eChapters

Transplantation refers to the implantation of a tissue or organ from one site  to another site in an individual or from one individual to another.It involves implanting of organs or grafting of tissues to repair defects and to stimulate regeneration. Auto-transplantation or autoplasty of the skin, cartilage, bone, muscle, tendon, nerve and fatty tissue is used in plastic and cosmetic surgery. The replacement of a diseased organ by a transplant of a healthy tissue is called transplantation.

Introduction

Numerous characteristics of food determine its acceptability to consumers and to regulatory officials. Before accepting a food for consumption, it must be attractively presented, must have desirable odour and flavour characteristics and other qualities and must be free from potential pathogens or their toxic products. The ultimate nutritive qualities, flavour and appearance have been preserved and no harmful organisms or substances are present to affect the consumer adversely. If the quality of the product is good, its keeping quality is also likely to be substantial. Conversely, there are more chances of spoilage of an inferior quality food product during storage.

The aim of this book is to further strengthen the knowledge of readers on management of disasters so that they are better prepared to cope with more frequently occurring natural and manmade disasters.

The process that helps us to face disasters effectively is commonly known as disaster preparedness.  When a disaster strikes, it affects us directly and immediately. While as the government, international agencies such as United Nations, Red Cross Society, non government organizations, like Ramakrishna Mission, OXFAM, CARE, resident welfare associations in urban areas and panchayats in rural areas assist us when faced with disasters the community, invariably remains the first responders. Hence, the individuals as a part of community should prepare adequately to prevent, face and respond to disasters effectively. History has  shown that where communities have prepared adequately to confront disasters, losses to life and property have been less and environment could be protected. People living in an area may be prone to more than one type of disaster. For example Kutch District of Gujarat is vulnerable to floods, drought, cyclones and to earthquakes. Such an area is called ‘multiple hazard’ zone.

India shares 17.4% of the world population, while its land is only 2.4% of the total geographical area of the world. Naturally, the pressure on the land is often beyond its carrying capacity. Therefore, the productive lands, especially the farmlands in India are in the constant process of various degrees of degradation and are fast turning into wastelands. At present, approximately 63.85 million hectare area of the land is lying as wastelands in India (NRSA, 2005). Out of these lands, about 50% lands are such non-forest lands, which can be made fertile again if treated properly. In the last 50 years India’s lush green village forests and woodlots have been deforested to the maximum. To restore this ecological imbalance by developing the degraded non-forest wastelands, Government of India had created the Department of Wasteland Development during July, 1992 under the Ministry of Rural Development, which has been subsequently reorganized and renamed Department of Land Resources, with a broader mandate.

National Wasteland Development Board was established in 1985 mainly to tackle the problem of degradation of lands, restoration of ecology and to meet the growing demands of fuelwood and fodder at the national level. The Board was reconstituted in August, 1992 and was made responsible for development of wastelands mainly in non- forest areas in totality by involving local people at every stage of development. It aims at creating a scenario where the Government acts as a facilitator and the people at the grass root level become the real executioner of the programme. The degradation of environment in the fragile Indian subtropical ecosystem is basically attributed to the following factors.

Introduction

Gladiolus is an important commercial flower crop and is very popular as cut flower both in domestic and international market. It is a bulbous plant. Gladiolus was introduced into cultivation towards the end of the sixteenth century. The flowers are used in flower arrangement, in bouquets and for indoor decorations. In India gladiolus is commercially grown in West Bengal, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, Sikkim, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Rajasthan.

Genetics

Gladiolus commonly called Sword Lily belongs to family Iridaceae and subfamily Ixioideae. There are about 260 species of gladiolus. It has the basic chromosome number n=15. Most members of genus are heteroploids having very small chromosomes ranging from 2n=30 to 120 (Diploid, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid, octaploid and hyperaneauploid).

Introduction

Fish symbolizes as prosperity and fertility of the region rather than for its food and nutritional security in many parts of the world. The abundant inland waters resources such as reservoirs, rivers and wetlands contribute to meet the food and nutritional security of a nation. The rich diversity of freshwater fish fauna supplements as a quality animal source protein, macro and micro nutrients for the health benefits of all age group of human population. Hence, the fishery activities such as fish catch and production enhancement from inland water resources are emphasized to scale up to meet the growing demand. The world fish production through inland capture fisheries has increased from 10.5 million tons in 2009 to 11.9 tons in 2014. The utilization of the existing vast inland resources through technical interventions would impact on food and nutritional security and livelihood of the fishers and rural masses of the developing countries.

