eChapters

Introduction

Eco-friendly interior design is an important consideration for anyone who wants to create a healthy, sustainable, and beautiful space.

Environmental impact: The materials used in interior design can have a significant impact on the environment. Eco-friendly materials are made from renewable resources, reduce waste, and often have a lower carbon footprint than traditional materials.

Introduction

This chapter reviews literature related to the area of the current study. Scrutiny of the available literature is of great value in gaining insight into the research problem under investigation. As the studies on the job motivation in the university libraries in Kerala is less, the works reported other places were reviewed that are relevant to the different areas of present research. Hence, the available studies related to the topic of research are exhaustively reviewed. In order to survey the previous studies on the topic, a number of primary, secondary and tertiary sources were consulted. The reviews are arranged under the following headings.

• Job Motivation in General
• Job Motivation in Libraries

Abstract

This chapter discusses the concepts of risk and uncertainty in decision-making. Risk refers to the condition where the decision-maker knows the possible outcomes and their probabilities. Uncertainty refers to the condition where such information is unknown to the decision-maker.

Abstract

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which plays a major role in various disciplines including drug discovery, pharmacogenomics, proteomics, comparative genomics, microbial genome applications in biotechnology. Food plays a vital role in various processes in body and also helps in controlling various chronic diseases. Food safety and food processing are very crucial factor for human lives. Bioinformatics has been successfully applied in food industry for improving various factors of food such as flavor, taste, allergenicity, probiotics, optimizing the quantitative and compositional parameters for food processing and assessing the food safety. In this chapter, we have given an overview about the role of bioinformatics in food industry.

Introduction

Blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary solution in various industries, and agriculture is no exception. By providing a secure and transparent system for recording and verifying transactions, blockchain has the potential to transform the agricultural sector. In this chapter, we will explore the role of blockchain in agriculture, its benefits, and various use cases that demonstrate its potential. Additionally, we will present key statistics and real-world examples to illustrate the impact of blockchain in agriculture.

Introduction

The use of drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), in the agriculture sector has ushered in a new era of precision farming. These versatile flying machines equipped with advanced sensors and cameras have the potential to transform various agricultural activities, resulting in increased productivity, reduced costs, and more sustainable practices.

This chapter explores the history of drones, their components and functioning, the numerous agriculture activities where drones can be employed, the benefits they offer, real-world use cases, challenges in adoption, and possible solutions to fully realize their potential in the agriculture sector.

Introduction NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) are organisations with professional staff that work to lessen human suffering and advance developing nations. The number of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in India is close to 3.4 million, and they work in a range of sectors, from disaster relief to advocacy for underserved and neglected groups. It is a nonprofit organisation that operates without interference from any governmental body. It is taskoriented and organised by people with common interests in a local, national, or international setting. It performs a variety of services and charitable tasks. Particularly, some are structured around particular concerns, such as health, the environment, or human rights. These make up a sizeable portion of civil society and bring about quick social change. They have developed into a vital and vocal platform for civil society participation in public affairs (Desai, 2014.).

The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, in its 1957 report, proposed the establishment of a Panchayati Raj System consisting of three tiers: Gram Panchayats at the village level, Panchayat Samitis at the block or intermediate level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. The National Development Council also supported a similar structure in 1958, with villages at the bottom and districts at the top. However, it was the 73rd Constitutional Amendment in 1992 that gave the Panchayati Raj System its current form. Most states now have Panchayati Raj Institutions operating at three levels: village, intermediate, and district. However, smaller states with populations under 20 lakh have only two tiers: the village level and the district level.

Importance of Statistical Data

In the modern era economic and social life of the people and the functional system of industry and business, educational and medical facilities and other activities of the community have undergone substantial changes due to spectacular developments in the field of science and technology. Now the emphasis is on specialization in mass production and utilization of goods and services of a given type with a view to get the maximum possible benefit per unit of cost.

Abstract

This chapter examines how farm size affects farmers’ welfare. Large farm owners enjoy a higher standard of living than small farm owners, which motivates their children to continue farming. The nation’s scale economies also favor large farms. In India, farm size decreases with each generation due to inheritance rules. Farming does not provide enough income to ensure a decent standard of living, so the size shrinks as the number of dependents grows. These farms are not only small, but also scattered, making farming a low-paid profession.

Size of the farm influences the welfare of the farmers. Operators of large sized farms enioy better standard of living compared against their counterparts with small sized farms. Better standard of living in turn encourages their children to be in farming. This way the interest in farming makes the farmers to be committed to derive maximum production. Large farms further enjoy the scale economies as well. A country with this type of setting in agriculture regarding farm size marches ahead to produce larger quantity of farm products. In India, the law of inheritance brings down the size of farm operated by a farm family with every passing generation. Sub-division on one side reduces the size of farm but the size of holding is further reduced by fragmentation. With ever growing dependents in farming, the size of the farm had been dwindling over the years, as it is at present does not provide sufficient levels of income to ensure a reasonable standard of living. The size of farm that is operated by the farmer should doubly ensure this requirement. Apart from being small in size, these are scattered making the farming an unremunerative occupation.

