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Nereistoxin (NTX) was originated from a marine annelid worm Lumbriconereis heteropoda and its analogue pesticides (table 51) including cartap, bensultap, thiocyclam and thiobensultap have been commonly used in agriculture, because of their low toxicity and high insecticidal activity.

Whenever the daily maximum temperature exceeds more than average values during summer season the heat wave will occur. Similarly, whenever the daily minimum temperature falls below the average values cold wave will occur. The India Meteorological department has developed the criteria to identify the occurrence the heat waves and cold waves.

11.1 Heat Waves

Heat wave is defined as the condition when the daily maximum temperature is 45ºC or more. Based on departure from normal daily maximum temperature of 40ºC onwards the heat waves are defined as follows:

Common name    :    English- Bellyache bush         
        Hindi- Ratanjoti 
        Odia- Baigoba/Baigewa

Family    :    Euphorbiaceae

Habit & Distribution
It is a shrub (Fig. 56 a), very commonly found in waste ground, village hedges, roadsides and scrub forests. The plant is cultivated and naturalized in several parts of India.

General Characters
The plant is a small dark colored glandular hairy shrub, 0.8-1.8 m in height. The leaves are 6-12 cm in diameter, palmatly 3-5 lobed, entire with 3-5 cm long petiole. Flowers are red with yellow centre. The petioles and stipules have glandular hairs. It flowers and bears fruits during July-October.

When a fixed voltage is applied to two electrodes dipping into a solution,a current will flow, depending on the conductivity of the solution. Conductivity measurements do not give information about the nature of the ions in solution. However, they are useful in the quantitative measurement of the ions.

Abstract

Women play a pivotal role in agriculture, in addition to the traditional role of nourishing progeny as mother and attending to the day to day needs of the home as housewife. Women also add to the family income as wage earners. While comprising half of humanity, contributing to two thirds of the world’s work hours, a woman earns only one third of the total income and owns less than one tenth of the world’s resources.  In a country like India which is the home  for over 400 million women, the economic status of women is in pathetic condition and they have always been discriminated against men in human resource development with  utter disregard to their actual and potential contribution to the national progress in general and agricultural progress in particular. The largest sector of India’s economy, agriculture, contributes to 37 percent of the Gross National Product (GNP) and accounts for 60 percent of the employment.

Aim: To know the actual length of a Thomas splint & measurement for an animal.

Procedure

Animal is kept in lateral recumbancy with affected limb upward.

After padding & medical bending of Thomas splint, it is fitted upon the fractured limb.

At the time of measurement, the limb should be kept vertical to body for accurate measurement, otherwise the length of Thomas splint may be shorteror longer if the limb is kept forward or backward respectively.

The ring of the Thomas splint is kept close to the axilla (forelimb), groin (hind limb).

Limb is put downward & Thomas splint is pushed upward keeping both the extension bamboo of Thomas splint in crossed manner, measurement of length of Thomas splint is taken up to the bulb of the heel & mark is recorded.

The excess length is trimmed short (figure-1). Two nicks are made on the distal end for retaining the thread in position.

Both the distal ends are tied together with thread, soft padding is placed at the site where hoof is to be kept & retained in position with bandage (figure-3).

Agarose gel electrophoresis is used for the fractionation and characterization of nucleic acids. It is a simple and highly effective method for separating, identifying and purifying DNA fragments of various sizes. DNA can be checked for size, intactness, homogeneity and purity by this technique. Agarose is a purified form of agar and forms a gel by hydrogen bonding of the agarose monomers. Increasing the Agarose concentration of a gel reduces the migration speed and enables separation of smaller DNA molecules. Shorter molecules move faster and migrate further than longer ones.

Aim: To study the size of the DNA extracted from the fungal culture.

Principle: Ethidium Bromide added to the gel interacts with the bases of DNA and fluorescence orange when irradiated with UV light.

Fungi are achlorophyllus so they have to depend on other organisms hence heterotrophic nutrition. Depending on the nutrition, fungi are classified as Saprophytes, Parasites and Symbionts.

3.1 Saprophyte (sapros = rotten; phyton = plant)

Fungi which get their nutrition only from dead organic are called saprophytes ex: Saprolegnia, Rhizopus, Mucor, Alternaria etc.

3.1.1 Facultative saprophyte (Facultas = ability)

Ability of a fungus to become saprophyte. It is a parasite ex. Ustilago

3.1.2 Obligate saprophyte (obligate = to bind itself)

When they strictly get their food only from dead organic matter and can never become parasites are called obligate saprophyte ex. Mucor.

Slugs and snails occasionally cause serious damage to seedlings, tender, lowgrowing leafy vegetables; or ripening fruit that are on the ground. Feeding damage, hollowed-out areas, can be found anywhere on fruit, but is usually concentrated near the stem. Slugs leave a tell tale slime trail (silvery trail) behind on the surface of fruit or leaves.

Etiology

Atopic dermatitis is genetically predisposed to allergic skin disease. It consists of atopy and hereditary cause to produce IgE mediated allergic reaction to environmental allergens.

