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Synonyms : Pasteurellosis, shipping fever, Stockyardis disease, Stockyardis pneumonia, Barbone disease

Hemorrhagic septicaemia is a particular form of pasteurellosis caused by Pasteurella multocida and manifested by an acute and highly fatal septicaemia mainly in  cattle and water buffaloes. The disease includes pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping or transport fever), a disease caused mainly by P. haemolytica, although various serotypes of P. multocida are occasionally involved. Although the morbidity of pneumonic pasteurellosis of cattle can be high, the mortality rate is much less than that of hemorrhagic septicemia.

Measurement also forms a basic element of any control process. The measurement of discrepancy between the actual and desired performance of a system is central to any control process. Electronic instrumentation provides the solution to many and varied problems of measurement and control. It is often required to change or transduce a measurand into a corresponding electrical signal. The elements which changes/converts the physical variable in electrical signal are termed as sensors or transducers. For a measurement to be useful it must be reliable. That is where question of accuracy or uncertainty of a measurement arises. This may be dealt with clear understanding of measurand and measurement system.

Augmentation strategies are generally used as a way to improve the effectiveness of passive or active frost protection methods. As the intensity of the frost is quite variable and sporadic in nature, simple application of the protection methods is not always helpful in giving adequate protection against freezing stress. 

An entrepreneur has a wide range of options regarding his or her project in various fields such as product / service, market, technology, equipment, production scale, time division and location. Therefore, the identification of investment opportunities (projects) requires an understanding of one’s work environment, potential investment sensitivity, a hypothetical analysis of various factors and the probability of luck. This chapter deals with the evaluation and evaluation of project ideas, the steps of the project identification process and the consideration of involvement in the identification of new projects by an existing company.

India is the second-largest producer of fruits in the world after China. As per the National Horticulture Database (3rd Advance Estimate), the area under cultivation of fruits is 6.914 million hectares with a production of 103.027 million tonnes. Mango (34.71%) ranks 1st in the area, followed by citrus (15.42%), banana, and grapes (2.14%), standing in the 9th position. Likewise, Mango (22.4%) occupies the 2nd position in production, followed by Citrus (12.89%) and Grapes, sharing around 3%. Underutilized fruit crops, such as aonal, bael, ber, Jamun, and tamarind, and minor fruit crops like phalsa, karonda ker, salvadora, etc., are grown in drier tracts of the country, including the arid region. Some of the crops introduced as non-traditional crops have revolutionized the fruit industry in India. Although the total acreage of cultivation and production of fruit crops has accelerated annually, the productivity of fruit crops has been on a declining trend due to several factors impacted by abiotic stresses. Since plants’ first line of defense lies in the roots, the success or failure of orcharding enterprises depends upon rootstocks.

• Spray Angle — The angle subtended at the final orifice by the edges of the spray pattern.
• Variation in discharge rate between first and last observation shall not be more than 5 percent.
• The volumetric efficiency requirement for roller vane type pump shall be minimum 80 percent.
• The volumetric efficiency of piston, plunger type pump shall be minimum 80 percent.
• If the droplet size is reduced from 2 mm to 1 mm, number of droplets produced will increase by 8 times from the same volume.

Food processing involves the transformation of raw materials into consumer-ready products, with the objective of stabilizing them to prevent negative changes in quality and ensure food safety. To consumers, the most important attributes of a food product are its sensory characteristics like texture, flavour, aroma, shape and colour. The aim of food manufacturers is to develop and employ processing technologies that retain or create desirable sensory qualities or reduce undesirable changes which take place during processing. Alternative or novel food processing technologies are being explored and implemented to provide safe, fresher-tasting, nutritive foods without the use of heat or chemical preservatives. The major non thermal technologies gaining importance are High-pressure processing, Pulsed light technology, Pulsed electric field, Irradiation etc.

