eChapters

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to analyze perceptions of individual investors on general terms, statements related to mutual fund and reasons for withdrawal of investors. This chapter analysed  the general awareness of individual investors on terms related mutual fund investment such as New Fund Offer (NFO), Systematic Investment Plan (SIP), Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP), Asset Management Company (AMC) and  Association of Mutual funds in India (AMFI) etc and its association with individual investment decision making. This chapter also covered perceptions of respondents on the statements such as Mutual Funds are useful for small investors, Mutual Funds give higher return than other investments, Mutual Funds are healthy for Indian financial environment, Private sector mutual funds are not good, ELSS schemes are good for tax saving, Mutual funds with large corpus perform better and Mutual funds having diversified portfolio gives better returns etc related to mutual fund investment and studied their perceptions towards mutual fund investment. The primary data also collected from the respondents relating to the withdrawal Behaviour of individual investors from mutual fund investment by taking the factors such as Lack of Performance, Lack of Involvement of companies, Lack of Capital appreciation, Low Dividend Payment ratio and Low NAV etc.

INTRODUCTION

For thousands of years fermentation processes were largely natural phenomena exclusively identified with food preservation throughout the world. Fermentations can play a significant role in meeting the ever growing food requirements of world population providing benefits in the form of innovative food products with improved nutritional value and food quality along side better safety. Fermentations can be used to address a large variety of food related problems and in the development of processes to meet the demand for food. In the wake of estimations made by international organizations that global food demand and population would increase by two-fold by the year 2050, much emphasis has been placed over the ways and means to increase food production and preservation.

Since the 1960s, the world population has doubled from three to seven billion, and this trend will persist in the coming decades. Because of this rapid expansion, a massive increase in crop production is required to meet the food and energy demands of future generations. Potassium is the third important plant nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorous. It is seventh most abundant element in the lithosphere. Being chemically active metal, it is never found in its pure elemental state in nature. Potassium (K) plays a particularly crucial role in a number of physiological processes vital to growth, yield, quality, and stress resistance of all crops. The K content of Indian soils varies from less than 0.5–3.0%. The average total potassium content of those soils is 1.52% (Mengel and Kirkby 1987).

ABSTRACT
The annual accumulating organic wastes generated through milling, brewing and various other agro-industrial and agri-processing activities in India amount to about 500 MMT. Most of these contain three major structural biopolymers, viz., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, a large proportion of which is carbohydrate and phenolic in nature. Massive accumulations of this kind of recalcitrant biomass not only deteriorate the environment, but also generate huge amount of potentially useful materials. Biological transformation has globally become increasingly popular among researchers and academicians in treating agricultural, industrial, organic and toxic wastes these days. About 60% by weight of the original pineapple fruit in forms of peeled skin, core, crown end, etc. resulting from the pineapple processing remains unutilised being discharged as waste, causing disposal and pollution owes. Of the 10% dry matter content of such waste, about 96% is organic and 4% is inorganic. Being rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, it can be a valuable resource for numerous value-added products by bioconverting it to valuable products, including bioenergy. Biomethane is one such energy resource that can be produced by valorizing pineapple wastes by employing various bioconversion technologies. This chapter focuses on the bioconverstion technologies to produce biomethane from pineapple wastes.

