eChapters

Importance

The dairy products, which have originated in India, are called indigenous dairy products. The products can be broadly classified in to khoa based and channa based. The importance of the dairy products were known to Indians since time immemorial or it could be roughly estimated to be around five thousand years ago and the development could be considered as an art.

Animal Science Biotechnology Research Centres
    
Current Status and Some of the Achievements in Animal Heatlh
    
National Bioresource Development Board
    
Animal Biotechnology
    
Biotechnology Parks and Incubators
    
National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi
    
Bose Institute, Kolkata
    
Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi
    
National Centre For Cell Science, Pune
    
Centre for Dna Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (Cdfd) Hyderabad
    
National Institute for Plant Genome Research (Nipgr) New Delhi
    
Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development,Imphal
    
Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar
    
Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation Limited
    
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnolgoy (Icgeb), New Delhi
    
Animal Biotechnology Research Abroad

Abstract

Family Apiaceae (or Umbelliferae) is one of the largest plant group represented by 418 genera and 3257 species (TPL 2013). The plants members are mostly aromatic, used by local populace as traditional medicines as well as spice and condiments in their routine food preparations. They have characteristic aroma due to the presence of some essential oils or oleoresin. Members of this family possess large number of compounds having antibacterial, hepato-protective, vaso-relaxant, inducing apoptosis and antitumor activities. Although the family is distributed globally but Indian subcontinent is a major center of its diversification, where more than 200 species are distributed specifically in the Himalayan eco-terrains. Jammu province (Jammu and Kashmir, India) in North Western Himalaya having unique climatic conditions supports a large variety of medicinal and aromatic plants, and amongst these Apiaceae are well known. Local people uses these plants as vegetables, for culinary purposes and valued as traditional medicine like Bunium persicum (black cumin), Carum carvi (caraway), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Cuminum cyminum (cumin), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Narthex asafoetida (Heeng), Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain) and Centella asiatica (Brahmi). People in Jammu province have their unique traditional way of using plants, knowledge of which is being transferred from generation to generation through oral dialect. As the data on the numbers of Apiaceae is scattered in the literature and difficult to be procured by the researchers. Therefore the current attempt is made so that the data along with some quantitative statistics can be provided at one platform only.

India has rich diversity of goat genetic resources and as per 20^th livestock census (2019), there are 148.88 million goats in India. They are mostly found in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and one of the mainstay of dryland agriculture system. Out of 148.88 million, around half of them (75 to 60 million goats) are found in Rajasthan (20.84 m), Uttar Pradesh (14.48 m), Madhya Pradesh (11.06 m), Maharashtra (10.6 m), Tamil Nadu (9.89 m) Karnataka (6.17 m) and Gujarat (4.66 m). Out of total goat population, only 35 % of the goats are of either pure breed or upgraded nature resembling the some of the local breeds. There is huge scope to improve the productivity through use of assisted reproductive tools like artificial insemination and estrus synchronization in field condition to upgrade the non-descript population in relatively shorter period of time as compared to natural services.

India is home to rich animal resources; it is a source of sustainable livelihood and support during the subsistence crisis of farmers. As per the “First Revised Estimates of National Income, Consumption Expenditure and Capital Formation for 2020-21” released by National Statistical Office (NSO), MoSPI the Gross Value Added (GVA) of livestock sector is about Rs. 11,14,249 crores at current prices during FY 2020-21 which is about 30.87% of Agricultural and Allied Sector GVA and 6.17% of total GVA. At constant prices (2011-12), the GVA of livestock sector is about Rs. 6,17,117 crores during FY 2020-21 with a growth of 6.13% over previous financial year. It contributes about 3.9% to national GDP and 24.8% to agricultural GDP (At 2011-12 Prices) in 2013-14 (GoI 2022). According to the report Situational Assessment of Agricultural Households by the NSSO, a compounded annual income growth rate of 13.7% was observed between 2003 and 2013. Restructuring agriculture processes & policy interventions required to increase the income in real terms (ICFA, 2016). About 29% rural population in the country is below poverty line .Major source of livelihood of rural people is crops, however, it is largely restricted by uncertain and erratic precipitation and low input production system, compelling them for poverty and distress migration. Whereas, small ruminants possess an mechanism for coping up draught because of better adaptability and mobility as compared to crops and large ruminants. Livestock particularly sheep and goat rearing in India is closely interwoven with crop farming. Households cultivating less than 2.0 ha of land (marginal and small) are the main custodian and possess more than 76% goat and 70% of sheep population of the country respectively.

