eChapters

Common name    :    English- Wild sage 
        Hindi- Raimuniya 
        Odia- Naguari

Family    :    Verbenaceae
 
Habit & Distribution 
It is a shrub (Fig. 59 a), commonly found in roadsides, wasteland, damp site etc. It is distributed throughout India.

General Characters
The plant is an evergreen shrub grows up to 6 ft height and may spread 8 ft in width. The leaves are ovate-oblong, about 2-5 inches long with rounded tooth edges and a textured surface. Stem and leaves surfaces are covered with rough hairs and emit an unpleasant aroma when crushed. Flowers usually white-pink or orange-yellow in colour and are held in clusters that are typically 1-2 inches across. Fruits are small, globose, fleshy, purplish black berries after ripe. The plant bears flowers and fruits in all round the year.

Ultra freezing: Cryopreservation of seeds immersed in liquid nitrogen (LN₂) at a very low temperature, -196^ºC, can be used for many seeds provided the moisture content is relatively low, about 8 to 15 percent and the seeds are in sealed containers.

Unclassed forest: Forest land owned by Government but not constituted in to a reserved, village or protected forest.
 
Under bark: Measurement of the diameter or circumference of a trunk or branch made with the bark removed. See also Over bark.

Semilooper: Thysanoplusia(Plusia) orichalcea : Noctuidae

Bluish green or grey coloured eggs are laid singly on lower surface of leaves.The larvae are semi loopers and feed voraciously on leaves and cause defoliation of the plants.

Aim: To know the method of securing thomas splint, in the forelimb.

Description

After immobilising the fracture site covering the distal as well as proximal end properly the thomas splint is fitted over the forelimb.

The foot is immobilised to the distal end of Thomas splint.

The immobilised forelimb kept closed and straight with the posterior extension of bamboo of the thomas splint. The limb is fixed with posterior bamboo splint with bandage roll at several place to avoid anterior, posterior movement of the limb.

At the time of fixing the limb with posterior extension bamboo of the Thomas splint, bandage are rapped along with the netting of thomas splint, to avoid medullary lateral movement of the immobilised limb.

Finally the immobilised forelimb is rapped along with the bandage roll including both the anterior and posterior extension of bamboo splint.

To avoid outside movement of the immobilised limb, the method of immobilisation of fracture of forelimb has been shown in fig-1.

ABSTRACT

Bats: A colony of 500 insectivorous bats of Hipposideros speoris inhabited a natural cave in Madurai (9^O58’ N. lat; 78^O10’ E long). At a depth of 40 m, the cave experiences a constant temperature of 27 + 0.1^OC, 95 % relative humidity and absolute and perpetual darkness. Therefore there were no day/night cues. Yet all the members of the bat colony flew out 10 to 15 min. after sunset as though they knew the time of sunset. Recorded flight and rest experiments in flight activity cages and a hand-wound Thermohygrograph drum 40 m from the cave mouth over periods of 50 days revealed that the free-flying conspecific bats were socially synchronizing the activity patterns of the three captive bats. Bats were telling other bats time.

Mice : In the field mouse, Mus booduga the mother conveys information of day and night to her pups by means of her presence and absence (PA) cycles. Her presence meant day and absence denoted night. We named this phenomenon maternal entrainment. Such entrainment of the time sense of the pups was possible if in every cycle the mother was presented for a minimum of 8 hr but not exceeding 16 hr. Therefore 8 hr and 16 hr describe the limits of maternal entrainment.

Common name    :    English- Angled luffa
        Hindi- Karvitori
        Odia- Pita taradi

Family    :    Cucurbitaceae

Habit & Distribution 
The plant is a climber (Fig. 60 a), widely cultivated and also found in wild. It is cultivated throughout India.

General Characters
It is an annual climber with smooth and angled stem. The leaves are 5-7 lobed or angled, 7.5-15 cm across and covered with short hairs. Flowers are yellow in colour with male and female in the same axil. The fruits are ribbed and cylindricaly shaped and 1-2 feet in length. The plant bears flowers and fruits during August-November.