Introduction

Farming system that advised integrated the needs of the ancestors the economic factors like profitability, amusing acceptability and economically active and technically achievable enterprises in a accumulated furnishings wherein availability of acreage resources, basement and institutions such as irrigation, marketing facility business accessories including storage and transportation and credit besides the agro biological application namely interdependence. Technically achievable enterprises and the achievement of individual farmers are to be advised as above factors in farming system approach. Farming system, therefore, designates a set of agronomical activities organized while attention acreage productivity, anatomy superior and advancement adorable similar of biological assortment and ecological stability. The accent is added on a system rather than on gross output. In added words farming system is an ability administration action to accomplish bread-and-butter and sustain agronomical accumulation to be accommodated a sorted claim of the acreage domiciliary while attention the ability and advancement top quality. Farming system in its absolute faculty will advise the afterward agency to lift the abridgement of Indian farming and accepted of active of the farmers. Farming system distinctively refers to an accumulation aggregate of enterprises in which the articles and or the byproducts of one action serve as the inputs for accumulation of added enterprise. Farming systems access has appear after than that farming came into actuality getting strategically activated as breadth specific suitability. Farming systems decidedly contributed to the re-silence of farming and as able-bodied as affluence farming, organic farming and inorganic farming. Agro-climatic regions of the country are abounding adapted and differed from breadth to breadth wherein types of farming are as well different. Somewhere, the farming is based on horticulture, ley farming, agroforestry and abounding added like farming of agronomic crops. India’s bounded locations are amenable for such variations, as the assertive locations acquaintance altered climates, appropriately affecting anniversary region’s agronomical abundance differently. India is actual abased on its vagaries of cloud burst abundantly to accord satisfactory crop yields. India’s farming has all-encompassing accomplishments which go aback to at organic 10 thousand years. Reportedly, the country holds the additional position currently in agronomical accumulation in the world. In 2007, farming and affiliated industries fabricated up added than 16% of India’s GDP. Despite the abiding abatement in agriculture’s addition to the country’s GDP, now the farming is getting advised as the bigger activities antecedent of alimentation in the country and plays a key role in the socio-economic advance of the country. Now a day, India is the additional bigger ambassador of wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, silk, groundnuts, and of abounding more. It is as well the bigger farming of vegetables and fruit, apery 8.6% and 10.9% of all-embracing production, respectively. The above fruits produced are mangoes, papayas, sapota, and bananas. India as well has the bigger amount of livestock in the world, captivation 281 million. The country housed the additional bigger amount of animals in the tune with 175 million in the year 2008. In this accomplishments the apperception of farming system, appropriately was demography application as aggregate of agri-horti and animals, veterinary including fisheries taken into account as integrated approach.

Introduction

The term 'research ethics' in social science research refers to human values, norms, and society approved arrangements that regulate scientific understanding go for society. It consists of the set of values, standards, and principles that serve as benchmark to determine appropriate and acceptable conduct tall stage soft he research process. It is the implementation of ethical practices that specifies norms and values as well as responsibility towards the academic community and society as a whole. 

Task Automation is one of the most important applications of Artificial Intelligence and modern digital technology. It refers to the process of using technology, software, or AI tools to perform repetitive and routine tasks automatically without continuous human involvement. In many workplaces, people spend a large amount of time doing repetitive tasks such as sending emails, entering data, preparing reports, scheduling meetings, organizing files, and updating records. These tasks are necessary but time-consuming. Task automation helps in completing these tasks automatically, allowing people to focus on more important and creative work. In the modern digital world, automation has become an essential part of offices, businesses, education systems, banks, hospitals, and even personal life. Earlier, automation was limited to industries and manufacturing, but now automation is used in office work, communication, marketing, research, and data management. With the help of AI tools, automation has become smarter

Switching over to alternate production systems, or adoption of modern production practices are far beyond the scope of Scheduled Caste and other vulnerable farmers due to their poor resource base and economic conditions

The agricultural production systems are largely dependent on rainfall, vagaries of climate, and biophysical environment including market dynamics. Continuously, threatened livelihood systems lead to low income generation, insecurity in food production, and compels to live in below poverty line (BPL).
 
The basic approach of agricultural extension focuses on reach to small, marginal/rural women/rural youth. It also includes strengthening and up-scaling of on-going extension reforms, provision of quality manpower and promotion of commodity based farmers organizations and thrust on market-led extension.

The National Development Council had visualised an overall growth rate of 10 per cent for the XI Five-Year Plan for which agriculture sector has to contribute a growth rate of about 4.1 per cent as against 1.7 per cent. Hence, there is a need for vibrant, dynamic and innovative approaches to be adopted for agricultural extension in order to achieve the targeted growth rate.

