eChapters

1.    Wilt
        
2.    Anthracnose
        
3.    Canker

1.    Rust
        
2.    Cercospora leaf spot
        
3.    Collar rot and Root rot
        
4.    Phyllody

1.    Anthracnose
    
2.    Powdery mildew
        
3.    Mango malformation
        
4.    Red rust
        
5.    Grey blight
        
6.    Sooty mould
        
7.    Stem end rot
        
8.    Bacterial leaf spot

1.    Damping off
        
2.    Purple blotch
        
3.    Smut
        
4.    Downy mildew
        
5.    Leaf blight (blast)
        
6.    Black mould

1.    Stem rot/Foot rot
        
2.    Powdery mildew
        
3.    Anthracnose
        
4.    Ring spot
        
5.    Leaf curl

1.    Downy mildew
        
2.    Powdery mildew
        
3.    Rust
        
4.    Wilt

1.    Leaf spot or blight
        
2.    Cercospora leaf & fruit spot
        
3.    Alternaria fruit spot
        
4.    Bacterial leaf spot

1.    Late blight
        
2.    Early blight
        
3.    Black scurf
        
4.    Common scab
        
5.    Bacterial Brown rot
        
6.    Wart
        
7.    Black leg (Soft rot)
        
8.    Viral diseases
        
9.    Potato spindle tuber

1.    Powdery mildew
        
2.    Die-back
        
3.    Black spot
        
4.    Rust

1.    Sooty mould
        
2.    Leaf spot
        
3.    Flat limb

1.    Blister blight of tea
        
2.    Red rust
        
3.    Black rot
        
4.    Black root

1.    Damping off
        
2.    Early blight
        
3.    Fusarium wilt
        
4.    Bacterial wilt
        
5.    Mosaic
        
6.    Leaf furl
        
7.    Root knot nematode

A DNA microarray is a multiplex technology used in molecular biology. It consists of an arrayed series of thousands of microscopic spots of DNA oligonucleotides, called features, each containing picomoles (10-12 moles) of a specific DNA sequence, known as probes (or reporters).

5.1    Introduction
       5.1.1  Types of Distributors
    Questions and Problems
    
References

The productivity of agricultural ecosystems depends on the interactions and interdependence of numerous species, such as other plant species, micro-organisms, pollinators, predators of agricultural pests and livestock. Agricultural ecosystems serve as an important habitat for many plant and animal species. Wild species are sometimes used to provide valuable genetic resources, for instance for certain plant breeding. When preserved, these can help to meet future food and livestock production challenges, including adaptation to climate change. Conservation agriculture provides an ample opportunity for the maintenance of agricultural biodiversity. This paper discusses the agricultural development phases, their consequence on the environment and cropping system diversification opportunities in conservation agriculture.

The coral reef ecosystem is one of the most diverse ecosystems, which is housing for an amazing diversity of organisms and estimation of species richness ranges from 650 000 to over 9 million. For this reason, coral reefs often are referred to as the “rainforests of the ocean”1.Prokaryotes represent overriding life form on the planet and are almost certainly the most diverse component of coral reef communities2. Corals have been known to harbour many different species of bacteria.

The rise in the number of drug-resistant pathogens and the limited success of strategies in providing new agents indicate an uncertain forecast for future antimicrobial therapy. So it is critical that new groups of microbes from unexplored habitats be pursued as sources of novel antibiotics. Marine actinomycetes serve as a logical target given the historical significance of their terrestrial counterparts in antibiotic production. Isolation strategies directed towards new marine-derived actinomycetes have been lacking, but it is clear that such procedures will increase the understanding of marine bacterial diversity and yield many novel marine natural products. Though recent literatures report the isolation of novel class of actinomycetes from marine sediments and sponges, reports on actinomycetes associated with corals are very scanty. Therefore in this study we attempted to characterize the actiomycetes diversity associated with the coral Acropora digitifera from the Gulf of Mannar, Southern coast of India. The antibacterial potential of the isolated actinomycetes was also investigated.

Introduction
DNA barcoding is a molecular technique that uses a short section of DNA (genetic marker) extracted from a standardized region of tissue to identify it as belonging to a particular species. A desirable locus for DNA barcoding should be standardized and that should present in most of the taxa of interest and sequencable without species-specific PCR primers. A large database of sequences for the desirable locus needs to be developed. The desirable locus should be short enough to be easily sequenced with current technology, and provide a large variation between species yet a relatively small amount of variation within a species. Although several loci have been suggested, but the mitochondrial Cox1 became a gene of choice for animals and many other eukaryotes. However, the DNA regions that are being used are chosen to optimize the resolution for their specific experimental purposes.

8.1 Sub Cloning
    
8.2 Cloning into a Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC)
    
8.3 DNA Libraries

5.1 Replication
    DNA Replication in Bacteria
    DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
    
5.2 Transcription

5.3 Translation

4.1 DNA: The word means
    
4.2 Double Helical Structure: The Watson and Crick Model
    
4.3 Family of DNA 
    
4.4 The Chromosomes