eChapters

Abstract

A field study of seven arid districts of Rajasthan was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of selected tree species and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) associations with them. Five genera were identified in the rhizosphere of these selected tree species. A high diversity of AMF was observed which varied between different host tree species. Among the five genera, Glomus occurred most frequently, with four species, Acaulospora and Gigaspora were found with three species, while Entrophospora and Scutellospora was detected with two species. Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora rosea, Glomus deserticola, Glomus constrictum, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus mosseae and Scutellospora calospora were the most dominant species. The AMF spore density was not clearly affected by the host tree suggesting that biotic factors may be relatively less important than abiotic/edaphic factors for establishing population pattern. The spore density of AMF had a strong positive correlation with soil pH and organic carbon content and a negative correlation with Olsen’s P content of the soil. The association with AMF of these tree species native to the harsh environmental conditions of the Indian Thar Desert may play a significant role in the re-establishment and conservation of these multipurpose desert tree species.

3.1 Introduction

Diffusion is a broader term, which encompasses unplanned as well as planned and directed spread of an innovation. In this chapter, the emphasis is on dissemination of integrated pest management (IPM) technologies. A wide variety of methods and media are being used for delivering IPM technologies depending upon the type of information and the stage of implementation (Whalon et al., 1982). The mass media methods such as print and electronic media are useful for creating awareness rather than directly assisting the farmer to use IPM technology (Lumber et al., 1985). Mass media methods are less intense methods than face to face method namely farmer field school.

3.2 Methods Used for Dissemination of IPM Technologies

Different methods used for dissemination of IPM technologies include the use of mass media including electronic and print media, field days, extension visits, video movies, plant clinics, IPM clubs, picture songs, IPM websites farmer field school etc.

Recent advances in information technology are making it more feasible to provide farmers with marketing information they need. However, farmers are still lagging behind in getting the information as accessibility to this technology is not available to them for various reasons. The major reason for this is abundance of small and marginal farmers without formal education and training in proper decision making. This problem is more acute for North Western (NW) hill farmers as besides above constraints, accessibility to information centers is very difficult due to undulating topography and lack of communication and transport facilities.

In the North-Western hill states, not many initiatives have so far been taken to use the information technology for the rural/agricultural development. Presently, use of radio and television for acquiring the information is limited as these media do not give focused information for different target areas. Even newspapers, in their local versions, do not provide regular updates for different major mandis regarding vegetables. This area has also been neglected by AGMARKNET (www.agmarknet.nic.in) for the market information regarding hill crops. For Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal, only one and three markets, respectively, has been covered. This shows the apathy of agricultural development departments towards incorporating ICT into the day-to-day activities of hill farmers.

Introduction

Conservation of biodiversity and mitigation of global warming are two major environmental challenges today. In the context of climate change and the global carbon cycle, the relationship between plant biodiversity and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration has become a subject of considerable scientific interest. The Earth’s terrestrial vegetation plays a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle. Not only are tremendous amounts of carbon stored in the terrestrial vegetation, but large amounts are also actively exchanged between vegetation and the atmosphere. Anthropogenic perturbations exacerbate the emission of CO₂ from soil caused by decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) or soil respiration (Schlesinger, 2000). The emissions are accentuated by agricultural activities including tropical deforestation and biomass burning, plowing, drainage of wetlands and low-input farming or shifting cultivation. In addition to its impact on decomposition of SOM, macroclimate has a large impact on a fraction of the SOC pool which is active. Conversion of natural to agricultural ecosystems increases maximum soil temperature and decreases soil moisture storage in the root zone, especially in drained agricultural soils (Lal, 1996). Thus, land use history has a strong impact on the SOC pool (Pulleman et al., 2000). The dynamic relationship between plant biodiversity and SOC depicts that any land use practices that increase vegetative cover, or reduce its removal, could have an influence on the global carbon budget by increasing the terrestrial carbon sink.

History

 • The fossil evidence also indicates the presence of plant diseases 250million years ago.

 • The diseases caused by fungi and nematodes were discovered by Monocernin 1735.

 • Johan Needham (1743) identified wheat gall caused by a nematode.

 • Adolf Mayer (1886), demonstrated the transmission of Tobacco mosaicvirus (TMV).

 • EF Smith (1890) described bacterial wilt in cucurbits.

• The thrips (Thysanoptera) as vectors of plant viruses were identified thescientific studies made by Samuel and his team.

 • Karl Maramorosch (1952) demonstrated the multiplication of Asteryellows virus (AYV) in leafhopper vector.

 • The mite Aceriatulipae has been identified as a vector of Wheat streakmosaic virus by JT Slykhuis in 1955.

 • The term “viroid” (viruses without protein coat) was coined by TO Dienerduring 1971.

Disease diagnosis refers to the various procedures and techniques used to identify the nature of disease and to precisely pinpoint the primary and secondary pathogens involved. Disease diagnosis is an integral part of health management. Proper diagnosis helps to adopt accurate therapy and avoids indiscriminate use of chemotherapeutics. Information on case history and clinical signs should be carefully used while examining samples for diagnosis. By following rational and scientific sampling protocols, one can hope to arrive at accurate diagnosis. Sampling methodology is key to the success of proper disease diagnosis. Dead fish/shrimp should never be used for any diagnostic purpose. Autolytic post-mortem changes, saprophytic invaders, spoilage organisms, etc. mask the actual etiological agents and can lead to false diagnosis.

