eChapters

Supply is the amount of a good or service sellers are willing to offer for sale at a specific price, in a specific market, over a specific time.
Stock vs. Supply
• Stock: All the milk a farmer has—say, 1,000L in tanks.
• Supply: What he sells—500L at Rs 50/L today. Supply is different from stock, as stock refers to the total quantity of a commodity that exists in the market, while supply is the quantity that is usually offered for sale at a particular price.
Law of Supply
The law of supply explains the functional relationship between the price of a good and its supply. When all other factors remain constant, an increase in price leads to an increase in supply. This means there is a direct proportional relationship between price and supply.
Exceptions
1. Land, rare goods, and labour supply in certain cases do not follow the law of supply.
2. The supply of rare goods cannot be changed with price fluctuations.

Production- Function- The technical law relating inputs to outputs has beengiven the name of production function. Production function expresses the relationship between physical input and physical output of a firm for a given state of technology.
Law of Variable Proportion or Law of Diminishing Returns (Short Run Production Function)
This law explains the relationship between inputs and outputs in the short period. According to this law, output can be changed by altering variable factors (such as labour and feed) while keeping other factors (such as land and infrastructure) constant. The law states that with an increase in variable factors, keeping other factors constant, total product initially increases at an increasing rate, then increases at a diminishing rate, and finally starts decreasing.
1. Total Product (TP) - Refers to the total output of the firm per period of time.
1. Example: Total litres of milk produced by a dairy farm per day.

The goods and services with the help of which the process of production is carried out, are called factors of production. Economists talk about four main factors of production: land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship (or organization). They are also called as the inputs of production. On the other hand, the goods produced with the help of these inputs, are called as the output.
1. Land
Land refers to all natural resources such as forests, water, climate, and soil. It provides space for livestock farms and raw materials for the dairy and meat industries.
Features of Land
1. Gift of Nature – Land and climatic conditions are naturally available. For example, the fertile plains of Punjab and Haryana are naturally suited for growing fodder crops like berseem and maize, which are essential for dairy farming. Similarly, the lush green pastures of Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh provide an ideal environment for rearing sheep and goats.
2. Limited in Supply – Land is fixed, and certain resources like water bodies and fodder resources may deplete over time. Water scarcity in regions like Maharashtra has forced farmers to shift from water-intensive crops to drought-resistant fodder crops.

Dr Chauhan is a name that resonates with compassion, innovation, and an unyielding commitment to animal welfare. With a career spanning over three decades, he has emerged as a towering figure in the field of veterinary medicine, touching the lives of animals and humans alike through his groundbreaking work and empathetic approach. His exceptional dedication to the health and well-being of cows has earned him the affectionate nickname “Cowpathy Man,” a testament to his pioneering efforts in bovine healthcare, conservation of indigenous cows and his relentless advocacy for these gentle creatures.
From a young age, Dr. Chauhan displayed an innate connection with animals. Growing up in Aligarh, U. P. surrounded by rural landscapes and farm animals, he developed a deep appreciation for the role of cows in sustaining communities. This early bond shaped his career path, guiding him toward Veterinary Medicine with a special focus on bovine health. After earning his veterinary degree, he embarked on a journey that would not only establish him as a leading expert in the field but also as a passionate advocate for the humane treatment of animals.
Dr. Chauhan quickly rose to prominence due to his innovative approach to Veterinary care. While he treated animals of all kinds, his work with cows became the cornerstone of his career. Recognizing the cultural, economic, and ecological significance of these animals, he delved into research on common bovine diseases, nutrition, and sustainable farming practices. His dedication led to the development of innovative diagnostic protocols, treatment and preventive measures, improving the health and productivity of cows across the region.