Microscope is the primary instrument of a microbiology laboratory and it produces enlarged images of small objects which are invisible by naked eye. With a microscope the operator can get a close view of minute structures which helps in examination and analysis. Examination of minute objects with a microscope is called ‘microscopy’. In microbiology, measurement of the microbial dimension observed under microscope is known as ‘micrometry’.

Types of microscopes

There are two types of microscopes i.e. light / optical and electron microscope depending on the sources of energy to create the image. The optical microscopes use the lenses and light (artificial or sunlight) to make an image. Following types of optical microscopes are available.

Introduction
Jasmine is commonly known as Chameli, Champa, Juhi, Mogra, and Motia in India. French jasmine, Spanish jasmine and Catalonian jasmine are also found in India. It consisted of both as vines/climbers and shrubs.
Origin
‘Jasminum’ word is derived from an Arabic word ‘Yasmin.’ It is native to the Himalayas and mostly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It originated in the north-east foothills of Himalayas in Indo-Burma. It is known
for characteristic smell and beautiful colours of flowers for our indoor as well as outdoor gardening. Jasmines are a group of ornamental domesticated plants, grown perennial for their fragrant flowers. However, its potential for production of perfume has also been first exploited in France.
Distribution
It was first introduced on commercial scale for production of essential oil in Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Syria, Algeria, Tunisia, United Arab Republic, China and India. Keeping in view the manual picking of flowers, it is labour
based agro-industry. Presently,

19.1 Introduction
Cheese is a product that is produced by coagulating curd from milk with rennet or similar enzymes in the presence of lactic acid produced by adventitious or added microorganisms. Following the shaping of the curd in a mould and the removal of a portion of the moisture, it is permitted to mature by being maintained at an appropriate temperature and humidity for a specified duration.The FSSAI defines cheese as soft, semi-hard, hard, or extra-hard products that are matured or unripened, have a whey protein to casein ratio that is not greater than that of milk, and can be coated with food-grade waxes or polyfilm. coagulating agents. During this procedure, flavor-producing bacteria and harmless lactic acid bacteria may be introduced. The separation of whey is facilitated by the coagulation that results, which also ensures that the cheesemaking process concentrates milk proteins, particularly casein. Consequently, the protein content of cheese is substantially higher than that of the initial milk material blend. Furthermore, cheese-making incorporates methods that result in a final product with comparable physical, chemical, and sensory attributes by coagulating milk proteins or milk-derived products. The ingredients of cheese are limited to those that are naturally present in milk, with the exception of certain additives such as coagulating agents, sodium chloride, and small quantities of calcium chloride, annatto or carotene colourants, and specific emulsifiers and stabilisers such as citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium salts of orthophosphoric acid, and polyphosphoric acid. The wax employed for coating must not present any health hazards, and if it is coloured, it must be made from only approved food colours. The moisture content of hard cheeses is determined by the presence of no less than 42% milk fat and no more than 43% moisture on a dry matter basis. Additionally, they may contain trace quantities of nisin and ascorbic acid or its salts.

Introduction

Worldwide damage due to insect pest attack accounts for 15 per cent crop losses, despite the use of insecticides which represents over US $100 billion (Krattiger, 1997). The annual cost of insect control itself amounts to US $8 billion, thus warranting immediate and economical control measures. The crop varieties developed in the past 30 years were high yielders, but unfortunately had poor storage characteristics and were highly susceptible to pest damage. Insect-pests are capable of evolving to biotypes that can adapt to new situations, for instance they overcome the effect of toxic materials or bypass natural or artificial plant resistance, which further confounds the problem (Roush and McKenzie, 1987). Under these circumstances, provision of food to the rapidly expanding population has always been a challenge facing mankind. This problem is more acute in the tropics and sub-tropics, where the climate provides a highly conducive environment for a wide range of insects and necessitates massive efforts to suppress the population densities of different pests in order to achieve an adequate supply of food. In developing countries, the problem of competition from insect-pests is further complicated with a rapid annual increase in human population (2.5-3.0 percentage) against a meager 1.0 per cent increase in food production. In order to feed the ever expanding population, crop protection plays a vital and integral role in the present day agricultural production to minimize yield losses. Currently, the crop protection practice in agricultural systems relies exclusively on the use of agrochemicals, although a few specific cases do exist, where inherent varietal resistance and biological control have been successfully employed. The exclusive use of chemical pesticides not only results in rapid build-up of resistance to such compounds, but their non-selectivity affects the balance between pests and natural predators, and is generally in favour of pests (Metcalf, 1986).