The three commonly used conventional diagnostic approaches are fresh examination using microscope, microbiological methods and histopathology. With little facilities and infrastructure, fresh microscopical diagnostic approach can be done at the farm/hatchery site itself. Gross examinations along with simple skin and gill preparations examined under microscope can many a times give very good information about the disease and the etiology. All fresh preparations should be made from live or moribund fish and the preparations should be wet and moist. The fish meant for examination should be kept wet and not allowed to dry. Many of the commonly occurring external disease problems can be easily diagnosed by this method.

Systemic bacterial diseases need to be positively diagnosed by adopting the microbiological approach. Samples for bacterial isolations should be taken from kidney, blood, body cavity, etc. from live or moribund fish following strict aseptic conditions. In shrimp, it is ideal to use hemolymph for bacterial isolations. Dominant bacterial isolates are identified following standard procedures and their antibacterial sensitivity tested before recommending any antibacterial therapy. This method requires a minimum of 4-5 days.

8.1 Life Cycle
As in the case of a typical Lepidopteran insect, the silkworm passes through four distinct stages, i.e., egg, larva, pupa and adult during its life cycle, the duration of which may last for six to eight weeks depending upon racial characteristics and climatic conditions. Multivoltine races found in tropical areas have the shortest life cycle with the egg, larval, pupal and adult stages lasting for 9-12 days, 20-24 days, 10-12 days and 3-6 days respectively. (Fig.8.1)
In uni/bivoltine races, the egg period of the activated egg may last for 11-14 days, the larval period 24-28 days, the pupal period 12-15 days and the adult stage 6-10 days. In nature the univoltine races produce only one generation during the spring, and the second generation egg goes through a period of rest or hibernation till the next spring. In the case of the bivoltine races, however, the second generation egg does not hibernate and hatches within 11-12 days and produces the second generation normally during summer. But it is the third generation egg which undergoes hibernation and hatches only the next spring, thus producing only two generations in a year (bivoltine). In multivoltine races, the life cycle is the shortest because of the warmer ecological conditions where they are reared, and so they may yield as many as seven to eight generations in a year in tropical sericultural areas such as India, Thailand, etc. Silkworm rearing is, therefore, continuous in tropical areas whereas in sub-tropical and temperate zones it is mostly seasonal lasting from spring to early autumn.

Mutations are sudden heritable changes in characteristic of the organism, that is other than due to recombination (Swaminathan, 1983). Mutations occur naturally as spontaneous mutations and induced as spontaneous mutations and induced artificially by treating the biological materials with physical and chemical agents (mutagens). Experimental mutagenesis is effective method to enlarge genetically controlled variation, considerably within a short time.

Darwin’s theory of evolution explains that “variation is the mainspring of evolution”. The extent of genetic variability available in the breeding population and the selection techniques determine the efficiency of any breeding programme. In classical plant breeding programme, variation is generated by hybridization and selections are made from the resulting segregating generations. Induced mutagenesis can supplement hybridization or replace as a source of variability. Thus, mutation provides the raw material for crop evolution (Mahadeva and Randerson, 1982) and it provides the fundamental variability required for crop improvement by breeding (Konzak, 1984).

ABSTRACT

The concept and nature of intellectual property have undergone a paradigm shift during the last few decades. The importance of effective IPR governance has attracted the attention of its stakeholders. Hence, this paper focuses on the role of IPR governance and management practices for improving the quality of relationships among stakeholders besides documenting current and future trends of IPR governance and management.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS – AN INTRODUCTION

Intellectual property rights refer to the privileges granted by the government to any individual or organization for creative prowess. In recent years, such rights have gained immense importance. The laws in existence for protection and enforcement of these rights are meant to foster innovation and for regulating the use of inventions.

True/False

Q.1.    In many clinical research studies, the regression analysis is used to develop models for prediction of an outcome from one or more explanatory variables.
Q.2.    Now a days, the linear, logistic and Cox (proportional hazards) regression models are used frequently in medical research.

Influenza a Pandemics

Laboratory investigation of the samples assist in diagnosing, confirming the cases including veterolegal cases. The type of material, quantity of specimens & preservatives used and the method of dispatch to the laboratory  is tabulated in this chapter.

The ancient wisdom of the Indians about the value of pulses in human nutrition is perhaps, responsible to an extent for the widespread vegetarianism in our country. The staple pulse component in combination with cereals in our diet emanates from this recognition, Modern nutritionists also substantiate that this combination is superior to either pulse or cereal alone.

18.1 Introduction

It is a rich source of vitamin A as compared to spinach and carrot. It also contains high quantity of ascorbic acid, manganese and iron. A 100 g of leaves supplies as much essential amino acids as 100 g of any non-vegetarian food like meat and fish. Its succulent leaves and stems make nutritious dish after cooking. The herbaceous annual plants are mildly laxative besides other medicinal values. This is annual for leaf production and biennial for seed production. 

