eChapters

Municipal solid wastes (MSW), the wastes generated in municipality area, are complex heterogenous in nature due to its collection from different places like residence, markets, institutes, hotels, etc., together before disposal. As per Hazardous waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 and Bio medical wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998, the industrial wastes generated in various factories and biomedical wastes generated in hospitals and nursing homes should not be dumped in MSW collection site as disposal process for those wastes are different as directed by Government of India in those rules. But those wastes produced by smaller units are discarded in street dustbin, which make disposal problematic.

10.1 Introduction

Cowpea is a typical warm season crop adapted to tropics. It is grown both for its tender pod and dry seed that is used as pulse for culinary purposes. The pods are rich in protein, vitamin B and minerals. It is also used as a fodder and green manure crop. On dry weight basis the cowpea seeds contain 23.4 % protein, 1.8 % fat and 60.3 % carbohydrates. Most probable progenitor of cowpea is Vigna unguiculata var mensensis. It is grown as a catch crop that is drought tolerant and sensitive to water logging. Being a legume crop, cow pea fits well in different inter-cropping systems. It is mainly of two types. Asparagus bean/yard long bean/snake bean (Vigna sesquipedalis) has 30-90 cm long fleshy pod with elongated kidney shaped 8-12 mm long seeds. It is late maturing variety. While catjang bean (Vigna catjang) has 7-13 cm long pods with 5-6 mm kidney shaped seeds. Pulse type of cowpea is Vigna uniguiculata var radiate and dual-purpose cowpea is Vigna uniguiculata var cylindrica.

1. Alternaria leaf spot
Diagnostic Symptoms
• Spots are small, dark coloured.
• They enlarge, soon become circular & 1mm. in diameter.
• Under humid conditions groups of conidiophores will be formed in the spot.
• Spots develop concentric rings.
• Finally the spots coalesce leading to blighting of leaves.
• Pathogen is seed borne and cause shriveling of seeds and poor germination.
• Linear spots also appear on petioles, stems, pods & seeds (Fig.1).

The words “Economy” and “Ecology” have the same root. Both these words derived from Greek ‘Oikos’ mean house or house holds and both imply thrifty economical way of dealing with valuable resources. However, for some reason we seem to find these two words coming opposite each-other in many situations.
The destruction and degradation of the environment has become the greatest problem of our century. Our survival will depend on how well we are able to redefine our technologies and our relationship with nature. We therefore need a new sustainable eco-agri revolution and a country like India is in an ideal situation to give a model for that. In the new economy, good ecology will be fundamental to good business.
BEYOND GREEN REVOLUTION
We have often emphasized that perhaps the two greatest successes in India since independence have been maintaining a stable democracy and success in bringing the green revolution, which changed us from a food-begging country to a food self-sufficient nation. We should rightfully feel happy and proud about these achievements, but at the same time remember that the global problems, environmental issues, priorities and the technological scenario have vastly changed in the last two decades. Another feature of Indian agriculture is the vast varieties of agricultural and horticulture practices as shown in Fig. 1.

Introduction

Women are vital part of the Indian economy, constituting one-third of the national labour force and are considered to be the major contributor to the survival of the family. Despite progress in several indicators, gender analysis of most social and economic data demonstrate that women in India continue to be relatively disadvantaged in matters of survival, health, nutrition, literacy and social status. More than 90 percent of rural women in India are unskilled thus restricting them to low-paid occupations. Women generally have no control over land and other productive assets, which largely excludes them from access to institutional credit and renders them dependent on high-cost informal sources of credit to secure capital for consumption and for productive purpose.

Among 621.1 lakh population in Tamilnadu (according to 2001 census) 308.4 lakh are females. The people below poverty line in Tamilnadu are about 21.12 percent, out of this, women share equal percentage of poverty. In a patriarchal society, women have inadequate knowledge on various aspects and depend largely on the male siblings or husbands. They also do not have much access to credit or income as most of the expenditure is controlled by men. Even where they have some measure of control they spend most of their earnings on family needs. Estimates shows that more women and girls experience the vigour of poverty than men in poor holds because of inequalities in access to food, healthcare and education. (www.undp.org.in).

All over the world, when people get richer their life style change and they consume more animal protein, especially meat. We may add value by good genetics and know how in farm and feed management. There would be huge demand for poultry products and meat in coming years in India as per capita income of middle class people is gradually increasing and for that production of meat and meat products is required to be increased to meet the demand. Meat of goat, buffalo chicken are generally sold in India. Marketing of meat and meat products, chicken and poultry products such as eggs are the main challenges for the new farmers as there is no ready market in India. Recently there is huge demand of Chicken in Northern India. The initial problem faced by farmers is getting the special chicken feed for the different age groups. There is no well equipped dedicated slaughter house available in every city. New technology for animal slaughter is required so that all parts of animal are used properly without losing valuable protein. The idea should be to use innovated technology to optimize the profits in the chain.