What is Panchgavya?
Panchgavya is an ancient, holistic preparation derived from cows, revered in Hindu culture for its spiritual, agricultural, and medicinal benefits. The term “Panchgavya” comes from Sanskrit, where “Pancha” means five and “Gavya” refers to products obtained from cows. True to its name, Panchgavya consists of five components sourced from cows: three primary ingredients (cow dung, cow urine, and cow milk) and two secondary ingredients (curd and ghee).
These ingredients are mixed in a specific proportion and allowed to ferment, creating a potent concoction. When applied in Ayurveda, this preparation is often referred to as “Cowpathy,” a traditional practice believed to harness the natural healing properties of cow- derived substances. In contemporary times, the uses of Panchgavya have extended beyond religious rituals to applications in agriculture, medicine, and even environmental conservation.
The Significance of Panchgavya
In Hindu traditions, cows are venerated as symbols of life and sustenance. As a result, the products derived from them hold immense cultural and spiritual value. Panchgavya is used in various rituals to purify spaces, offer prayers, and seek blessings. Beyond its spiritual aspects, Panchgavya has gained recognition for its practical benefits in multiple fields, particularly in organic farming, animal husbandry, and sustainable living.

Soon after completing masters in Veterinary Pathology, Dr Chauhan joined as Teaching Associate in the department of Microbiology and Public Health in Pantnagar and taught BVSc &AH students systemic Bacteriology, meat hygiene and milk hygiene. However, this period was very short of only few months as he joined as Assistant Professor/ Assistant Disease Investigation Officer in HAU Hisar (1983-1996) and was entrusted disease investigation besides teaching of UG and PG students. He taught hygiene to BHSc students, and Epidemiology, Zoonosis, Livestock and Poultry Disease Investigation courses to masters and doctoral students. He also guided several masters and doctoral thesis research on pesticide toxicity, reoviral infection, and protozoan parasite infections. He has written a book on “Text book of Veterinary Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis which was released by Hon’ble Central Education Minister Km Shailja ji. Students were fond of Dr Chauhan because of his teaching skills, easy to learn process and friendly behaviour; among them are Dr Naresh Jindal, Dr NK Mahajan, Dr SK Khurana, Dr Rajsh Khurana, Dr RK Vaid, Dr Devendra Bist etc.
In Feb1996 he joined at Pantnagar as Associate Professor and was given responsibility of Veterinary Pathology teaching to BVSc&AH, MVSc and PhD students. The teaching skills of Dr Chauhan were appreciable and were very useful to the students. He prepared power point presentation of each and every topic with photographs, line drawings, video and graphs/ bar diagrams etc to make it more understandable to the students. Particularly Dr Chauhan’s teaching include the Indian perspectives including animal diseases which showed the right things present in the field. Many disease conditions are different in India in comparison to other countries; some important diseases present in India are mentioned in the books of foreign writers and similarly many diseases occurs in other countries are not having any presence in India. So it is very important to impart education to students in right perspective which they will face in the field. Dr Chauhan always discusses the epidemiology part of the disease whether the disease in present in India or not; if present then what is the magnitude of disease. Such information is not available in literature, it comes by virtue of experience.

Dr. Chauhan, a celebrated veterinary doctor whose groundbreaking work in rural animal healthcare earned him international accolades, began his journey in a modest setting. Born in 1958 in a  small village near Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Amit grew up surrounded by fields, animals, and the rustic charm of rural India. This environment would unknowingly shape his path toward becoming one of the most sought-after veterinary doctors in the country.
A Humble Beginning
The Chauhan family owned a small plot of farmland and a handful of livestock, which formed their primary source of livelihood. His father, was a hardworking farmer who toiled from sunrise to sunset in the fields, while his mother, Prakash Vati Devi, managed the household and cared for their cows and buffaloes. Despite their modest means, the family placed immense value on education. Ramswaroop, an Intermediate passout in his youth which was quite an achievement few in the village had accomplished—dreamed of giving his children a brighter future.
Dr. Chauhan’s early years were spent observing the rhythm of village life. The crowing of roosters, the mooing of cows, and the occasional bleat of goats were the background score of his childhood. While other children enjoyed chasing buffaloes or playing in the fields, Dr. Chauhan was different. His deep empathy for animals was evident even as a child, as he often helped his mother care for sick cows or newborn calves. It was during these moments that the seeds of his future profession were sown.

