eChapters

What causes lead to mental illness? Although the exact origin of the majority of mental health problems is unclear, research indicates that many of these diseases are caused by a combination of biological, psychological, environmental and socioeconomic factors.
Many mental illnesses are passed down through family lineage. However, it doesn’t imply that just because one or more of one’s ancestors had an illness, they will compulsarily inherit it too. But just because your mother or father had one does not mean you will.
Some illnesses impair brain circuits that control thought, emotion and behavior. Within particular circuits, for instance, certain brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters may be activated excessively or insufficiently. Certain mental diseases are also linked to brain injury.
Mental health illness in adolescence are a significant problem, relatively common and amenable to treatment or intervention. Mental disorders and mental health problems seem to have increased considerably among adolescents in the past 20-30 years. The rise has been driven by social change, including disruption of family structure, growing youth unemployment and increasing educational and vocational pressures.
The prevalence of mental health disorders among 11 to 15 year olds in Great Britain is estimated to be 11%, with conduct problems more common among boys and depression and anxiety more common among girls. The identification, treatment and follow up of mental health problems in young people can be complicated. Parents and teachers may dismiss problems as merely reflecting adolescent turmoil. Young people are often very reluctant to seek help, owing to developmental needs about being “normal” at the time when they are exploring identity issues and trying to engage with a peer group.

ABSTRACT

Concomitant with paradigm shift from agrarian and brick and mortar economy to knowledge and service based economy, India needs to adhere to the international conventions for the benefit of enriching its knowledgebase with which economic development and social welfare could be achieved. Although geoscientific research has been at the forefront and contributed immensely to our country’s economic development, number of applications for patents, copyrights, etc., on geoscientific concepts, databases, innovations, designs or processes has been negligible when compared with other branches of science. This paper intends drawing the attention of geoscientists on this lacuna and provides information on fundamental aspects of IPR that may be of help to geoscientists whose innovations are waiting to be filed for patents or copyright.

Hantaviruses have been responsible for a variety of human illnesses particularly haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). There are currently 47 recognized sero/genotypes of hantaviruses with considerable geographic diversity. Each hantavirus type appears to be specific to a different rodent host. The different hantavirus types are associated with different types of disease both in terms of target organs and disease severity. HFRS is primarily a disease of the Old World while HPS is a disease of New World. Although the disease may have first been recognized as early as 1000 years ago in China, it affected >3000 United Nations Soldiers during Korean war (1950-1953). Now it is reported that hantavirus affect as many as 2 lakhs people each year in Asia and Europe. The agent of this virus remained unknown until 1978 when Lee and his associates isolated and named Hantaan virus, after a river in South Korea. Other viruses antigenically related to Hantaan virus were characterized and placed under the genus Hantavirus and family Bunyaviridae.

Over the past few decades, the sharp increase of incidences of hantavirus disease in humans throughout the world has been reported. There are 47 recognized hantaviruses with considerable geographic diversity. But the number of hantavirus virus types recognized continues to grow. Hantaviruses cause persistent infections in rodent reservoirs which directly impact transmission of these zoonotic agents between rodents and from rodents to humans. Environmental, 127 demographic and physiological factors likely interact to mediate responses to hantaviruses in natural rodent populations. Although not much work has been carried out, comparisons of human and rodent immune responses to hantaviruses may provide insights into why hantaviruses often are fatal for humans but cause only persistent infections in rodents.

21.1 Liquid Nitrogen Container/ Cryocan

To store liquid nitrogen a special type of container is used and is known as a LIQUID NITROGEN CONTAI NER OR CRYOCAN. Frozen semen doses are always preserved in liquid nitrogen which is an inert liquid having a boiling point of -1960C and a freezing point of -212°C. Liquid Nitrogen Containers are doubled walled metal (Stainless Steel/Aluminium) vacuum vessels with a very efficient insulation system. Due to highly efficient insulation system the temperature inside the container can remain -196 oC as long as atleast two inches of Liquid Nitrogen is present in the container. It has got an inner chamber which is suspended in outer chamber through neck tube which is a non metal and bad conductor of heat. Walls of the inner chamber are coated with a high quality of insulation material. The space between the inner and outer chamber is also filled with high quality insulation material. Vacuum is created in between inner and outer chamber. Loss of vacuum will lead to the boiling of the liquid nitrogen gas and hence rapid loss of this gas from the inner chamber.