Thrips : Thrips flavus : Thripidae

Infestation of thrips is generally during hot months with high night humidity.  The attack by thrips leads to discolouration, bronzing and drying of affected leaves.

Semilooper : Thysanoplusia orichalcea  : Noctuidae

Bluish green or grey coloured eggs are laid singly on lower surface of leaves.  Larvae feed voraciously on leaves and defoliate plants.

LAB constitutes a group of gram positive bacteria. They are nonsporulating, nonrespiring but aerotolerant cocci or rods, which produce lactic acid as one of the main fermentation products of carbohydrates, they do not have cytochromes. They belong to the phylum Firmicuttes, class Bacilli and order Lactobacillaceae. The group includes several genera such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium, Pediococcus, Enterobacter, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc etc.

Abstract

Self Help Group (SHG) has emerged as a new paradigm for combating poverty and self help promotion has become one of the major developmental strategy in the country today. The self help groups are motivated to take up suitable micro entrepreneurship for income generation either individually or in groups, which is dependent on the resource availability and their skills. The empowered SHG women have started different small enterprises such as papad making, malt preparation, different value added products, and other agro based industries which has increased their income. In recent years agro processing and value addition to the farm produce have attained great socio economic significance. A massive thrust to food processing and other agro based industries will add value to the product there by increasing the income of farmers, create employment opportunities, diversify rural economy and foster rural industrialization.

Purpose:- To know the method of fitting the immobilised fractured hind limb in Thomas splint.

Description

The fractured site is immobilised properly covering the area joint below and joint above from the fractured site.

The immobilised limb is kept within the prepared Thomas splint.

The immobilised limb is kept straight and come close with the front extension bamboo of the Thomas splint.

The foot is fixed to the distal end of the Thomas splint with bandage roll.

In the first attempt the immobilised limb is secured with the front bamboo splint with bandage roll at several places to avoid posterior movement of the immobilised limb.

At the time of fixing the immobilised limb with anterior extension bamboo of Thomas splint, the limb is fixed with the netting of Thomas splint to avoid medial movement of immobilised limb.

Finally the immobilised limb is covered with bandage roll wrapping around both the anterior and posterior extension bamboo of the Thomas splint to avoid outer movement of the immobilised limb.

The method of immobilisation of the hind limb with Thomas splint has been shown in the figure.

Etiology

The condition is characterized by formation of granuloma to pyogranulomatous dermatitis with paniculitis. The causative organism is normally present in the macrophage which may be Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M? bovis and M? microti.

The separation of essential oils responsible for odour/fine smell from different plantparts by gentle heating is known by centuries ago. A large number of such components being volatile are called as ‘Essential oils’. Presently, it also covers many of the less volatile constituents. The essential oils (extracts of the plant) with different types of flavours/odours are aromatic components, which can be separated by steam/hydro-distillation or extraction by solvents.
Essential oils largely contain terpenic compounds, made up of two or more isoprenyl units (C-5). Besides, a large number of other compounds which have nothing to do with isoprene units, have also been reported by various workers. Essential oils are of quite use in perfumes, flavour and aroma-therapy industries and their economic production is very much essential from farmers’ point of view. The optimum stage of harvest is very crucial for high quality and quantity of the essential oil from different parts of the plants (leaves, inflorescence, entire herb, roots, seeds, rhizomes etc.).
The quality of the essential oils largely depends on the kinds of the metals (copper, aluminium, mild steel, stainless steel) used in distillation unit, as some of the essential oils react with free acids present in the oil and thus imparting off-smell of aroma and colouration. Presently, distillation units made up of stainless steel are preferred which has no reaction to phenolic, acids, etc., and oils produced are very clean, less coloured and of high quality preferred by the cosmetic and perfumery industries engaged in formulation of various types of essence and scents.

Common name    :    English- Mango
        Hindi- Aam
        Odia- Amba 
            
Family    :    Anacardiaceae

Habit & Distribution
It is a tree (Fig. 61 a) grows wild in valleys and widely cultivated throughout tropical India.