Dr. Chauhan is an exceptional individual who had achieved a significant milestone in his academic and professional journey. Completing a Bachelor of Science (Honours) with an impressive 80.3%, Dr. Chauhan’s accomplishment is a reflection of his hard work, dedication, and unyielding passion for the field of veterinary science. This remarkable achievement not only underscores his
academic brilliance but also cements his position as an inspiring figure in the veterinary community.
From an early age, Dr. Chauhan demonstrated an innate love for animals and a deep sense of responsibility toward their well-being. These qualities formed the foundation of his journey in veterinary science. His BVSc&AH (Honours) degree, completed with such distinction, is not just a testament to his intellectual capabilities but also to his tireless commitment to improving animal health and welfare. Pursuing a degree in Veterinary science is no small feat. It demands a unique combination of scientific expertise, practical skills, and emotional resilience. For Dr. Chauhan, the rigorous academic journey involved mastering a wide array of subjects, including animal Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Pharmacology, and Microbiology. Each subject posed its own set of challenges, yet he tackled them with unwavering determination and an insatiable thirst for knowledge. His exemplary performance, as evidenced by his impressive score of 80.3%, highlights his ability to excel even under pressure. What sets Dr. Chauhan apart is not just his academic excellence but also his holistic approach to learning. Beyond textbooks and lectures, he actively sought opportunities to gain hands-on experience, volunteering at animal shelters and participating in community outreach programs. These experiences not only enriched his understanding of animal care but also shaped his perspective as a compassionate and empathetic veterinary professional.

Dr. Chauhan, a renowned figure in the field of veterinary science, has left an indelible mark on the discipline through his groundbreaking research, innovative teaching, and unwavering dedication to the advancement of animal health and welfare. Over the years, his exceptional contributions have earned him a multitude of prestigious awards, medals, and honors, making him a luminary in his field.
His illustrious career began to gain recognition with the Best Young Scientist Award in 1992by Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologists, an acknowledgment of his potential and early contributions to veterinary science in general and Veterinary Pathology in particular. This award marked the start of a journey filled with accolades that would underscore his relentless pursuit of excellence. Four years later, in 1996, he was honored with the IAAVR Award, further solidifying his position as a promising researcher and academic.
By 1999, Dr. Chauhan’s expertise and dedication had earned him the National Fellow Professor chair of ICAR, a prestigious recognition that highlighted his growing influence in veterinary research. Around the same time, he was conferred the title of Fellow NAVS (2000) and Fellow SIIP (2001), reflecting his significant contributions to national and international veterinary organizations. These fellowships were a testament to his role in advancing scientific understanding and his collaborative efforts within the veterinary community.
Dr. Chauhan’s profound impact on the field was also recognized with several specialized awards, including the K.S. Nair Memorial Award in 1999, the Vigyan Bharti Award in 2000, and the Dr. C.M. Singh Trust Award in 2002. These honors celebrated his ability to merge academic rigor with practical applications, benefiting both the academic community and the agricultural
sector. Similarly, the Dr. Rajendra Prasad Award (2002) and the Shri Ramlal Agrawal National Award (2000) underscored his contributions to veterinary science in India.

Dr. Chauhan’s illustrious career as a Veterinary Pathologist is marked by resilience, unwavering compassion, and a commitment to animal welfare. Despite facing numerous challenges, his journey serves as an inspiration to many, not only for his professional achievements but also for his ability to turn obstacles into stepping stones for greater success. Over decades of practice, Dr. Chauhan became a symbol of hope for animals and their caregivers, a testament to what dedication and empathy can accomplish.
Breakthroughs and Milestones
Dr. Chauhan’s career is filled with milestones that showcase his determination to push the boundaries of veterinary medicine. Early in his career, he made headlines by successfully treating a prized racehorse suffering from a rare neurological disorder. The case, which had been deemed incurable by others, required not only medical expertise but also the courage to think outside the box. Dr. Chauhan used a combination of experimental techniques and traditional therapies to restore the horse to full health. This triumph not only saved the horse’s career but also cemented Dr. Chauhan’s reputation as an innovative problem-solver.
Another significant breakthrough came when Dr. Chauhan devised a novel treatment protocol for canine distemper, a disease that ravages stray dog populations. By combining immunotherapy and supportive care, he achieved remarkable survival rates, helping communities across the region manage outbreaks more effectively. One of his most celebrated cases involved Tara, a critically injured elephant rescued from an illegal logging operation. Tara had sustained multiple fractures and severe infections, and her chances of survival were slim. Dr. Chauhan spearheaded an intensive six-month treatment regimen, which included groundbreaking orthopedic surgery and customized physiotherapy. Tara’s recovery became a symbol of hope for wildlife conservationists and sparked a nationwide discussion about the ethics of using animals in hazardous labor.

