eChapters

ESTIMATED DAIRY PROJECT OF 12 CROSS-BREED CATTLE FOR 5 YEARS

Dept. of Veterinary & A.H. Extension Education

West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences

Mohanpur, Dist-Nadia, West Bengal, India

LIVESTOCK INSURANCE SCHEME

Livestock farming is the main source of livelihood for millions of people in India. Animal husbandry as live resources primarily depends on monsoon-based feeds and fodder production along with the widespread incidence of diseases, droughts floods and fluctuations of market price in livestock products which makes it a risky venture. The natural, social and human risk and uncertainty in livestock farming hamper yield and production as a result of mortality and morbidity of animals to every farmer in the country. This risk is simply future issues that can be mitigated or avoided as a probability issue, whereas uncertainty is the lack of complete certainty with more than one possibility of true outcome or state or result or value as unknown. Individual farmers with limited resources are unable to face such risk and uncertainty of disastrous lost. To mitigate this nature-induced risk, livestock insurance has introduced as an institutional response in the countries in October 1965 as Crop Insurance and in later in 1970 the livestock insurance was started by the government of India.

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISES

GENDER AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: The women and men enjoy equal status in the law of the constitution, though there exists a wide difference as looked upon by the society. This gender gap is a socially constructed attribute as being male and females are assigned roles and responsibilities in respect to one’s gender. Gender disparity is a serious concern in all sectors and must be addressed immediately for the development of the country. To address gender issues, it is imperative to understand different fundamental gender concepts to deal with it effectively.

Gender: Gender identifiers social relations between men and women. Gender refers to the relationship between men and women, boys and girls and how this is socially constructed. Gender roles are dynamic and changed over time. Gender determined, what is expected, allowed, and valued in a man or woman in a different context.

Sex: Sex identifies the biological difference between men and women, such as-women can give birth and men provide sperm. Sex roles are universal. These are universal, obvious and generally permanent. It is what, we are born with and does not change over time, differs from place to place.

PROJECT AND PROJECT APPRAISAL PROJECT

Project is a scientifically evolves work plan to achieve specific objectives within a specified time limit by consuming planned resources. A Project is a specific plan or design with a specific objective, time, and cost limitations and non-repeated it in nature. UNIDO defines a Project as a proposal for an investment to create and or develop certain facilities in order to increase the production of goods or services in a community over a certain period of time. The Project can be long-term or short-term, limited or comprehensive, sector concentrated on multi-sector concentrated.

PROJECT APPRAISAL or Evaluation is a step-by-step process of collecting recording and organizing information about project results including short-term, immediate output and long-term outcomes from the projects.

INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT: Financial management is an integral part of general overall management. The term ‘Financial management’ is managerial activity that is concerned with planning and controlling of financial resources of a firm. Financial management is concerned with managerial decisions that result in the acquisition and financing of long and short-term credits of the farm or any enterprise. Financial management is concerned with the efficient use of all important economic resources that is capital funds of a firm (Solomon Ezra)

Financial management is an application of general managerial principles to the era of financial decision-making. (Howard &Uptron).

Financial management is an area of financial decisions making, harmonizing individual motives and enterprise goals.(Weston & Brigham).

Financial management is an operational activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effective utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operations.(Joseph & Massie)

DEFINITION OF ENTREPRENEUR & ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneurs: The word ‘Entrepreneur’ is derived from the French verb ‘ENTREPREDRE’, which means ‘to undertake’. The term is used to refer to anyone who undertakes the organizarion and management of an enterprise with independence and risk as well as the opportunity for profit. An Entrepreneur is a person who has a possession of any enterprise or venture and accepts significant accountability for the inherent risk and outcome.

Definitions of Entrepreneurs by Several Social Scientists are as follow

According to J.B. Say: An Entrepreneur is an economic agent, who unites all means of production, such as- Land, labour and capital to produce products.

BOOK KEEPING & GENERAL ENTRY SYSTEM

Business Transactions can be recorded in any system, which provides the necessary financial position of a business and results of transactions. The Business transactions are recorded through systems of book keeping as maintained in accounting are as follows:

Book Keeping: This is an activity concerned with the recording of financial data relating to business operations in a significant and orderly manner. Book keeping is the record making phase of accounting. Accounting is based on a careful and an efficient book keeping system.

The essential idea behind maintaining book keeping records is to show correct position regarding each head of income and expenditure. It is concerned with the recording of business transaction in a significant and orderly manner which is mechanical and repetitive in character. 

MEANING & DEFINITION OF ACCOUNTING

Accounting is the science of recording, classifying and summarizing business transactions and events primarily of a financial character in a significant manner and interpreting and communicating the results to decision-making persons thereof.

The AICPA defined, Accounting is the process that are used in accounting, recording, classifying, summarizing and interpreting the monetary language in which financial language is expressed.