Introduction

Despite the predominance of attention to insects as pests, many insects are directly beneficial to humans, and as a result, mass-production methods have been developed. The most notable example is silkworms, although many other insects are mass produced for various purposes. For example, Lacewings, ladybird beetles, and some parasitoids are mass produced and sold as biological control agents against various pests. Bumble bees and alfalfa leaf cutting bees are mass produced as pollinators for greenhouse crops and alfalfa seed production, respectively. A major concern in any kind of mass rearing facility is the risk for pest and disease outbreaks. If pest and diseases are not controlled, a sudden collapse of the insect colony can occur and the quality and quantity of their product may be reduced. Sericulture is practiced by scores of farmers in the tropical, subtropical and temperate countries including India, China and other Asian countries. India produces 25,519 metric tonnes of silk and holds second position in the world in silk production (www.csb.nic.in). The Indian silk is comprised of mulberry silk produced by Bombyx mori (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). About 92% of India’s total raw silk production is from the mulberry silkworm. The silk produced by silkworms is known as “Queen of fibers” due to glittering luster, soft-feeling, elegance, durability and tensile properties.

1. INTRODUCTION

Quality, i.e. the degree of excellence or superiority, is a combination of attributes, properties, or characteristics that each commodity value in of human food. The relative importance of each quality component depends upon the commodity and its intended use (e.g. fresh or processed) and varies among producers, handlers, and consumers. Appearance of quality, firmness and shelf-life are important from the point of view of wholesale and retail marketers. Consumers judge quality of fresh fruits and vegetables on the basis of appearance and firmness, flavour (eating) quality of the product. Consumers are also concerned about the nutritional quality and safety of fresh fruit and vegetables.

Cell

Cells (small, membrane-bounded structures filled with a variety of chemicals in an aqueous solution that interact to give life) are the basic unit of life. Cells are capable of acquisition and use of energy, have the capacity to reproduce and respond to the environment and are able to carry out a variety of chemical reactions. They maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment. There are two types of cells, namely, prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

The prokaryotic (pro = before, karyote = nucleus) cells are the simple form of cell types which include the various types of cells of bacteria and their relatives, all belonging to kingdom Monera. They possess a cell wall constructed of peptidoglycan, a substance unique to prokaryotes. Beneath the cell wall, there is a plasma membrane that encloses a cytoplasm containing DNA, RNA, proteins and various small molecules.

Annual flowers are a cluster of herbaceous plants which grow from seeds, produce flowers, set seeds and complete their life-cycle within one year or one season. They offer a gorgeous display of colours within the garden. Whether it is a small homemade garden or a giant public garden, it is incomplete without beds of annual flowers. They enhance the ornamental value of a garden within a small span of time. At their blooming time, one feels elated when rainbows of colours appearin the garden.

Classification of Annuals

Flowering annuals are grown in beds and pots. They’re used for several purposes in the garden. In beds, they are grown individually with or without perennial plants in borders. They are developed in hanging baskets, window boxes or rock gardens, for training on walls and trellises and for planting in the form of edges, borders or ground covers. Dried flowers of some annuals are similarly used for interior decoration. Some annuals provide sweet fragrance.

1. Based on season: the annual flowers are divided into 3 groups—winter, summer and rainy season.

The information of image is perfectly accepted by eyes when the image will be in convenient form. Always pictures accurately detail about information related to their position, sizes and inter-related with each other is objects. Actually images portray positional information which can be recognized as objects. Human eyes are exact example for differentiating that information from images to innate visual and mental ability.

Origin

The term communication stems from the Latin word “Communis” meaning “common”. This implies that when we communicate, we are trying to establish ‘commonality’ with someone through a message. Communication, then, is a conscious attempt to establish ce, it is a process of getting a source and a receiver tuned together for a particular message or a series of message.