Abstract

Intellectual property right (IPR) is the most serious, new branch of law and a legal right conferred by federal government in accordance with International conventions and treaties. IPR protects some of the finer manifestations of human achievement. IPR safeguards the application of ideas and information that are of commercial value. The exploitable ideas become more sophisticated and hope for a successful economic future depends increasingly upon the superior corpus of new knowledge and fashionable conceits.  Copyright law is one of the effective tools of IPR. Copyright law provides an incentive to creative activity of author and permits the society to benefit from those inventions. However, the technological advancement has made violation of copyright very easy and regulation very difficult. This paper aims at familiarizing  copyright laws and the powers enshrined in copyright laws.

Halerpestes tricuspis (Maxim.) Hand maz. (Ranunculaceae): LadakhiChitaka [W] Annual herb of alpine zone of above 3500 m altitudes. Whole plant used as stomachic and for gastrointestinal problems.

Introduction

The process of setting up a business is preceded by the decision to choose entrepreneurship as a career and identification of promising business ideas upon a careful examination of the entrepreneurial opportunities. Generation of ideas is not enough; the business ideas must stand the scrutiny from techno economic, financial and legal perspectives. That is, after the initial screening of the ideas that do not seem promising prima facie, you should conduct an in-depth examination of the chosen three-four before settling for the one where you would like to exert your time, money and energies. You should prepare a business plan that will serve as the road map for effective venturing, whether you may require institutional funding (in which case it is necessary to do so) or not. Setting up of new business enterprises is a very challenging task; you are likely to encounter many problems en route. It’s advisable to be aware of these problems.

Copper is an important mineral needed fir many physiological activities especially in the human body along with the formation of red blood cells, maintenance of nerve cells and support of the immune system. Whatever it may be, like various substances copper also exhibits toxicity if present in an excessive amounts. Thus article provides an information regarding the intricacies of copper toxicity, exploring it's sources, toxico dynamics, toxico kinetics. Clinical conditions, diagnosis as well as treatment. Copper intoxication can happen through many sources such as environmental as well as occupational. Common sources are contaminated water, dietary sources, occupational exposure as well as medications. Particularly after an ingestion, an absorption of copper takes place essentially in the stomach as well as smart intestine. Now the transportation of copper happens in the blood stream, mostly in bound to ceruloplasmin, a copper _ carrying protein. An elimination of copper occurs primarily through bile secretion into the feces along with a smaller part excreted especially vin Urine. Whatever it may be, in cases of overload, an accumulation of copper takes place in tissues namely the brain, liver and kidneys, resulting in toxicity. Copper toxicity results in the formation of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ), which cause oxidative damage to cellular to cellular structures namely lipids, proteins as well as DNA. Clinical signs and symptoms include gastro intestinal portion, neurological conditions, hepatic abnormalities, hemolytic anemia as well as renal impairment. Lesions of copper toxicity are hepatic lesions, hepatic cellular necrosis, inflammation as well as fibrosis, copper accumulation, biliary changes, neurological lesions, neuronal degeneration, gliosis, de myelination, renal lesions, tubular damage, interstitial inflammation as well as vascular changes

Monitoring the microclimate inside protected cultivation systems—such as greenhouses, polyhouses, net houses, and other semi-controlled environments— plays a crucial role in modern agricultural practices that aim to enhance crop productivity, quality, and resource efficiency. As global demand for high-quality and high-yield crops continues to rise, protected agriculture has become a key solution for mitigating the effects of climate variability, pest infestations, and limited available land. However, the effectiveness of these systems largely depends on the ability to continuously monitor and regulate the essential microclimatic factors that directly influence plant health, disease resistance, and overall productivity. Microclimate refers to the localized climate conditions within a specific area— in this case, within the protected structure—that can differ significantly from external environmental conditions. Key parameters typically monitored include temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation or light intensity, carbon dioxide (CO?) concentration, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and air movement or circulation. These factors are interrelated, and even minor fluctuations can greatly impact plant health, photosynthesis, transpiration, and reproduction. Thus, accurate and continuous monitoring of these variables is essential for effective climate control and optimal crop growth.
Temperature is arguably the most critical variable, as it controls metabolic processes, enzyme function, flowering time, and fruit development. A deviation from the ideal temperature range can either accelerate or stunt plant growth, leading to reduced yields or even crop failure. In tropical or semi-arid climates, temperature spikes inside protected structures can result in heat stress, while in temperate or mountainous regions, low temperatures can hinder growth. To mitigate this, temperature sensors—such as thermistors, RTDs, or thermocouples— are placed at different heights and zones within the structure to ensure uniform monitoring. These sensors typically transmit real-time data to centralized systems that control heating, cooling, and ventilation systems. Along with temperature,