Immunohistochemistry reveals the presence of Langerhans cell proliferation and strong positive expression of IgE in skin tissue sections.

Gross pathology

Common name    :    English- Peregrina/Spicy jatropha
     
Family    :    Euphorbiaceae

Habit & Distribution
The plant is a shrub, usually planted in gardens.

General Characters
It is a small erect and branched shrub (Fig. 57 a). The leaves are entire, elliptic-oval, may be fiddle shaped with 7 inches long. The flowers are red and pink and about 2.5 cm across and borne in many flowered clusters at branch end. Fruit is rounded-trigonous. The plant bears flowers and fruits in most parts of the year.

Etiology

Superficial pyoderma usually occurs in the epidermis and upper infundibulum of the hair follicle. It usually heals without scar formation and commonly caused by Gram positive cocci Staphylococcus spp., particularly exfoliative toxin of this species.

Order: Orthoptera

This order includes cockroaches and grasshoppers. They bear the following characters:

1. The body is oval and flattened in cockroach and elongated in grasshopper.

2. Two pairs of wings are present. Mesothoracic pair of wings is thickened (Tegmina) and act as cover for membranous metathoracic pair of wings.

3. Antennae are long and multi-jointed.

4. The legs are modified for fast running (cockroach) or jumping (grasshopper).

5. Metamorphosis is incomplete.

Common name    :    Odia- Laoo
        English-Calbash     
        Hindi- Lauki

Family    :    Cucurbitaceae

Habit & Distribution
The plant is a climber (Fig. 58 a), commonly cultivated and distributed throughout India.

General Characters
It is an annual vigorous herb, running or climbing vine with large leaves and with lush appearance. Leaves are simple, 17-20 cm diameter, short and softly hairy with kidney or heart shaped outlines. Flowers are white, up to 4 inches in diameter with spreading petals. Fruits are of various shapes, in different varieties, like bottole or dumbbell shaped, rounded or elongated. The plant flowers during July-January and bears fruits during cold season.

Lace wing bug: Monantha globulifera : Tingidae

Eggs are inserted slantingly into leaves and other tender foliage.  Black spiny nymphs and lace winged adults suck the sap from leaves. Attacked leaves develop yellow patches become brown, shrivel and dry up in severe cases.

Leaf feeder : Helicoverpa armigera : Noctuidae

The female moth lays eggs on tender foliage. Young larva feeds on tender foliage and starts infesting the older ones in later instars. A single caterpillar can destroy many leaves

Poor quality roughages includes the wheat straw, commonly fed to ruminants but unable to provide any DCP. Urea ammoniation method, not only improves the nutritive value of straw in terms of DCP and TDN, but it also improves the dry matter intake of animal by improving its palatability. In this method of urea ammoniation, one quintal of wheat straw is treated with 4 kg fertilizer grade urea (4%) by dissolving in 40 litre of water (moisture 40%). The dissolved urea is sprayed over several layers of wheat straw and mixed properly and then kept under airtight condition by covering it with polythene sheet for a period of 4 weeks. With the presence of enzyme urease the urea get broken down in to ammonia and carbon di oxide. This ammonia on one hand improves the nitrogen content of the straw and on another hand alkalinity (by ammonia and by ammonium hydroxide) reacts on the lingo-cellulosic bonds to loosen their strength. So by increasing the nitrogen content of the straw it increase the nutritive value of the straw in terms of increasing the DCP value of the straw and on another hand by reducing the bonds of lingo-cellulose it increase the digestibility of crude fiber and hence it also increase the energy (TDN) content of the straw.

Etiology

It is caused by Staphylococci spp- characterized by superficial pyoderma in dogs. It is mainly due to exfoliative toxins of S? aureus.

Gross pathology

The lesion reveals cutaneous exfoliation, vesicles, pustules (Figure 6) and crust.

Pesticide poisoning occurs when a pesticide penetrates the body and disrupts its essential systems. Symptoms can appear anywhere from a half hour to 24 hours following exposure. The common symptoms and indicators of pesticide poisoning are:

Initial symptoms may include

First Aid

First aid is the preliminary care of a person who has been exposed to pesticides before getting proper medical attention. The initial step is to remove the person from the source of the exposure by removing pesticide from their skin, removing contaminated clothing, or transporting them to fresh air. Be careful not to contaminate oneself throughout this process.

Pesticide on the Skin

• Remove any contaminated clothes.

 • Drench clothing and skin with plenty of water.

• Clean hair and skin with soap and water.

• Dry the victim and wrap them in clean clothes.

• Prevent the victim from being chilly or overheated.

According to Thornthwaite’s method of climatic classification, six major types of climates exist in India (Fig. 14.1) as stated below:

14.1 Perhumid Regions of India (A)

These regions receive rainfall of more than 2500 mm and consist of Konkan region along Western Ghats, Kerala and most parts of northeast India covering Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura etc.

14.2 Humid Regions of India (B)

These regions receive annual rainfall ranging from 2000-2500 mm and are found in areas adjoining perhumid climate.