1    Bovines

2    Canines

ABSTRACT

The black pepper, ‘the king of spices’ cultivation fetches foreign exchange worth millions of rupees annually, has been constrained by the quick wilt disease caused by the fungal pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Peptides with systematic variations in cationicity, hydrophobicity and amphipathicity were designed based on Chou-Fasmann parameters and sequential alterations of amino acids were tested for antifungal activity against Phytophthora. The antifungal properties of these biodegradable and ecofriendly peptide peptides were evaluated following in vitro microplate titre assay using Phytophthora zoospores. Two peptides LD1 and LD4 showed very low MIC value as compared to that of well-known antifungal peptides and standard chemical fungicides. Fluorescent staining technique using fluorescent brightener-28 and propidium iodide dyes has revealed that the site of action of the designed peptides is the cell membrane. These peptides showed very low haemolytic potential inspite of their potent antifungal activity. The in vivo evaluation of the peptides on fungi infected detached pepper leaves has demonstrated their high antifungal potential.

Laboratory analysis is an important part in any branch of chemistry and analytical chemistry in particular. To undertake the analysis, both apparatus and equipments are needed.

Dactylis glomerata L (syn. Bromus glomeratus (L.) Scop. (Poaceae): Eng.- Orchard Grass; Kash.- Dramun [W]. Perennial bunch grass,usually in dense shaded forest areas. A very important pasture and hay grass of temperate grasslands. Culms glabrous, erect. Inflorescences are erect panicles bearing spikelets in dense one sided clusters.

1. Price spread will be the minimum in

a) Coconut

b) Rice

c) Milk

d) Green leaves

2. Farmers share in consumer rupee will be the minimum in

a) Gram

b) Milk

c) Cotton

d) Rice

3. Marketable surplus is equal to

Introduction

Providing sufficient habitat and other food supplies to already-existing or naturally-occurring beneficial species is one of the most successful and long-lasting ways for reducing economic harm from pests. In contrast to monocultures or pesticide-treated fields, beneficial species such as predators, parasites, and pest-sicking "pathogens" are significantly more numerous in varied farms where pesticides are used less frequently.

Key Points

• In diary animals, the health of the mammary gland (udder) is paramount.

• Any udder or teat disease state has a direct impact on milk output.

• Common udder/teet affections include: abscess, mammary gland hematomas, udder cleft dermatitis, udder edema, intramammary hemorrhage, teat damage, ulcerative mammillitis, udder dermatitis, and more.

Introduction

Mammary gland (udder) health is a crucial factor in animals used for production. The state of the udder determines the dairy industry's economics. The output of dairy animals is directly impacted by any udder ailment. Due to selection, breeding, genetic engineering, and animal management, animals under production pressure are more susceptible to a variety of diseases. More safety measures should be implemented in order to shield the udder from illness-causing factors. The many udder and teat affections and their therapeutic management are briefly discussed in this chapter.

1) Phomopsis fruit rot or Blight
Diagnostic Symptoms
• Plants are attacked at all stages of growth.
• On leaves, circular to irregular, clearly defined grayish brown spots having light centers appear. The diseased leaves become yellowish in colour and may drop off.
• Several black pycnidiacan be seen on older spots.
• Lesions on stem are dark brown, round to oval and have grayish centers where pycnidia develop.
• At the base of the stem, the fungus causes characteristic constrictions leading to canker development and toppling of plants.
• On fruits, small pale sunken spots appear which on enlargement cover entire fruit surface. These spots become watery leading to soft rot phase of the disease. A large number of dot like pycnidia also develop on such spots.
• Infection of fruit through calyx leads to development of dry rot and fruits appear black and mummified (Fig.1).