MARKET & MARKETING: CONCEPT OF MARKET AND CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETS

Meaning of Market: The Term Market is derived from Latin word ‘Markatus’ means Merchandise, Wars, the Traffic, Trades or Place where business is conducted. The Market means a place, as an open space (in the village) or a larger building, where actual buying and selling takes place. The market is an assembly or a meeting of people for their private purchase and sale of goods at a stated time and place. Example-Village Fairs or periodical markets.

ECONOMICS is the term derived from a Greek word ‘OIKOS’ means a HOUSE and NAMEN means TO MANAGE, i.e. to manage a household using limited funds available in most possible manners. The founders of Economics defined it as-‘The Science of Wealth’. In general, we may say that Economics is the social science that studies economic activities. Economists at different times have emphasized different aspects of Economic activities, and have arrived at different definitions of Economics.

10.1 Introduction

The consistent process of rapid urbanization and expeditious developmental activities have severely impacted the environmental components and thereby the quality of life. With limited natural resources, individuals and societies have to learn to bring in attitudinal changes in order to accomplish environment sustainability (UNESCO). From the Book “Our Common Future” (Brundtland Report), the concept of Sustainable Development can be understood as the “development that meets the needs of the present, but does not threaten the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. 

Introduction

With ever-increasing population growth, waste management has become a major challenge threatening environmental sustainability. The total solid waste generation was recorded to be 1.3 billion tonnes per year by the world’s cities in 2012, with an ecological footprint of 1.2 kilograms per person/day. With the intensity with which the population growth is happening coupled with urbanization, predictions are made that by the end of the year 2025, 2.2 billion tonnes of municipal waste will be generated (The World Bank, 2018). 

8. Introduction

The idea of sustainable development stands on the concept of maintaining the best possible environment within the availability of minimal resources and for the convenience of the society. Now-a-day the term “sustainability” gained a lot of attention due to challenges and problems faced in tackling the current situation of global pollution. One of the vital areas of research needs to be addressed in concern with sustainable development is the new innovations to enhance sustainability (Silvestre and Silva, 2014). 

7.1. Developing Sector in Scientific and Technological Approach of Waste Management

From the very past, many traditional practices have been put into use for waste management like landfilling, composting, and recycling, which are practiced even today. However, the boundless upsurging waste compels the modern world to modify the traditional methods or to introduce innovative techniques with the grace of technology

6.1 Introduction

Urbanization is now a global phenomenon, but in developing countries the implications are more pronounced. Natural growth of population, reclassifications of habitation and migration trends are important in urban population in India. The population of India, which accounts for 27 per cent of the total population, was 285 million according to 2001 census. International experience shows that the pace of urban development accelerates when a country’s urban population crosses close to 25 percent of the total population (like in India).(Kumar and Chakrabarti, 2010). 

Definitions: Before starting the chapter, it is better to understand the basic definitions of the terms commonly used in this chapter.

Waste: Waste is any material or object which is discarded after its primary use by its holder. A holder means the person who produces and keeps the waste. 

4.1. Introduction

Presently, in the world, there are 195 countries according to the United Nations, and the number would even go up to 247 if we consider the disputed territories like Isle of Man, Hong Kong, etc. (United Nations, 2016) (Kershner, 2020). But the majority of the countries are still struggling to provide basic life-supporting amenities like nutrition, shelter, and employment. Conjointly, termed as emerging and developing countries such as India, Vietnam, Venezuela, Utopia, etc. (Ahmed and Shimada, 2019). Most of the developing countries are situated mainly in the continent of Africa, Asia and South America. They have got independence for the European countries like England, France, Portugal and Spain in the mid and late 20th century. 

3.1 Introduction

A Massive increase in population, urbanization and industrialization have led to an increase in the quantity and composition of waste. The waste is increasing day by day and is estimated to reach up to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025, according to the reports by World Bank. It becomes a necessity for every nation to fore look upon the waste management system for their respective countries. From the collection, segregation, transportation, disposal all have become an important criterion to deal with. Among the available disposal options; the easiest and environment friendly is “Recycling”. 

1.1 Introduction

Increased emission of greenhouse gases results in climate change which becomes one of the most prominent environmental issues to the world today. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major greenhouse gas whereas nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are other substantial contributors to climate change (IPCC, 2014, Tongwane et al., 2016). However, these gases are emitted in minimal quantities in comparison to carbon dioxide but impart more global warming effect by absorbing more infrared radiations (Oertel et al., 2016). The warming potential of one kg of CH4 is 23 times more than one kg of CO2 while  in the case of N2O, it was nearly 300 times more than CO2 (Ramaswamy et al., 2001, Bharti et al., 2019; Biswas et al., 2010). Around one-third of methane and two –thirds of nitrous oxide come from soil (Prather et al., 1995, Tubiello et al., 2015, Smith, 2016).

1.1. Background Introduction

We live in a world with “throw-away” societies that are involved in a pattern of consuming packaged products that don’t even last past a single use or even a year and discarding the waste. This lifestyle generating waste is negatively impacting public health, environment and imposing socio-economic problems on us. The waste is continuously consuming our land, resources, and energy for storage, management, treatment, and disposal. Solid waste was an urban issue initially but has reached every corner nowadays.