Introduction The betel vine, scientifically identified as Piper betle L., belongs to the Piperaceae family, which encompasses plants such as pepper and kava. Paan leaves, widely cultivated in countries like Thailand, Philippines, India, Malaysia, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, and various Southeast Asian nations, are commonly used as a popular mouth freshener after meals. This traditional practice is predominantly observed in South Asia and among specific Asian diaspora communities worldwide, where betel leaves are commonly chewed as part of a betel quid or paan, often combined with areca nut or tobacco.

In the cultural traditions of Odisha, offering a bundle of betel leaves symbolizes respect and marks the beginning of auspicious events. Taxonomically, betelvine falls under the genus Piper in the Division Magnoliophyta, Class Magnoliopsida, Order Piperales, and Family Piperaceae.

Livestock breeding for genetic improvement faces many challenges including feed conversion efficiency, fertility and adaptation to changing climate. These improvements have to be realized while maintaining or improving the nutritional properties of meat, milk and other animal products while giving emphasis to animal health and wellbeing also. Environmental stresses induced by climate change affect livestock productivity, reproductive efficiency and health, resulting in severe economic losses. Under the current climate change scenario, the viability of producing animals for human consumption is in jeopardy. In order to lessen the negative effects of heat stress in today’s world, it is urgently necessary to develop methods that are centered on breeding animals with increased thermal tolerance and climate resilience. The breeding of animals having genetic potential to sustain under changing environment conditions can be achieved through the various molecular genetics tools.

Receiving student award from Dr IP Singh Dean Veterinary Sciences
Receiving student award from Mrs (Dr) Shinade Acting Vice-Chancellor
Dr Rajendra Prasad award of ICAR-2002 (Union Agriculture Minister Shri Ajit Singh is giving award to Prof RS Chauhan in the presence of Shri Hukum Dev Narayan Yadav Minister of state and Secretary agriculture)
Receiving “Gopal Gaurav award” from Shankaracharya Shri Raghvendra Saraswati ji maharaj of Shri Ramchandrapuram muth, Shimoga Karnataka ^^xksiky xkSjo** lEeku izkIr djrs gq,
Dr Jeff G Vos Congratulating Prof RS Chauhan on becoming advisor WHO at NIPHE Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
 Dr RS Chauhan is with the Union Agriculture minister Shri Sompal Shashtri ji in a function of Prakrati Bharti at Kota (Rajasthan)
Dr RS Chauhan is with the Union Science & Technology minister Shri Bachi Singh Rawat ji in a function of SIIP at CIMAP Lal kuan (Uttarakhand)

1. Introduction

For the last years, Peru’s GDP has been continuously growing, and in 2010 the agricultural sector has played a significant role in this process. According to the National System on Agricultural Innovation, the sector has an important contribution in economic and social aspects.Regarding the former, national agrarian production represents 8% of global GDP.
 
Statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture of Peru show that the agricultural sector includes 31% (3 million people approximately) of the country’s Economically Active Population (EAP), and 65% of the EAP in rural areas. The latest agrarian census indicates that almost 5.5 million hectares are used for agricultural activities, which accounts for 15% of the total surface.

Pandemic : An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population.

Partial Evaluation : Partial evaluations constitute a number of economic study types which consider costs and/or consequences, but which either do not involve a comparison between alternative interventions or do not relate costs to benefits.

Participation bias : People who participate in a study, especially volunteers, may be systematically different from those who do not, in a way that can affect the response to a treatment. For example, if volunteers are chosen to test the effects of a vaccine, one might find a lower incidence of disease in this population simply because they are more health conscious than those who would not volunteer for such a study.

Path dependence : History matters. Where you have been in the past determines where you are now and where you can go in future. Indeed, even small, apparently trivial, differences in the path you have taken can have huge consequences for where you are and can go. In economics, path dependence refers to the way in which apparently insignificant events and choices can have huge consequences for the development of a market or an economy.

Abstract

We are very fortunate to be born in a nation which is blessed with awesome decent variety of natural products, fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses and so forth. The population of India expanded consistentlythat cause a genuine sustenance and shelter problem. The supply of food is not adequate to fulfill the demand of the consumers. This shortage of food is the root for adulteration of foodstuffs by the traders. Food adulteration is a procedure in which the nature of sustenance is brought down either by the addition of inferior quality material or by extraction of valuable ingredient. An adulterant is a chemical substance which should not be contained within other substances (food, beverages) for legal or other reasons. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. Food is adulterated to increase the quantity and make more profit. The food is sucked of its nutrients and the place where the food is grown is often contaminated. For instance: milkis mixed with water. Vanaspati is utilized as an adulterant for ghee. Adulteration of food is unsafe as it may be toxic and causes serious health hazards to the consumer. To evade this issue government has passed an act which is known as preservation of Food Adulteration Act. It covers security from risks involved due to contamination of poisonous elements. Instead of government efforts the informed and aware consumers will have the capacity to dispense with this issue. So, here in the chapter adulterants their types, effect on human health, laws and control measurement were reviewed and discussed.