Dr. Chauhan’s philosophy as a Veterinary Pathologist reflects a profound understanding of the interconnectedness of life and an unwavering commitment to the well-being of animals. His approach is rooted in compassion, scientific rigor, and a holistic appreciation of the delicate balance that sustains ecosystems. Over the years, he has become a beacon of hope for gaushalas and cow enthusiasts, demonstrating that veterinary medicine is not just a profession but a calling that demands empathy, dedication, and an unyielding respect for life.
At the core of Dr. Chauhan’s philosophy is the belief that every living being, regardless of its size or species, deserves dignity and care. To him, animals are not mere creatures but sentient beings with emotions, instincts, and intrinsic value. This perspective shapes his practice, as he treats each animal with the same care and attention he would give to a human patient. Whether it’s a stray dog in need of emergency care, a farm animal requiring preventive medicine, or an endangered species in a conservation program, Dr. Chauhan approaches his work with equal seriousness and respect.
Dr. Chauhan emphasizes the importance of understanding animals within the context of their natural behaviors and environments. He often says, “To heal an animal, you must first listen to what it cannot say.” This insight has driven him to study not only veterinary medicine but also animal behavior, ecology, and the complex relationships between humans and animals. He believes that understanding these dynamics is essential for providing comprehensive care. For example, he advocates for preventive care practices that align with an animal’s natural rhythms, such as vaccination schedules that account for seasonal changes and diets that mimic an animal’s natural food sources.

As he looks to the future, Dr. Chauhan envisions several key goals to further the field of veterinary medicine: Expanding the scope of Veterinary Science :
Future goals of Dr. Chauhan
1. Advancing Research in Veterinary Pathology: Building upon his extensive research background, which includes authoring 120 books, contributing 101 chapters, and publishing 239 research papers, Dr. Chauhan aims to delve deeper into emerging diseases affecting livestock and companion animals. He plans to focus on molecular pathology to better understand disease mechanisms at the genetic level, facilitating the development of targeted treatments and preventive measures.
2. Promoting ‘Cowpathy’ and Indigenous Practices: Known as the “Cowpathy Man,” Dr. Chauhan has been a proponent of integrating traditional knowledge with modern veterinary practices. He intends to conduct rigorous scientific studies to validate and promote the use of indigenous products in animal healthcare, aiming to offer sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional treatments.
3. Enhancing Veterinary Education: With a passion for veterinary education, Dr. Chauhan plans to develop comprehensive curricula that incorporate the latest advancements in veterinary science. He seeks to mentor the next generation of veterinarians, emphasizing the importance of ethical practices, continuous learning, and adaptability in the face of evolving challenges in animal health.

Dr. Chauhan, a dedicated veterinary scientist, has built a remarkable reputation for his tireless efforts in animal welfare. His journey into veterinary medicine was not just a career choice but a calling, deeply rooted in his compassion for animals and a firm belief in their right to a healthy, dignified life. Over the years, he has not only saved countless animals but also played a crucial role in shaping community attitudes towards animal welfare. His engagements span various domains, including free medical camps, rescue missions, awareness campaigns, collaboration with NGOs, and advocacy for animal rights.
Free Veterinary Camps in Rural and Urban Areas One of Dr. Chauhan’s most impactful contributions has been his organization of free veterinary camps. These camps, held in both rural and urban areas, provide essential medical aid to animals that might otherwise go untreated. Many pet owners and farmers struggle with the financial burden of veterinary care, and Dr. Chauhan’s initiative ensures that their animals receive timely vaccinations, deworming, and treatment for common illnesses.
In rural areas, where livestock plays a critical role in the livelihoods of farmers, these camps have been particularly beneficial. By treating cattle, goats, and poultry, Dr. Chauhan has helped improve the overall health of farm animals, leading to better productivity and economic stability for local communities. In urban areas, his focus extends to street animals, offering free treatments for injured or ailing stray dogs and cats.

