. Berne Convention
   3. Budapest treaty
   4. None of these
4. One of the four patent office is...........
   1. Patna
   2. Banglore
   3. Varanasi
   4. Mumbai

Abstract

This chapter examines natural resource economics, a multidisciplinary field that studies how economic and ecological systems interact to allocate natural resources on Earth. These resources, which include both human and nonhuman factors of production, are essential for the provision of goods and services. The chapter also explores the challenges of valuing and managing natural resources without market prices, and the implications for the sustainability of the food supply.