High pressure processing

The application of very high pressures (upto 87,000 psi, 6000 bar or 600 MPa) for preservation of food substances in combination with or without heat is known as high pressure processing (HPP). This process is also known as high hydrostatic pressure processing (HHP) or ultra-high pressure processing (UHP). When compared to thermal processing, pressure treated foods have a fresher taste, better appearance, texture and nutritional value. High pressure processing can be conducted at ambient or refrigerated temperatures, thereby eliminating thermal effects and cooked off-flavors. The technology is highly beneficial for heat sensitive products. The first high pressure processing line was introduced in Japan for jam manufacture in 1990’s and has since been upgraded to several food products. A number of HPP products have been commercialized in North America, Europe and in China. Machines are now available with operating pressures in the range 400-700 MPa and capacities ranging up to 900 kg per batch. Since HP processing affect mainly the non-covalent bonds of the food, the quality characteristics of foods such as color, flavor and nutrients generally remain unaffected (Knorr, 1993).

Abstract
With over one-third of global food lost post-harvest, reducing these losses is critical for food security, resource conservation, and improving farmers' livelihoods, particularly for rice, a staple for 65% of India's population. India, the second-largest rice producer, faces significant post-harvest losses (up to 9% for paddy) due to outdated drying, milling, and storage practices. Effective postharvest management, including timely harvesting at 20-22% moisture content, mechanized threshing, and advanced drying techniques like solar bubble dryers, can minimize losses and enhance grain quality. Innovations such as hermetic storage bags and rubber roller milling further reduce losses and improve market value. These practices open avenues for agripreneurship through custom hiring of machinery and value-added products like rice bran oil and ready-made mixes, fostering rural economic growth and sustainable food systems.
Keywords: Post-Harvest Management, Rice Production, Food Security, Agripreneurship, Post-Harvest Losses, Mechanization, Value Addition, Sustainable Agriculture, Rural Development, Food Quality

Abstract

Sericulture, an agro-based industry contributes significantly to Indian economy.  Silk cocoons are reeled on charaka, cottage and multiend reeling machines. Of these more than 50% of raw silk comes from charaka sector. Charaka silk reeling units decreased from 23971 to 16263 (1998-2003) in Karnataka. These charakas are mostly operated at grass root level with labour coming from small, marginal and land less villagers. A study was conducted in 15 charaka reeling units in two taluks each of Bangalore rural, Mysore, Kolar and Chamarajanagar districts. Respondents were grouped into small (1-4 charakas), medium (5-8) and large charaka reelers (>8). Primary data was collected with pre-tested schedules.

1.    Groups of Apomixis
    
2.    Recurrent Apomixis
    
3.    Non-recurrent Apomixis
    
4.    Vegetative Apomixis
    
5.    Genetic Control of Apomixis
    
6.    Mechanism of Apomixis
    
7.    Ovule, Seed and Fruit Development in Sexual Plants
    
8.    Double Fertilization and Control of Embryo Initiation
    
9.    Sequential Events in Apomictic Pathway
    
10.    Gametophytic Apomixis
    
11.    Significance and Scope of Apomixis in Crop Plants
        
References

15.1 CONTAMINATION

Milk is sterile at secretion in the udder, but contaminated by bacteria when it leaves the udder of a healthy cow. Milk is subject to contamination from the animal and adjacent areas. Bacteria found in manure, soil and water may enter milk from these sources. Certain diseases may be transmitted through milk, from a cow. It is essential that cows producing milk should be free from any contagious or infectious disease. Bovine tuberculosis comes from consumption of milk of tuberculous cows. Tuberculosis, brucellosis, mastitis and actinomycosis are the human disease transmitted through milk. The disease producing bacteria may find their way into milk and cause infectious diseases in children and adults.

COMMON BACTERIA IN MILK: The common bacteria found in milk are: Rickettsia, Coxiella burnetii, lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, aerobic rods, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium butyricum .

Sources of Microbial contamination: Milk contains relatively few bacteria when it leaves the udder of a healthy cow. Milk is subject to contamination from the animal udder, skin and adjacent areas barn yard, milk utensils, milkers. Bacteria found in manure, soil and water may enter milk from these sources.