I have known Dr R.S. Chauhan al through his professional carrier. I came in his contact when he was a student, a research worker, a professional colleague. He is very hard working, sincere and dedicated scientist and teacher. I observed his remarkable skills, unwavering dedication and strong commitment for upliftment of research and the profession. He is known as an excellent teacher. He devised simple understandable means for complex topics.
His work on Panchgavya has won lots of appreciation at all levels. In fact he is a person who proved scientifically the application of components of Panchgavya on control of some untreatable disease like cancer.
I have absolutely no hesitation in saying that he is the “Father of Cowpathy”. He proved the efficacy and application of products of cow origin with scientific validation.
To be true, even today whenever I have some query, I invariably consult him because I am of the opinion that he has a very strong basic background. May God always shower his blessings on him.

1. Ambwani S, Ambwani Tanuj Kumar and Chauhan RS (2014) Counteracting effects of cow urine on allethrin induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in chicken lymphocytes culture system. Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology.16: 58-63.
2. Ambwani S, Ambwani TK and Chauhan RS (2018) Ameliorating effects of Badri cow urine on cypermethrin induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in chicken lymphocyte culture system. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia.15 (3): 1-12.
3. Banga RK, Kumar P, Singhal LK, Sharma A and Chauhan RS. 2005. Red hill cattle is characters and body measurements. The Indian Cow, 3: 10-14.
4. Banga RK, Singhal LK and Chauhan RS. 2005. Cow urine and immunomodulation: An update on cowpathy. International Journal of Cow Science, 1(2): 26-29.
5. Chauhan Divya and Chauhan R.S, 2021. Badri Cattle - A Boon to Uttarakhand. In: Cowpathy and Human Health ( Eds : Sethi RS, Kaur Gurvinder, Malik Yashpal, Chauhan RS ). SIIP, Ludhiana. P_17
6. Chauhan Divya and Chauhan R.S. (2022). Cow Science Experts in India - 1. Shree Krishna A well known Cow Lover. International Journal of Cow Science. 6(1):2
7. Chauhan R S and Tulsa Devi. 2020. Immunity, Nutrients and Immunomodulation. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 7 (5):1030-1038.

Receiving student award from Dr IP Singh Dean Veterinary Sciences
Receiving student award from Mrs (Dr) Shinade Acting Vice-Chancellor
Dr Rajendra Prasad award of ICAR-2002 (Union Agriculture Minister Shri Ajit Singh is giving award to Prof RS Chauhan in the presence of Shri Hukum Dev Narayan Yadav Minister of state and Secretary agriculture)
Receiving “Gopal Gaurav award” from Shankaracharya Shri Raghvendra Saraswati ji maharaj of Shri Ramchandrapuram muth, Shimoga Karnataka ^^xksiky xkSjo** lEeku izkIr djrs gq,
Dr Jeff G Vos Congratulating Prof RS Chauhan on becoming advisor WHO at NIPHE Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
 Dr RS Chauhan is with the Union Agriculture minister Shri Sompal Shashtri ji in a function of Prakrati Bharti at Kota (Rajasthan)
Dr RS Chauhan is with the Union Science & Technology minister Shri Bachi Singh Rawat ji in a function of SIIP at CIMAP Lal kuan (Uttarakhand)

Introduction
Aquaculture, the controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms, has grown into a critical industry for global food security, economic development, and environmental sustainability. As the demand for seafood continues to rise, innovative technologies are revolutionizing aquaculture, making it more efficient, sustainable, and resilient to environmental challenges (Bostock et al., 2010). This chapter explores cutting-edge advancements in aquaculture technology, focusing on automation, precision farming, biotechnology, and digital monitoring systems.
Automation and Robotics in Aquaculture
Automation is transforming aquaculture operations by improving efficiency and reducing labour costs. Automated feeding systems, underwater drones, and robotic net cleaners are among the latest innovations enhancing fish farming productivity.
Automated Feeding Systems
Automated feeding systems have significantly improved the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture operations by ensuring precise feed distribution, reducing waste, and enhancing fish growth rates (Fig. 1). These systems integrate advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and smart sensors to optimize feeding schedules and feed amounts based on fish behaviour, water quality, and environmental conditions.