What is A Smart Energy Home?

Smart homes use internet - connected devices to enable remote monitoring and management of appliances and systems, such as temperature, lighting, and security cameras. Smart energy homes take a step beyond the gadget-filled smart home to focus on bringing smart functionality to major household energy-using systems like HVAC, water heating, and plug loads (including appliances and electronics).

Introduction

Soil organic matter is an indispensible component of soil health management. It plays an important role in improving soil physical, chemical and biological environment. Soil health refers to the capacity of the soil in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties for maintaining ecosystem services. With respect to agricultural lands, soil health implies the capability of the soil towards improving crop growth and yield, while also supporting environmental sustainability. Some important determining properties of soil health maintenance are soil reaction, salinity or alkalinity, soil organic matter, soil texture, soil structure/aggregation, water holding capacity, porosity, internal drainage, and nutrient retention capacity. Simultaneously, the key properties maneuvering soil health are soil aeration, internal drainage, nutrient cycling, susceptibility to erosion etc. Except some of the basic properties (soil texture) and processes (soil erosion), most of the determinant properties and processes are maneuvered by the presence of soil organic matter. A healthy soil must have strong resistance to degradation processes and able to recover following a perturbation because of inherent resilience (Magdoff 2001).

1. Introduction

Social research refers to study of social trends, dynamics and principles existing between individuals and within societies. Professionals perform social research in order to better understand the social factors that motivate and influence human beings and to analyze how and why humans interact with each other, and thus create new knowledge and theories or tests and verify existing theories. The purposes of social research are manifold and can be classified as exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, community change / action and evaluative.

In subclinical endometritis (SCE), there is inflammation of the internal lining of uterus (endometrium). It is one of the major causes of repeat breeding in cattle and causes significant reduction of reproductive performance. Cervico- vaginal mucus in subclinical endometritis is clear in contrast to endometritis. It is also called cytological endometritis and is associated with increased proportion (percentage) of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in endometrial cytology samples. SCE affected cows have delayed first service and subsequent pregnancy causing significant economic losses due to reduction in reproductive performance, feed intake increase per lactation, milk yield reduction and increase in culling rate.

Before proceeding to find out the nature of the egg content of the faecal sample, one should know what class of animal the faecal sample belongs to. It is easy to identify a faecal sample of herbivore from that of an omnivore or a carnivore. The dung of cattle, sheep and horse will contain lot of vegetable fibers. The colour of the dung under normal conditions will be dark greenish yellow with a peculiar aromatic smell. But the faeces of a dog or cat will be soft and pasty devoid of fibers and dark yellow in colour with an unpleasant smell. Several procedures commonly used to examine faeces for parasites are described in this section. Before attempting to apply these procedures, a few points should be considered:

1. Introduction

Technology innovation is characterised by the development and utilisation of novel or enhanced technologies, instruments, frameworks, and procedures that result in noteworthy progressions or discoveries across diverse domains. It entails utilising resources, knowledge, and experience to create creative solutions that address issues, boost productivity, advance the cause, and add value.

In numerous crucial areas, the significance of technological innovation is evident:

1. Introduction

A key element in the world of agriculture, agricultural extension has long been seen as the link between scientific knowledge and the practical needs of farmers. This chapter examines how technological advancements, particularly those related to artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT), are fundamentally altering agricultural extension services and the agricultural industry as a whole.

1.1 Definition of Agricultural Extension

The process of sharing knowledge, information, and innovations with farmers and rural communities in order to enhance their agricultural practices and, in turn, their livelihoods, is known as agricultural extension.

This is an international convention governing the recognition of deposits in officially approved culture collections for the purpose of patent applications in any country that is a party to it. Because of the difficulties and on occasion of virtual impossibility of reproducing a microorganism from a description of it in a patent specification, it is essential to deposit a strain in a culture collection centre for testing and examination by others.

This was the year, 1974, the Director General of WIPO convened a committee of Experts to discuss the possibilities of international cooperation over the deposit of microorganisms for patent purposes

This chapter introduces approaches for converting egg-processing residues and by-products into useful materials and products. It examines eggshell composition and applications, eggshell membrane and its biomedical and industrial potential, utilization of surplus and inedible egg material, and extraction of high-value components such as lysozyme and IgY. Waste management, sustainability and circular-economy approaches are also discussed. The chapter emphasizes that successful by-product utilization depends not only on technical feasibility but also on economics, scale, infrastructure, biosecurity and appropriate markets.

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the Mahogany plantation for collection of seeds/stem cuttings then raised in polythene bags and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in Mahogany plantation.