Pesticides offer one of the best means of controlling plant diseases and pests and subsequently improving the yield. They have been used since the 19^th century. Pesticides, undoutly are poisonous and their indiscriminate use and abuse may result in ecological imbalance resulting in pest resurgence, aggravation of minor pest, pesticides resistance, environmental pollution, poising serious health hazards to man and animals. However, if used judiciously, following the guide line of Pesticide Action Network (PAN), such problems are not likely to occur, and instead improve crop yield. It is however unfortunate that many of us really lack the insight in Materia Medica of plant diseases and pests and most of the problems have occurred due to misuse and abuse of pesticides for which man is responsible and not the pesticides.

Abstract

The weather or climate is a natural resource and is an important basic input in agricultural planning and strategies. Every plant process, related with growth, development and yield of a crop and each of inseason and off-season farm operations (according to World Meteorological Organization) is more than 10 per cent and can reach up to 50 per cent in smaller areas and not a surprise even if it reaches to 100 per cent on micro scale. Amongst the various weather elements, temperatures, radiation and rainfall play major role in deciding the crop growth and yield levels. Precipitation is one of the important weather factors being responsible for atmospheric and soil moisture and therefore has more agricultural importance, especially in rainfed agriculture.

Keywords: Remote sensing, weather, agroadvisory, GIS

1.0 Introduction

India receives more than 70 per cent of its annual rainfall during South West monsoon season. Indian summer monsoon rainfall shows large intra - seasonal and intra-annual variability (Parthasarathy, 1960; Alexander et al., 1978; Mooley and Parthasarathy, 1984) and also changes in space and time, intensity and distribution. Borgaonkar and Pant (2001) have reported that Indian monsoon rainfall has shown trend less nature since 17^th century based on proxy data with large inter-annual fluctuations. IPCC (2001) has reported increase in rainfall over tropical and higher latitudes and decrease in rainfall over subtropics and mid latitudes.

Introduction

Plants are grown both as shrub and climber. Flowers and flower buds are used for making garlands and Veni and for religious offerings. Jasmine oil extracted from the flower is highly valued as it is used in manufacturing perfumes, cosmetics, creams, hair oils, soaps and shampoos.

Flowers are used in jasmine tea or herbal or black tea. As a medicinal plant, jasmine has traditionally been considered an aphrodisiac and calmative. In India, it is grown in different states especially Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal because their flower and floral buds are in great demand.

Genetics

The genus with basic chromosome number of n=13 generally consists of forms with 2n=26. However, natural occurrence of higher ploidy was also observed in J. sambac cv. Gundumalli (2n=39), cultivated variety of J. flexile (2n=52), J. primulinum (2n=39) and J. angustifolium (2n=52).

RNA is transcriptional product of DNA. The total RNA includes three classes, rRNA, tRNA and mRNA. The ribonucleic acids exists as ribonucleo protein particles in intact cells. The ribonucleo protein complex is dissociated by SDS in to RNA and protein deproutinised by phenol and the free RNA left in the aqueous solution is precipitated in cold by adding alcohol. 

Introduction

Mithun (Bos frontalis), or ‘Gayal’ or ‘Eso’ or ‘Sial’ or ‘Sandong’ or ‘Wei’, is a rare bovine species, exclusively found in the northeastern hill region (NEHR) of India at an altitude of 300-3000 m. It plays an important role in the socio-economic and cultural life of indigenous tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur and is aptly referred to as the ‘Pride of Northeast India’ (Mukherjee et al. 2019). Besides India, mithun population is distributed to China, Bangladesh, Thailand, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Malaysia. The Indian mithun is a medium- to large-sized majestic ruminant with a characteristic jet-black body, an ash-colored forehead, and ‘white stockings’ on all the limbs. This unique animal has a special preference for salt feeding, is a skilled browser even in steep, hilly terrain, and does not need pasture land like cattle. Mithun is primarily reared under a free range system as an important source of lean meat, rich in amino acids, proteins, PUFA, etc. On September 1, 2023, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) officially certified the mithun as a food animal (Joshi et al., 2021; Lalchamliani et al., 2024; Ramesh et al., 2024). Compared to milk from other species, mithun milk has much larger quantities of fat, lactose, solids-not fat (SNF), calcium, important vitamins A, D, and E, essential amino acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Devi et al., 2023).