ABSTRACT

Trace Elements were analysed from water samples collected from bore wells from block 2, 5, 14, 26 and 29 at Neyveli Township. Lead Concentration has crossed the limit of ISI standard prescribed for drinking which is 0.100 ppm. Lead concentration in the order of 0.082 ppm at block 5 and 0.11 ppm in block 29 were observed. Cadmium concentration has also crossed the limit of ISI (0.010 ppm) for drinking purpose, which is 0.02 ppm in block 26. Chromium concentration has also crossed the permissible limit of ISI standards (0.05 ppm) for drinking, which is 0.098 ppm in Block 14.

The above elements when compared with ISI standards for drinking water have shown a slight increase in concentration of lead, cadmium & chromium. Concentration of lead in Neyveli basin may be attributed to basement geochemical sources influenced by physical and chemical weathering. High concentration of chromium and cadmium in the aquifer may be due to anthropogenic activity probably from effluents of closed briqueting & carbonization plant, which is due south of block 14.

Introduction

Under arid and semi-arid regions of the world, major problems are salinity, alkalinity and calcareousness, which seems further aggravate with changing climate scenario. Besides that most of the developing countries lies in this zone with flanging population resultant shrinking down of land resource and good quality of irrigation water. Globally area under saline/sodic soils is about 953mha covering 8% of the land surface. Resent estimates indicate that 6.7 mha area in India is affected by soil salinity and alkalinity and about 25% of ground waters are sodic and/or saline in the country. There are two important approaches for utilizing saline, alkali or calcareous environment. The first one is to modify the environment so as to suit the plant or modifying the plant or substitute the plant species so as to suit the environment. First approach has been used more extensively because it enables the plants to respond better not only to water but also to other production inputs and also not far sustainable. However, second option is cost effective and most sustainable.

Accumulation of excessive salt in root zone leaves adverse effect on general agricultural crops and or crop failures sometimes, while crop diversification using seed spices are the option for such conditions. Most of the seed spices particularly cumin, fennel, dill, fenugreek, ajwain, celery, anise, caraway and coriander (and their cultivars) have some degree of salinity and alkalinity tolerance. However, among the seed spices, cumin is having high degree of salinity tolerance. In case of sodic or calcareous environment, fennel is most tolerant followed by dill as well as these crops are the remedy for such degraded environment by bringing down the sodicity and calcareousness. In some cases, germination, growth, yield and quality of seed spices improved by saline sodic environment. Besides eco-friendly use of these soils, phytoremediation of saline, sodic and calcareous soils by seed spices seems most sustainable.

Introduction

During last four decade poultry has taken giant step and become corporate sector with double digit growth. Especially in India poultry play pivotal role in fight against malnutrition, unemployment and also contributing in women empowerment. In poultry production the biggest single expense is of feed, which accounting for 70% of total production cost per bird (Kumar et al., 2011). So, obviously more Research and Development focus and new innovative technology need to be implemented in poultry nutrition area. Since last 40 years, feed enzymes have played a major part in helping radically to improve the efficiency of meat and egg production by changing the nutritional profile of feed ingredients. 

Background
Blood collection from cows and other animals is a routine procedure often performed for diagnostic, research, or health-monitoring purposes. Diagnostic testing, such as hematology, biochemistry, hormone assay, infectious disease testing, and animal pregnancy diagnosis, can be done using blood. Blood samples are required for genetic testing (DNA fingerprinting or parentage determination), pharmacokinetic studies, and immunological studies. Another use of blood collection is monitoring animal health.
It is essential to consider that proper techniques of blood sample collection should be followed. Avoid introducing infection to the animal during blood collection. Remember the animal welfare to minimize distress and discomfort to the animal during blood collection.
Materials Required
• Sterile syringe or vacutainer (usually 16-18 G needle)
• Blood collection tubes (BD Science K2 EDTA Vacutainer(R) PLUS 6 mL) for whole blood, serum tubes for serum collection, or other specific tubes depending on the test (Figure 1).
• Antiseptic solution (e.g., alcohol or iodine)
• Restraint (head gate or halter)
• Gloves