A. Answer the following questions

1.    Why protein requirement for maintenance in cat is high?

Ans: It is due to the inability of the nitrogen catabolic enzymes in the cat’s liver to adapt to changes in dietary protein intake.

1.    Why arginine is dietary essential in cat?

Ans: Because, cat is unable to synthesize ornithine which is an arginine precursorwithin theurea cycle. Aminoacid glutamic acid and proline is precursor of ornithine in the intestinal mucosa of all mammals.However, an enzyme thatis required in the pathway, proline-5-carboxylate synthatase is absent in cat’s intestinal mucosa. In the absence of dietary arginine, a high catabolism of protein generates a load of ammonia that cannot be detoxified by its incorporation to urea and hyper ammonia develops.

2.    Why taurine is dietary essential in cat?

Introduction

Environmental Assessment is taken up in this exercise as a rapid assessment technique for determining the current status of the environment and identifying impact of critical activities on environmental parameters. EIA is a relatively new planning and decision-making tool first enshrined in the United States in the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. It is a formal study process used to predict the environmental consequences of any development project. EIA thus ensures that the potential problems are foreseen and addressed at an early stage in project planning and design. Creation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system is vital to conform socio-economic development projects to environmental safety and thereby ensure sustainable economic development. In view of the fact that development is an ever-growing process, its impact on the environment is also ever increasing, leading to rapid deterioration in environmental conditions. As such Environmental Assessment provides a rational approach to sustainable development.

It also enables us in carrying out Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis of projects at an initial stage. It is thus a precursor to detailed analysis of environmental impacts, which are taken up only if a need for the same is established.

Introduction

Seed pathology has been recognized as its own specialization for a relatively brief time, and the term “Seed Pathology” was first coined by Mary Noble in the 1940 (Agarwal and Sinclair, 1997). Seed pathology is an essential part of seed technology as well as a sub discipline of plant pathology. According toAgarwal and Sinclair (1997), it may be defined as the study of seed borne disease and pathogens carried with seed. It also includes studies on the mechanisms of seed infection, seed transmission, the role of seed borne inoculum in disease development, methods for the detection of seed borne pathogens and non-pathogens, seed certification standards, mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses, and various methods for control of seed borne disease. Seed pathology includes the study of diseases and deterioration caused by bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viroids, viruses, physiological and mechanical disorders.

Neergaard Paul is considered the father of seed pathology. He was one of the founding father and later served as Director of the Danish Government Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing Countries, Copenhagen, Denmark, from 1956 to 1974. He served as the Chairman of the Plant Disease Committee of the International Seed testing Association (ISTA). During his tenure as Chair of ISTA, he helped standardize methods for the detection of seed borne fungi.Neergaard (1977) authored a two-volume text entitled “A Seed Pathology”. This text has served as a reference and teaching standard for the science of seed pathology throughout the world (Agarwal and Sinclair, 1997). This text focused on a wide variety of seed pathology issues, ranging from the economic significance of seed borne diseases to the assessment of seed borne inoculum.

Echeveria derenbergii DC (Crussulaceae): Eng.- Painted Lady [NI]. A succulent house plant and green house perennial grown for its succulent coloured leaves which are arranged in rosettes. The orange coloured flowers appear in July on raised stem branches

Artificial intelligence (AI) uses multiple technologies that equip machines to sense, comprehend, plan, act, and learn with human-like levels of intelligence. Fundamentally, AI systems perceive environments, recognize objects, contribute to decision making, solve complex problems, learn from past experiences, and imitate patterns. AI technologies such as deep learning allow computer systems to understand a problem, learn from examples, and make predictions.