1. Introduction
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a systematic quality system essential for
ensuring the reliability, consistency, and integrity of laboratory data, particularly when the findings are used for regulatory decision-making. GLP ensures that laboratory studies are conducted in a scientific manner, maintaining high standards of ethical practice, precision, and reproducibility, with a primary focus on ensuring public and environmental safety. Introduced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1978, GLP gained global recognition through the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which established guidelines for its implementation. GLP principles are now widely adopted in regulatory testing for pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food safety, and environmental testing. The OECD’s guidance on GLP has been instrumental in developing standards across the globe, ensuring that test results are scientifically valid and can be accepted internationally. In Asia, particularly in India and other developing countries, GLP compliance has gained increasing importance as pharmaceutical, environmental, and chemical industries expand. Regulatory bodies in these regions have gradually aligned their standards with international norms to ensure their competitiveness in global markets. This chapter discusses the key SOPs necessary for GLP compliance and provides a regional perspective, focusing on India and other Asian nations, where GLP frameworks are evolving to meet international standards.
2. Objective of GLP
The overarching objective of GLP is to ensure that laboratory data is accurate, reliable, and reproducible across different studies. The scientific and regulatory communities rely on GLP to ensure that findings from preclinical studies and safety evaluations can be trusted and utilized for regulatory approval.
The key objectives of GLP include
• Accuracy and Integrity of Data: GLP ensures that every aspect of data collection, analysis, and reporting is conducted with integrity and accuracy, preventing errors or falsification that could affect regulatory decisions.

SUMMARY

Green manuring is the practice of growing lush plants on the site into which organic matter directly incorporate to the soil while it is still fresh. Green manures, often known as cover crops, are plants which are grown to improve the structure and nutrient content of the soil. They are a cheap alternative to artificial fertilizers and an eco-friendly input for organic farming and can be used to complement animal manures. Growing a green manure is not the same as simply growing a legume crop, such as beans, in a rotation. Green manures are usually dug into the soil when the plants are still young, before they produce any crop and often before they flower. They are grown for their green leafy material which is high in nutrients and protects the soil. It is basically a holistic management system, which promotes and improves the health of the agro-ecosystem related to biodiversity, nutrient biocycles, soil microbial and biochemical activities.

The arid and semi-arid regions of India are drought prone and the availability vegetation of these regions is more acute during summer when the quality of the pastures becomes vulnerable. Small ruminants in the semi-arid regions need to adopt special physiological function to maintain thermal equilibrium. The reproductive efficiency of different breeds of sheep inhabiting in the semi-arid regions of India is relatively low (Arora and Garg, 1998).The nature of nutritional resources and management problems differs with climate, soil and vegetation, the physical process which governs the animals reproductive performance are the same; the female must reach puberty, show behavioral estrus and shed one or more ova which have then to be fertilized. Dietary nutrition promotes the programming and expression of the metabolic pathways that enable animals to achieve their genetic potential for reproduction. Nutrition has an important impact on the reproductive performance in sheep, but the magnitude of the effect on reproduction may vary with the season (White et al., 1983). Sheep are more prone to neglect compared to cattle and often suffer from lack of feed and fodder. The animals during the grazing are exposed to combined stress (Sejian et al., 2010 ab, and 2011) .This leads to decrease in body weight and loss of reproductive functions. Concurrently, Rhind and Mc Neilly (1986) showed that ewes with low body fat reserves had fewer large ovarian follicles and therefore the potential for subsequent maturation and ovulation declined. 

Reproduction in the males culminates in the production of semen containing fertile spermatozoa and deposition of these in the female reproductive tract at an opportune time.

Male Reproductive Organs

The reproductive organs in male domestic animals comprise the testes, epididymides, and accessory glands. The testes produce the spermatozoa and the male sex hormones (androgens). The spermatozoa pass from the testis into the epididymis where they acquire motility and attributes essential for fertilization and are then stored there. At ejaculation they are squeezed along the ductus deferens into the urethra and mixed with the secretions of the accessory glands to constitute the ejaculated semen.