Definitions of communication

The digital transformation of agricultural marketing has become a cornerstone for enhancing efficiency, transparency, and profitability in India’s agricultural sector, with particular relevance for the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K). This paper explores how digital tools— such as mobile applications, online marketplaces, blockchain, and data analytics—are simplifying supply chains, strengthening market connectivity, and minimizing information gaps between farmers and the marketplace. Nationwide, the introduction of platforms like e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) and mobile advisory services have empowered farmers with real time pricing, market trends, and data-driven decision-making, fostering more equitable and competitive markets. In J&K, digital Agri-marketing holds unique promise for overcoming challenges related to geographic isolation, limited logistics, and fragmented supply chains by linking local farmers to broader national and global markets. Through case studies, this research highlights the impact of digital solutions on the region’s fruit, saffron, and horticultural sectors, with a focus on scaling these initiatives to spur regional growth. The study concludes that expanding digital infrastructure and providing targeted training programs are crucial steps for empowering farmers in remote areas, advancing inclusive growth and strengthening rural economies.

1. TERMS RELATED WITH BROWNING

7.1 Basic concept

What is DNA sequencing?

The genome of any biological organism is a sequence of nucleotides arranged in a specific manner. The nucleotides are chemically a base which usually exists in 4 different forms; Purine – Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) and Pyramidine – Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T). These four nucleotides make up an entire sequence of Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) which is encodes the information of any cell in the form of a gene. The genome, therefore, is the complete set of all genes that is required to build and maintain that organism. DNA sequencing is the process wherein the precise order of these nucleotides along the gene is detected and analysed which includes any method or technology that assists in determining the sequence.

Pig Identification

Animal identification is very important aspect on any livestock farm. Some types of identity are merely temporary, dissipating after a few days. Temporary identification, such as a grease paint stick, can be used to identify certain pigs within a pen, such as when immunisation pigs.

Some forms of identification are more durable. Ear tags are commonly used. Some producers use plastic tags with numbers to help them identify individual pigs. Pigs, on the other hand, are inquisitive creatures who frequently consider a plastic tag on another pig as an intriguing toy. Plastic tags are commonly torn and misplaced as a result. Additionally, when the tag punctures the ear, pigs frequently develop an ear infection. Tiny metal tags may be used, but they are subject to the same long-term loss and infection problems.

The most lasting method of identification used by most manufacturers is ear notching. In this procedure, little notches are carved into the baby pigs’ ears right after birth using a small pair of v-shaped pliers. The notches represent numbers and will accompany the pig for the remainder of its life. Farmers may develop their own ear-notching system, but the universal ear notching system is the most widely used.

Models Definitions

In social science research a model is a tentative description of what a social process, say the communication process or a system might be like. It is atool of explanation and analyses, very often in a diagrammatic form, to show how the various elements of a situation being studied relate to each other.

What is a Model?

Insolation is a term that might sound abstract but is fundamentally the driving force behind nearly all physical processes on Earth, including those within our precious aquatic environments. In this chapter, we will unravel the journey of solar energy from the vast expanse of space to the surfaces of our oceans, lakes, and rivers, and understand its profound influence on the life within. For you, as future professionals in fisheries and aquaculture, grasping the concept of insolation is paramount. The amount of solar radiation reaching a water body dictates its surface temperature, influences the rate of photosynthesis by aquatic plants and algae (the base of many aquatic food webs), affects water stratification, and even plays a role in phenomena like ice formation and melting. Think about it: the warmth of a lake on a sunny day, the intensity of light penetrating the surface waters, the seasonal changes in algal blooms – all are directly linked to the amount and intensity of solar radiation received. Understanding insolation allows us to begin to explain why some aquatic environments are more productive than others, why water temperatures vary geographically and seasonally, and how changes in solar energy input (whether natural or human-induced) can ripple through entire aquatic ecosystems.
In this chapter, we will delve into
• What insolation is: Defining the term and understanding its measurement.
• Factors affecting insolation: Exploring how latitude, time of year, time of day, and atmospheric conditions (like clouds) influence the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface and water bodies.
• The fate of insolation upon reaching water: Examining how solar energy is absorbed, reflected, and transmitted within aquatic environments.