The AI has a tremendous potential to solve the diverse application problems in the field of domestic animal breeding and management. Till date, most of the studies have been focused on animal behaviour (Valletta, et al., 2017), cognition (Lake et al., 2017), animal welfare (Neethirajan, 2021), individual identification (Norouzzadeh et al., 2018), growth or body condition scoring (Zin et al., 2020), disease detection and its monitoring (Kumar et al., 2021), precision farm management (Radun et al., 2021) etc. particularly in the pigs, poultry and cattle species. These AI based applications primarily involves data generation, data processing, use of gadgets / IoT devices, development of smart machine learning algorithms and their integration to attain precision to solve various issues in animal husbandry. Having said that, very few works have been carried out with respect to applications of AI in domestic animal breeding, and major problems like breed identification, genomics- based animal selection criteria and breeding decision, are yet to be automated. Moreover, there are some bottlenecks in application of AI in animal breeding, like the lower accuracy of a decision/outcome and large cost involved in creating AI based infrastructure.

1. Anthracnose or Fruit Rot and Die Back
Diagnostic Symptoms
The disease occurs in two forms: the die back and the ripe -rot Die back symptoms
• Small, circular to irregular, brownish black scattered spots appear on leaves.
• Severely infected leaves defoliate.
• Infection of growing tips leads to necrosis of branches from tip backwards.
• Necrotic tissues appear grayish white with black dot like acervuli in the center.
• Shedding of flowers due to the infection at pedicel and tips of branches.
Fruit symptoms
• Ripe fruits are more liable for attack than the green ones.
• Small, circular, yellowish to pinkish sunken spots appear on fruits.

Meteorology is not merely the study of weather patterns; it is a critical science that intersects agriculture and allied sectors in numerous ways. In a world where food security is intimately tied to climatic variability, understanding the basic principles of meteorology is essential for both traditional farming practices and modern integrated food production systems. This chapter explores the foundational concepts of weather and climate, examines the atmospheric dynamics that directly impact agricultural systems, and contrasts historical meteorological practices with modern forecasting approaches. By delving into these topics, we can better appreciate how the environment influences agricultural productivity and how innovative meteorological tools can improve decision-making in the food production chain. Weather describes the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It is the sum of short-term atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and visibility. In contrast, climate refers to the long-term average of weather patterns over a period of decades or more. Understanding this distinction is crucial for agriculture, as farmers and allied sector professionals must respond to immediate weather events (such as sudden frost or heavy rainfall) while also adapting to long-term climatic trends (like gradual temperature increases or shifting precipitation patterns).

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) was first reported in the 12^th century as a hemorrhagic syndrome in present day Tajikistan. However, in the modern era, the first outbreak of the CCHF was reported in 1944-1945 in the Crimea region with more than 200 cases and the disease was called Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever. Ten years later in 1956, the virus was isolated from a febrile patient in Belgian Congo and this isolate was noted to have the same antigenic structure with the Crimean strains. For this reason, the virus was called Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. Nowadays, outbreaks of CCHF have been documented in Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Western Asia including India. CCHF is a severe hemorrhagic fever with a case fatality rate of up to 50%.

Etiology: It is a tick-borne viral disease belonging to the family Bunyaviridae, genus Nairovirus. Like other Nairoviruses, CCHF virus is an enveloped single stranded negative-sense RNA virus and its tripartite genome consists of a small (S), a medium (M) and large (L) segment which encode for the nucleocapsid protein (NP), the envelope glycoproteins G1 and G2 and an RNA-dependent polymerase, respectively. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks or by direct contact with viremic animals or humans. Infected humans can spread the disease via close contacts which may result in community outbreaks and nosocomial infections. It is an important human pathogen and could be used as a bioterrorism agent.

Pathogenesis: The pathogenesis of CCHF is not well understood. A common pathogenic feature of hemorrhagic fever viruses is their ability to disable the host immune response by attacking and manipulating the cells that initiate the antiviral response. This damage is characterized by marked replication of the virus together with dysregulation of the vascular system and lymphoid organs. Endothelial damage contributes to hemostatic failure by stimulating platelet aggregation and degranulation, with consequent activation of the intrinsic coagulation cascade. DIC is noted as an early and prominent feature of the disease process. In another study, the levels of interleukin IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were higher among patients who subsequently died as compared to survivors. The DIC score was higher among fatal cases, correlating positively with IL-6 and TNF alpha levels, and negatively with IL-10 levels. These findings demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines play a major role in pathogenesis and mortality of patients with CCHF.