Testis

The testis are composed of long tubes called seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue. The spermatozoa are produced within the seminiferous tubules. This process is known as spermatogenesis. The interstitial tissue contains Leydig cells which are responsible for the production of the male hormone called androgens. The androgens are produced under the influence of hormones from the anterior pituitary namely ICSH (LH) and FSH. The principal androgens produced by the testis are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.

The testis are suspended from the body in the loose sacs called scrotum, present in the inguinal region. The scrotum in addition to its container function, also acts as a regulator of temperature required for spermatogenesis.

Flowers are highly perishable unlike other horticultural or agricultural crops. Owing to poor keeping quality the post harvest losses in floriculture are significantly higher than any other sector. Although there has been significant increase in the area, production and productivity of flower crops in the last two decades, there is an urgent need to minimize the huge post harvest losses in terms of the value of the produce which are estimated to be 30-40 per cent of farm value. The post harvest behavior of flowers is an outcome of the physiological processes, occurring in leave, stem, flower bud, leafless peduncle or scape connecting bud to the stem. Some of these processes may act independently to affect the senescence and vase life of cut flowers but most of them are inter-related. The nature and extent of post harvest damage is typical for each crop or cultivar. The post harvest losses become important especially when dealing with the export of fresh flowers to distant and foreign market. Therefore, patient, soft and expert handling of flowers is of utmost importance after harvest.

The Indian centre of origin and diversity of cultivated plants represent an outstandingly rich reservoir of nature’s wealth of plant species which include a large number of economically important species including Vegetable Crops. Common vegetables like okra and brinjal are native to this region. Out of the recorded 110 genera and 640 species of cucurbits, 100 species representing 36 genera occur in India. Twenty of these species are endemic. Adoption of high yielding crop varieties and hybrids along with changing land use patterns have led to rapid replacement of native cultivars in most cases. Conserving and sustainable utilization of locally adapted types and primitive landraces are, hence, now major concerns at the national and global levels.

The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) at New Delhi is the nodal organization in India with the national mandate to plan, conduct, promote and coordinate all activities concerning plant exploration and collection, germ plasm import and exchange, plant quarantine, germplasm multiplication and distribution, evaluation and characterization, documentation and conservation of both indigenous and introduced genetic variability in cultivated plants and their wild relatives.

The challenging job of collecting, genetic evaluation and utilization of plant genetic resources cannot be satisfactorily accomplished by one organization. The enormous task of safeguarding and promoting greater utilization of these valuable resources can be best achieved through a networking approach. Professional development is the key to success of this endeavour. NBPGR organizes regularly short-term training courses on various aspects of PGR to impart latest knowledge and techniques to scientists and technicians engaged in crop improvement programmes and handling germpalsm collections.

Heart diseases in feline are silent killer as cats are able to hide their symptoms in early stage. Cats are brought to clinics only when disease is more advanced. Heart diseases are different from heart failure. Heart failure is the end stage of heart diseases.

1. Introduction

Thermal energy is transferred in the form heat from one body to another through conduction, convection and radiation or in combination of these modes. Some of the examples of heat transfer that occur during various agricultural processing is drying and dehydration, sterilization, pasteurization, evaporation, distillation, to name a few.

The basic equation of conservation of heat can be written as:

Rate of heat in + rate of heat generation= rate of heat out+ rate of accumulation of heat

Parasitic weeds are a major constraint in tropical agriculture. These are plants that are adapted to live on other plants sharing their nutrients and water. They constitute 1% of flowering plants, approximately 3000 - 5000 species coming under 20 families. Parasitic weeds from five families viz. Orobanchaceae, Convolvulaceae, Santalaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Loranthaceae are considered troublesome weeds as they infest economically important crops in many parts of the world and are very difficult to control by normal weed management measures.

1. Introduction

The materials widely used for food contact applications include paper and coated-paper products, cellulose products, cellophane, metals, ceramics, glass, rubber, plastics, and miscellaneous materials such as wood, fabric, etc. Most of these materials have been in vogue for several years. Among them plastics are widely used in the food industry as they offer many advantages due to their high cost-to-benefit ratio. However, food safety issues in terms of migration of additives is a cause of concern. Plastics contain a number of additives either deliberately added during their manufacture or inevitable due to technical requirement.