General Characters
The plant is a large, erect and ever green tree gowing up to 30-80 ft in height with a broad and rounded canopy. The leaves are variable in size and shape, usually lanceolate, entire, acute to acuminate with 10-20 cm in size. The flowers are greenish-yellow, small and polygamous with 5 lobed calyx which are ovate-oblong or elliptic in shape and remain spreading. There is a great variation in the size, colour and flavour of the fruits. They may be nearly round, oval, ovoid-oblong or somewhat kidney shaped and usually yellow in colour when ripe. The plant bears flowers during January-March and fruits during April-May.

The cotton aphid :Aphis gossypii: Aphididae

Both nymphs and adults cause the damage by sucking the plant sap from shoot tips, flowers and leaves.  Severe infestation may result in complete drying of affected parts.  Attacked leaves curl up, wither and fall. These are yellowish green or brown coloured aphids.  The total life cycle from first instar nymph to adult occupies an average of 8-10days.  It reproduces parthenogenetically and viviparously.  The female may produce 10-30 young ones in a life span of 10-12 days.  The nymphs transform into adult in 5-8 days after passing through four moults.

Standard solution: Standard solution is defined as a solution whose strength is known. e.g. 1 N solution.

Molar solution: Molar solution can be defined as a solution containing the number of moles of a solute (substance) i.e. molecular weight in gram per litre of the solution. e g. Mol. wt. of NaCl 23+35.5 58.5,

So 58.5 g NaCl per 941.5 ml of water= 1 M NaCI solution. Molarity is generally designated by M.

Molal solution: Number of moles of a substance/solute per litre of solvent makes a molal solution. Mobility is generally designated by m.

Basically we need to mount and prepare the slide for observation of various stages of EPN as detailed below in Table.1

Synonym – Cutaneous ancylostomiasis

Etiology

Hook worm dermatitis is uncommon or rare skin disease due to larval migration of the normal life cycle of Ancylostoma braziliensis and Ancylostoma caninum. It is mainly due to hypersensitive reactions against migrating third stage larvae in the distal extremities.

Globally the field of veterinary is dominated by women as 55% of veterinarians are women. In India 76% girl graduates were in the year 2021. Lady Veterinarians have been successful at their jobs especially in recent years. This brings out whether there is a psychological relation to this. “Animals are good companions for women.”, said Sreeja Arangottukara to The Hindu.[1] Gender is an identity which develops in a child around the age of 2 or 3 which is influenced by socialisation, culture, and biology.(Penn State College of Liberal Studies)[2] Various psychological researches have shown that women and men differ in intensity of certain attributes. From the ages of 21-64 years assessed with Rytt’s Psychological Well Being Scales and Bem Sex Role Inventory conducted under general Spanish population of 1700 men and 1700 women.(National Library of Medicine) It was found that women were better in positive relations which helps in developing trust between the veterinary team and clients and achieving a positive public perception of the veterinary profession.(today’s veterinary practices)[3] Women are better at understanding facial and body cues which lead them to understand the requirement of the client/patient in medicinal branch of veterinary. Moreover, women are better at verbal skills too their memory and analysing ability makes them capable of research and advancement in the field of animal husbandry. In a profession like veterinary women have better psychological ability and resultingly better at their job.

Common name    :    English- Tiger’s claw/Devil’s claw
        Hindi- Ulat kanta
        Odia- Bagha nakhi

Family    :    Martyniaceae

Habit & Distribution
The plant is a herb (Fig. 62 a), commonly occur in roadsides, waste lands, and also naturalized. It is widely distributed in India.

General Characters
It is an erect, often branched herb that grows up to 2 m in height. Leaves are kidney shaped to circular, mostly 6-15 cm wide, both surfaces are equally hairy, margins with shallow lobes and leaf stalk is 9-14 cm long. Flowers are bell shaped purplish white with dark purple markings. Fruit is capsule, more or less ovoid, 2 valved, with the style splitting into 2 curved, lignified and spiny processes with curved claw of about 1 cm. The plant bears flowers and fruits during August-January.