Agriculture is the most significant part of economies of all African countries and can therefore contribute towards major priority for eradication of hunger and poverty. It also forms the strong base for rapid industrialization, employment and environmental management.
N. KozanaDiaminiLuma, the Chairperson of the African Union Commission has emphasized that ‘the year 2014 – the year of Agriculture in Africa’ will be used as an opportunity to accelerate the drive for food security. The major thrust for that has to be on ensuring that the farmers make their profession on economic activity that generate well-being for all in a sustainable manner (1, 2). Africa will have a population of 2 billion people by 2050, the majority women and youth. This prediction and the climate change problem summarize the scale of agricultural challenge for them. Currently more than half of all people living in Africa depend on agriculture for all or part of their livelihood. *Based on Key Note address by the author at the First International Agri Business Conference at Mauritius, Africa : 25 – 28 September 2008
EVER GREEN REVOLUTION OR ECO AGRI REVOLUTION FOR AFRICA
Nearly all agree that Africa needs technology for farming comparable to the Green Revolution of Asia. In 2006, two major philanthropic foundations namely Gates Foundations & Rockefeller foundations joined in a joint venture called Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). They emphasized the importance of introducing African small fodder farmers to modern agricultural science.However, this was rejected strongly by some calling it “naivete” about the causes of hunger and warned that this approach

Orthopaedic Radiography
 
Radiography as an aid to diagnosis the orthopaedic cases has become an integral part of every modern hospital. This technique may also be helpful in detecting some previously unrecognized lesions in the area radiographed.

The radiologist must be aware of the radiological anatomy of part being examined, and of its normal variation with age, species and breed. The anatomical features which can be appreciated in a radiograph are:

The harmful impact of chemical pesticides and fertilizers like gradual low productivity of land, growing nutrient imbalance in cultivated soils, accumulation of high pesticide residue in food materials, increasing resistance of harmful pests towards chemical pesticides and continuous increase in environmental pollution are forcing farmers to adopt organic or sustainable farming by considering vermicompost as possible substitute to the costly chemical fertilizers during crop cultivation. Gradual awareness among common people on organic farming, large availability of organic wastes in both rural as well as urban areas, more avenues of vermicomposting training, global market for organically produced foods and ever increasing unemployment problem have opened up greater prospects of commercial vermicomposting (Sannigrahi, 2012).

9.1 Success Stories from Around the World

Sustainable aquaculture practices are essential for ensuring the long-term viability of the aquaculture industry while protecting the environment, supporting economic development, and enhancing social welfare. This article highlights several success stories from around the world that exemplify innovative and sustainable aquaculture practices. These case studies demonstrate the diverse approaches taken to achieve sustainability in different regions and contexts.

1. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in Canada

Location: Bay of Fundy, Canada

Species: Atlantic salmon, blue mussels, kelp

Approach: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is a practice where different species are farmed together in a way that mimics natural ecosystems. In the Bay of Fundy, Canada, salmon, mussels, and kelp are cultivated in proximity, creating a balanced system. The salmon are fed traditional aquaculture diets, and their waste provides nutrients for the mussels and kelp.

Energy is essential for each and every single biological reaction in the body of an individual. Production, reproduction and physiological functions of an animal depend on its body state and utilization of energy from dietary source and its body reserves. Energy reserves are determined primarily by the relative amount of fat accessible as an energy source and are indicative of health condition. Adipose tissue (AT) is a primary reservoir of energy and recognized as an immunologically and endocrinologically active tissue. Cattle have the ability to utilize body reserve to meet energy demand due to negative energy balance during peripartum period, which is crucial for maintaining their health lactation and neonates. There are several methods to measure tissue reserves like body weight, metabolic and hormonal factors, respiratory calorimeter body water by dilution with D2 O, estimation of fat cells diameter, ultrasound techniques etc. Body weight is not a good indicator as it is affected by different factors such as; age, parity, gestation, body frame, gastrointestinal contents weight of vital organs and shows a greater variation in measuring fat stores. Other methods are inapplicable in field conditions as they are costly, time consuming and need laboratory facilities and skilled technicians. However Body Condition Score (BCS) is an easier and the most practical method, which is an assessment of thickness of fat cover, prominence of bone of tail and head region.

Non-mulberry plants, sometimes referred to as Vanya plants, are important to the sericulture sector because they give silkworms—which are normally fed mulberry leaves—an alternate source of nutrition. Many species, including castor (Ricinus communis), oak (Quercus spp.) and arjun (Terminalia arjuna), are among these non-mulberry plants. These plants are a food source for a distinct species of silkworm known as Eri, Tasar and Muga silk, which are distinct from the common mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori. These silks are prized for their unique properties, hues and textures which add to the variety and depth of silk goods on the market.
3.2 Host Plants
3.2.1 Host Plants for Tasar Silkworms
The traditional tasar and the oak tasar are now two separate entities within the Indian tasar culture. Terminalia and Shorea dominate the traditional tasar tract, with Quercus oaks (as the name suggests) dominating the latter.
Although tasar silkworms are actually polyphagous, there is some specificity in terms of their affinity for a given feeding source.
Taxonomy: A. mylitta feeds primarily on Asan (Terminalia tomentosa,
Fig.3.1), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna, Fig.3.2) and Sal (Shorea robusta, Fig.3.3), while A. proylei is mainly reared on Uyung (Quercus serrata, Fig. 3.4), Banj (Quercus incana, Fig. 3.5), Sahi (Quercus dealbata, Fig. 3.6) and Moru
(Quercus himalayana, Fig. 3.7). Being important for tasar industry, these three genera (Terminalia, Shorea and Quercus) the silkworm feeds on Phutuka (Melastoma, Fig. 3.8) and Bogori (Zizyphus jujuba, Fig. 3.9).

Introduction

Harshberger first used the term ethnobotany in 1895-96, for the plants used by the local tribes and people, for their basic needs and requirements. They also used plant, plant parts and plant products for animal healthcare and other practices. This indigenous or traditional animal health care practice is called ethnoveterinary medicine. Ethnoveterinary medicine is defined as a holistic comprehension of the indigenous systems of animal health, their interpretation through western medicine and the development of effective and appropriate technologies (McCorkle 1986). McCorkle et al. (1989) define Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) as dealing with the folk beliefs, knowledge, skills, methods and practices pertaining to the health care of animals. McCorkle et al. (1996) give a description of ethnoveterinary medicinal research as the holistic interdisciplinary study of the local knowledge and the socio-cultural structures and environment associated with animal health care and husbandry.
 
EVM consists of local people’s knowledge pertaining to animal health and production. According to Mathias (1996 & 2002), it includes:

Synonyms: Calf scour, white diarrhea, septicaemia of calves

Colibacillosis is one of the important diseases in new born calves, piglets, lambs and foals caused by E. coli and characterized by marked postration, profuse diarrhea and septicaemia.

Etiology: Colibacillosis is associated with pathogenic serotypes of E. coli. Certain serotypes cause diarrhea and others cause septicaemia.

(a)  Enterotoxigenic E. coli: is the most common enteropathogen that causes diarrhea in new born farm animals. It causes bacteria by adhering to, colonizing and producing enterotoxins in the small intestine. They are not invasive. The enterotoxins produced by E. coli are of two types: heat stable (ST) and heat labile (LT).

(b)  Enteropathogenic E. coli: they attach tightly to the epithelial cells of the villus of small intestine. They do not produce toxins and seldom invade the intestine.

(c)  Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli: They are Shiga toxin or verotoxin producing strains of E. coli. They are not an important cause of diarrhea in farm animals but some produce diarrhea in calves. E. coli O157:H7, one of the important enterohaemorrhagic E. coli strains cause a broad range of clinical disease in humans including diarrhea in humans and haemorrhagic colitis and highly fatal haemolytic-uremic syndrome in children. 195

ABSTRACT

Maharashtra ranks second in terms of area under tree cover, however, still large chunk of land is lying without use or are underutilised because of their degradation status. Such degraded lands can be put to use through agroforestry. Agroforestry is being adopted in this state in one way or the other by raising trees on farm bunds, around cattle sheds etc. since earlier times. New innovative technology has now been developed by all the agricultural universities of state. The paper provides detailed information of different agroforestry systems which have been developed and practised in the state.

INTRODUCTION

Maharashtra is the third largest state of India having the geographical area of 307,713 km², which constitute 9.4 per cent of the country’s geographical area. The human population of the state is 96.75 million (9.4% of country’s population) of which 57.6 per cent is rural and 42.4 per cent is urban. The average population density is 314 persons per km². The tribal population is 9.3 per cent of the state population. The state supports livestock population of 36.4 million, which is 7.7 per cent of the country’s livestock population. The state rank second amongst all the state/UTs in terms of area under tree cover and third in term of recorded Forest Area (Anon, 2001).