Introduction

A generator is subjected to electrical stresses imposed on the insulation of the machine, mechanical forces acting on the various parts of the machine, and temperature rise. These are the main factors which make protection necessary for the generator or alternator. Even when properly used, a machine in its perfect running condition does not only maintain its specified rated performance for many years, but it does also repeatedly withstand certain excess of overload.

Preventive measures must be taken against overloads and abnormal conditions of the machine so that it can serve safely. Even ensuring an efficient design, construction, operation, and preventive means of protection – the risk of a fault cannot be completely eliminated from any machine. The devices used in generator protection, ensure that when a fault arises, it is eliminated as quickly as possible.

The study of construction materials involves analyzing the properties, applications, and performance of various substances used in building structures. These include traditional and modern materials such as concrete, steel, wood, stone, clay, composites, insulation, and finishing materials. The selection of appropriate materials is guided by factors like structural requirements, costeffectiveness, durability, environmental conditions, and sustainability goals.
Construction materials play a critical role in determining the strength, functionality, and longevity of a structure. They may be natural, such as wood and stone, or synthetic, such as plastics and reinforced concrete. The intended use of the building, local climate, and project budget heavily influence material choices, making their careful selection a key component of successful construction planning and execution.
Materials are the literal building blocks of construction, defining the essence of a structure from its durability and efficiency to its aesthetics and environmental impact. Each material has inherent properties and potentialities, making the selection process integral to the design and construction phases.
NATURAL MATERIALS
Natural materials like stone and wood are among the earliest and most foundational elements used in construction. Stone is exceptionally durable and naturally abundant, making it a preferred choice since ancient times. Its high compressive strength, resistance to fire, and ability to withstand weathering ensure long-term structural reliability. Additionally, stones such as granite, limestone, and marble offer aesthetic appeal, symbolizing strength, elegance, and permanence in architectural design.
Wood, another vital natural resource, is prized for its versatility and strengthto- weight ratio. It can support substantial structural loads while remaining

ABSTRACT

The integration of woody perennials on the farm lands for obvious reasons has been the common practice with the farming community for ages. It is true that the integration of trees on the farmland, albeit paves the way for the improvement of existing system, but nevertheless creates complex biological interactions, which may not necessarily result in yield advantage. Management of multipurpose tree species, especially agroforestry tree species, integrated on the farmland with crops, is essential for two reasons, i) because canopy size decides the transmission of photosynthetically active radiation to the understorey crops and ii) that the impact of canopy management practices some times have drastic implications. Canopy management practices like coppicing; pollarding and partial crown removal not only affects foliage and branch wood biomass production but also modifies physiological parameters and resource utilization pattern. This paper deals with the need and techniques of managing canopy as well as the research activities carried out in this regards.

Introduction

Natural Disasters are inevitable, and Indian subcontinent is prone to all type of Natural Disaster either it is flood, drought, cyclone, earthquakes, tsunami or forest fires etc. Disasters can be classified in several ways. A possible sub-division of disaster is: (i) Natural Disasters; (ii) Human made disasters; (iii) Human induced disasters. Another sub-division is related to the main controlling factors leading to a disaster. These may be meteorological, geomorphological/geological, ecological, technological, global environmental and extra terrestrial. Another useful distinction that can be made between disasters is regarding their duration of impact and the time of forewarning. Some disaster strikes within a short period with devastating outcomes; others have a slow onset period with equally or more serious repercussions. According to the available statistics 60% of the total area of Indian subcontinent is venerable to seismic activity of varying intensities, 16% of the country’s total area is drought prone. In India 68% of total sown area of the country is drought prone. Coastal areas of India is exposed to tropical cyclones, tsunami in recent years and among all the disaster occur in the country, River floods are the most frequent and often the most devastating.

1.1 The 7 P’s Framework for Agro Industry

The marketing mix

Marketing mix refers to Set of airities that the organization was to promote (or) Market their component.

Updating the 4P’s

McCarthy classified various marketing activities into marketing. Mix tools of four brand kinds which he called the four P’s of marketing. [Product, Price, Place & Promotion]

The 4P components of marketing mix

Product: Refers to list of Products and Services that the organisation is involved in sol off eg-Brand name size , Service warranties etc.

Price: Price is determined by demand for the goods and the cost of the goods. Examples of various pricing strategies: introductory prices, sale prices, odd pricing etc.