Introduction
The aquaculture sector is vital in ensuring global food security by providing a substantial share of the world’s protein supply. With the rising demand for aquaculture products, enhancing fish growth and development has become increasingly important. However, traditional approaches, such as dietary supplements and environmental management, often fall short in terms of efficiency and sustainability. In this regard, nanotechnology presents a groundbreaking solution, with nanomaterials offering innovative methods to overcome these limitations. Nanomaterials possess exceptional
physicochemical properties, including a high surface area, enhanced reactivity, and nanoscale dimensions, making them highly effective in various fields like medicine, agriculture, and environmental management.Their application in aquaculture has demonstrated the potential to enhance nutrient delivery, boost immune system responses, and improve feed utilization, ultimately
promoting better fish growth and health. Additionally, nanotechnology facilitates the targeted delivery of bioactive substances, reducing waste and mitigating environmental impact.This discussion delves into the significant role of nanomaterials in improving fish growth and development, focusing on their mechanisms, advantages, and practical applications. By exploring the interactions between nanomaterials and aquatic biological systems, we can uncover sustainable and innovative solutions to fulfill the increasing requirements of aquaculture sector.
In recent decades, aquaculture is the fastest growing sector and has become a vital food source to meet the global growing demand for protein requirements. This sector provides protein source, healthy fat, and essential micronutrients for the people around the world. It offers local employment, livelihood, high export earnings, supporting national GDP. Improved aquaculture practices
have increased fin and shellfish production, decreasing dependance on wild seed and fish stocks. Global fish consumption increased by 3% between 1961 and 2019 (FAO, 2023). Nanotechnology is a promising solution, offering unique properties at smaller dimensions (1-100 nm) with novel applications (Matteucci et al., 2018; Shaalan et al., 2015). Recent efforts focus on health management, fish and shellfish development, seafood processing, and water treatment.

Introduction
The growing population has a direct impact on fisheries. The demand for food derived from aquatic origin is increasing rapidly. The fish production trend and world population over the years are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.The production from culture-based fisheries has surpassed the capture-based fisheries (FAO, 2024). Global aquaculture production is one of the fastestgrowing
sectors among global food systems. With the increasing demand for fish and seafood, there is increasing pressure to find sustainable solutions for feeding farmed fish (Tacon et al., 2011). Traditional fish feed, primarily derived from wild-caught fish (Fishmeal) and land-based crops, presents several environmental and economic challenges. These include overfishing, deforestation, and rising feed costs, which threaten the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Hence, there is an urgent need for alternate feed ingredients (Olsen and Hasan, 2012).
The feed has largest environmental impact in the intensive culture system. Hence, more prominence has to be given to a selection of fish feed ingredients, which can contribute to reduce the environmental impact and target on growth of the animal. Intensification should go in hand with sustainability of the system and feed ingredients play a significant role in it. In response to these concerns, microorganisms have emerged as a promising solution to enhance fish nutrition in a more sustainable manner. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast, algae, and fungi, can be a source of feed ingredients with various advantages, including improving nutrient digestibility, and reducing the environmental footprint of fish farming.

Introduction
Climate change has emerged as a vital worldwide concern in contemporary times. It is an incontrovertible fact that the climate has changed in the past, is currently experiencing changes, and will persist in changing irrespective of the extent of mitigation efforts invested. Defined as a substantial shift in weather patterns over a period ranging from a few decades to millions of years, climate change is a phenomenon of critical importance that commands our attention and action. Fisheries and aquaculture are becoming a global industry in terms of food production and employment- enerating sectors. Millions of people in India rely on fisheries for a living, either directly or indirectly, as subsistence fisheries, typically located at the bottom of the economic pyramid, with lower earnings, disorganised jobs, and greater socioeconomic risk (Dutta et al., 2007). The fisheries sector contributes 1.03 per cent of the Indian GDP. Climate change badly hampered the food production sector, the fisheries sector is also not untouched due to its dependency on local weather and climate parameters (Temperature, Precipitation, humidity etc.). In its third assessment report, which was released in 2001, the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) came to the conclusion that new or altered insect pest incidence and decreased crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions would disproportionately affect the poorest nations (IPCC, 2001). To meet the food needs of a growing population in the face of climate change, climate-smart aquaculture (CSA) is an integrated approach to improving technological, policy, and investment conditions to promote sustainable agricultural development for food security (FAO, 2015).