Introduction
Lemongrass grows widely in many tropical and subtropical parts of Asia, Africa and America. East Indian or true lemongrass (C. flexuosus) is indigenous to India and large variability occurs in the Western Ghats comprising Kerala, Karnataka and T.N., besides Sikkim and A.P. Its cultivation and distillation of oil started first in Kerala and now grown in Assam, Maharashtra and U.P. The strong lemon like odour of the oil of the grass is responsible for its nomenclature. Predominantly, there are two types of lemongrass under cultivation, viz., the East Indian or Cochin or Malabar grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) with superior oil quality (75-85% citral) and preferred by the industry.
The other West Indian or American lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf. is mainly cultivated in West Indian islands, Guatemala, Brazil, Mexico and Madagaskar; and comora islands, Thailand, Bangladesh and China. It has lower citral content and lower solubility in 70% alcohol. It is indigenous to India and spread over Western Ghats, comprising Kerala, Karnataka, TN, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.
Besides, a separate culture called Jammu lemongrass (Cymbopogon pendulus) is another indigenous species found wildly growing in West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam and M.P. It also has high citral content, but cultivated to a limited extent in parts of Jammu in northern India.

Introduction
Enzymatic regulation refers to the mechanisms that control the activity of enzymes, ensuring that they function optimally and in accordance with the needs of the cell or organism. These mechanisms are crucial for maintaining homeostasis and regulating metabolic pathways. Here are the primary methods of enzymatic regulation:
1. Allosteric Regulation: Allosteric regulation involves the binding of regulatory molecules (allosteric effectors) at sites other than the active site (allosteric sites) on the enzyme. This binding can either enhance (activators) or inhibit (inhibitors) enzyme activity. Allosteric enzymes typically exhibit a sigmoidal (S-shaped) kinetics curve.
2. Covalent Modification: Covalent modification involves the addition or removal of specific chemical groups to an enzyme, altering its activity. The most common form is phosphorylation, where a phosphate group is added by kinases and removed by phosphatases. Other modifications include acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitination.
3. Feedback Inhibition: Feedback inhibition occurs when the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme involved earlier in the pathway. This prevents the overproduction of the end product and helps maintain balance within the cell.
4. Proteolytic Activation: Some enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors (zymogens or proenzymes) that require proteolytic cleavage to become active. This mechanism is common in digestive enzymes and blood clotting factors.
5. Enzyme Induction and Repression: The synthesis of enzymes can be regulated at the genetic level. Induction increases the production of an enzyme in response to a substrate or other signal, while repression decreases enzyme synthesis. This regulation is often mediated by transcription factors and other regulatory proteins.
6. Substrate Availability: The availability of substrate can directly affect enzyme activity. High substrate concentrations can increase the rate of reaction up to a certain point (saturation), beyond which the enzyme operates at its maximum rate (Vmax).
7. pH and Temperature: Enzymes have optimal pH and temperature ranges within which they function most efficiently. Deviations from these optimal conditions can lead to decreased enzyme activity or denaturation.

Spindle bug: Carvalhoia arecae :Miridae

Spindle bug is a serious pest multiplying rapidly with the close of monsoon. The adults are red and black and nymphs are greenish in colour with reddish brown patches. Both these stages colonize the top-most leaf axils at the base of the spindle. Adults and nymphs suck the sap from emerging spindle, tender leaves and other tender parts. For feeding they move out and later return to the axils again. At the site of feeding a longitudinal narrow, decolourised zone develops rapidly on either side of the puncture, along the length of the leaf blade. The decolourised patch gradually turns yellowish, then brownish, become stunted, twisted and malformed in a few days and dries up. In this way the tissues may break away and drop off in the wind leaving shot holes on the leaves. In cases of severe infestation the leaves get shred, stand erect and the palms become stunted.

Abstract

No one is born with the gift of good time management skills and it is rarely taught at schools or universities. The ways to manage time and get the things done is something which has to be developed and implemented by an individual himself. We need to find out the perfect method that will suit us. We may often wish to get more time but we only get 24 hours, 1,440 minutes or 86,400 seconds each day. The perfect ways to utilize time depends upon skills learned through self analysis, planning, evaluation and self control. Establishing a time management depends on individual’s personality, ability to self motivate and level of self discipline. The objective of this chapter is to focus on benefits of time management, tips for time management, steps for time management and various techniques of time management. The study is supported by case studies which will help in understanding the chapter thoroughly.