Fish–vegetable integrated farming, commonly known as aquaponics, merges aquaculture (fish cultivation) and hydroponics (soilless plant cultivation) into a unified, self-sustaining system. In this closed-loop setup, nutrient-rich water from fish tanks—containing waste primarily in the form of ammonia—is circulated through plant beds. Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates, which are then absorbed by the plants. In turn, the purified water flows back to the fish tanks, creating a balanced environment that reduces waste and supports year-round production of both fish and vegetables. The success of this system depends on maintaining equilibrium between fish density, feed levels, and plant biomass. Common fish choices include tilapia, catfish, carp, and ornamental species, all of which adapt well to variable temperature and pH conditions. Lettuce, leafy vegetables, herbs (such as basil and mint), and vining crops (like tomatoes and cucumbers) flourish in this nutrientrich water. By pairing robust fish with quick-growing, high-value crops, farmers can boost productivity and income. One major benefit of aquaponics is efficient water use. These systems use up to 90% less water compared to traditional soil farming or separate fish ponds. Because the system recirculates water and prevents run-off, losses from evaporation or transpiration are minimized. Additionally, the absence of soil means no exposure to soil-related pests, diseases, or nutrient leaching. Plant roots act as natural filters, helping to remove ammonia, nitrites, and suspended particles, which ensures a healthier environment for fish. These systems are also energy-efficient and scalable. Small-scale units can be installed on rooftops or in backyards to feed households, while larger installations—especially in greenhouses—can support commercial production.

Guava (Psidium guajava), the apple of tropics, is one of the most common fruits in India. It is the fourth most important fruit in area and production after mango, banana and citrus. Being hardy, it gives assured crop even with little care, and is good for rainfed areas also. This fruit is popularly being grown in sub-tropical regions of Jammu on 2480 ha with annual production of 9153 MT.

Climate and Soil

Guava is successfully grown under tropical and sub-tropical climate. In areas with distinct winter season, the yield tends to increase and quality improves. It can be grown upto an altitude of 1515 m above mean sea level. Older plants can tolerate drought. High temperature at the time of fruit development can cause fruit drop.

Guava trees are very hardy and can thrive on all types of soils, but are sensitive to water logging. The best soils are deep, loamy and well drained.

INTRODUCTION

The Cultural practices which includes manipulation /or adjustment of crop production techniques have been as old as possibly agriculture itself. In early stages of agriculture development, the growers through their experiences and observations had known that repeated cultivation of a particular crop species or variety on a piece of land often resulted in crop sickness. By proper crop rotations they had been avoiding such sickness. As a matter of fact, in the present day agriculture, cultural practices are being considered as essential backup methods for plant disease management. Cultural practices often offer the opportunity to alter the environment, the condition of the host, and/or the behavior of the causal agent, to achieve economic management of disease. Most cultural practices used to control plant disease are preventive in nature. Integration of cultural practices, host resistance and pesticides or biocontrol agents may be necessary to provide options for controlling economically important plant diseases

Demand of livestock products is on the rise in India. India?s demand forecast for milk, mutton, egg production is more than the current supply of these products. To meet this demand entrepreneurship initiatives are need of the hour .Further, younger generation of India seems more interested in commercial dairy farming rather than subsistence based farming. Therefore, entrepreneurial training to farmers is essential. An average entrepreneur faces several barriers to start a new enterprise. Some of them are as under

Introduction

Solar refrigeration technology engages a system where solar power is used for cooling purposes. It offers a wide variety of cooling techniques powered by solar collector-based thermally driven cycles and photovoltaic (PV)-based electrical cooling systems. Cooling can be achieved through four basic methods: solar PV cooling, solar thermal cooling, solar thermo-electrical cooling and solar thermo-mechanical cooling. The first is a PV-based solar energy system, where solar energy is converted into electrical energy and used for refrigeration much like conventional methods. The second method utilizes a solar thermal refrigeration system, where a solar collector directly heats the refrigerant through collector tubes instead of using solar electric power. The third one produce cool by thermoelectric processes. The fourth method converts the thermal energy to mechanical energy, which is utilized to produce the refrigeration effect.

The performance of solar refrigeration systems is determined based on energy indicators of these systems. The COP (coefficient of performance) can be calculated as follows: