eChapters

The process of fracture healing is unique, in which damaged bone restores its original architecture but it does not form a poorly organized replacement matrix, otherwise known as scar tissue, rather it regenerates the original matrix and retains its mechanical properties. In order to repair bone defects, a combination of cells with osteogenic activity and appropriate scaffolding material can stimulate bone regeneration and its repair. A potential substitute for autologous transplantation should possess 3 elements: osteoprogenitor cells, osteoinductive factors, and an osteoconductive scaffold. Stem cells from adult tissues are attractive materials for cell therapy and tissue engineering. These cells generally have restricted lineage potential when compared to embryonic stem cells, and this may be advantageous in certain therapeutic applications. Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have proven to be beneficial in bone regeneration. Bone marrow stem cells are pluripotent cells with the capability of differentiating osteoblasts so that they have been used to facilitate bone repair. Several studies have shown that seeding of cultured BMSCs on bioabsorbable implants can induce bone formation in vivo and lead to improved healing of critical-size bone defects.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because of their self replication and osteogenic differentiation capabilities are regarded as an excellent source of cells for bone tissue engineering. Autologous stem cells are not always preferable since the quality and quantity of such cells will be affected by metabolic diseases, old age, and osteoporosis. Allogenic BMSCs might be preferable to xenogenic, but they are always not readily available. In addition, allogenic MSCs have the potential for carrying some diseases. The use of non-autologous stem cells isolated from healthy donors offers a major advantage since these stem cells can be thoroughly tested and formulated into off-the-shelf medicine in advance. Major attractive advantage of BMSCs as a source of cell transplantation is their low immunogenecity. It is now well established that BMSCs are immune-privileged cells that do not elicit immune responses due to an absence of their immunologically relevant cell surface markers.

Series of experiments are conducted at different locations, times, or combinations of locations and years to evaluate the spatial and temporal performance of treatments. Such experiments are especially important in forestry and agricultural research when conclusions are intended to apply across wider geographical or environmental conditions. This chapter explains combined analysis of a series of experiments after individual experiments have first been analysed according to their respective designs. Particular attention is given to testing the homogeneity of error variances, including Bartlett’s test. When variances are homogeneous, pooled analysis can assess treatment effects, location or year effects, and treatment-by-location or treatment-by-year interactions, thereby evaluating consistency of treatment responses.

Abstract 

The on-farm programme on SRI was carried out in the village Narayanpur under RLI command area in Karimpur II Block of Nadia district in the year 2016 during summer season. The soil of farmland is clay loam and situated having latitude of 23°54’26.5"Nlongitude 88°30’24.1"Eat an average elevation of 9.75 m above the mean sea level. Monsoon ceases during October and cool season sets in by November. The average rainfall of this region is about 1500 mm and normal monsoon breaks in the first week of June. Though water resources in this area are generally satisfactory and 90% of these resources are tapped form the ground water source through deep and shallow tube wells. However, due to faulty crop planning and lack of scientific water management approach, a significant portion of agricultural area is identified as gray zone from hydrological point of view. Even many tube wells are becoming dry due to over exploitation of valuable water from the lower depths of confined aquifers. Rice is predominant crop during kharif season becoming less profitable because of high input costs involved. Summer rice gave satisfactory yield but also profitable proposition because of more input cost and less farm gate prices.  

Dogs, Cats and birds are pet animals.

Chromosome number of dogs-78

Good Angora breed yield wool of 2-2 ½ “ an average. On record, 8” of wool is also obtained.

Nitrogen is a nutrient and occurs in many forms including ammonia, organic, nitrate and nitriteeach of which may be tested for in a variety of ways. Under normal circumstances, the nitrite form of nitrogen will not be present in large quantities due to its rapid oxidation orconversion to nitrate. The presence of large concentrationsof ammonia in a stream or lake can create a large oxygen demand. This demand is caused by the conversion of ammonia to nitrate. High concentrations of nitrate in waste water treatment plant effluent can cause algae to grow in large quantities.

Current status

For many years, the protein contentof foods has been determined on the basis of total nitrogen content, while the Kjeldahl (or similar) method has beenalmost universally applied to determine nitrogen content (AOAC, 2000).Nitrogen content is then multiplied by a factor to arrive at protein content. This approach is based on two assumptions: thatdietary carbohydratesand fats do not contain nitrogen, and thatnearly allof the nitrogen in the dietis present as amino acids in proteins. On the basis of early determinations, the average nitrogen (N) content of proteins was found to be about 16 per cent, which led to use of the calculation Nx6.25(1/0.16 = 6.25) to convertnitrogen contentinto protein content.

Despite the benefits that minimally invasive surgery and osteosynthesis have brought to fracture management and bone healing, there are still many circumstances where bone healing remains challenging. Large bone defects are serious complications that are most commonly caused by extensive trauma, tumour, infection, or congenital musculoskeletal disorders. In nonunion cases repairing of bone defects with composite biomaterials as defect filler can promote bone regeneration. Currently, the gold standard for bone regeneration is use of autogenous bone graft. In order to avoid morbidity at the donor site or if large amount of autogenous bone is needed, bone substitution materials can be used. Bone substitution materials can be combined with cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to increase bone formation. Bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) represent an attractive cell population for tissue regeneration. Bone marrow stem cells are pluripotent cells that have been used to facilitate bone repair because of their capability of differentiating into osteoblasts. Several studies on the regeneration of bone have shown that cultured BMSCs, seeded on different bioabsorbable implants are able to induce bone formation in vivo and lead to improved healing of critical-size defects.

Calcium phosphate bone substitutes such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are currently used for bone substitution in many different clinical applications such as repair of bone defects after trauma or tumour and bone augmentation in spinal arthrodesis. Although these bone substitutes are osteoconductive, they often lack the osteogenecity needed to support bone healing in large defects and are slowly degraded in the body. Studies have shown that coating of hydroxyapatite with a calcium silicate layer could encourage cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Silica-calcium phosphate composite in comparison to calcium phosphate-rich biomaterials has a faster resorption rate owing to greater dissolution of Si ions. The use of several growth factors have been studied in bone repair and these factors are known to play a role in differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells specific lineages like endothelial cells or osteoblast. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been shown to accelerate bone healing in humans and animal models. BMP-2 acts by osteoinduction and is involved in the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells into osteoblasts. The addition of recombinant human BMP (rhBMP-2) to a self-cross linkable cellulose hydrogels/biphasic calcium phosphate granules construct promotes bone regeneration in a critical-size segmental defect model of non-union in dogs. It is also reported that protein, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) stimulates direct migration of human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) and contributes to the recruitment of MPC in bone formation and bone healing.

In the global scenario, the increasing energy crisis and consequent escalation of chemical fertilizer prices along with increasing risk associated with soil degradation have reviewed interest in bio-resources for attaining soil health and sustainable crop production. The use of organic manures, bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizers will augment the efficiency of combined application of nutrients to maintain a high level of soil productivity and rice production (Thakuria et al., 1991; Prasad et al., 1995). Several experimental evidences showed that the combination of various bio-resources with chemical fertilizers improved the rice production in sustainable way (Roy and Jha, 1987; Subba Rao, 1995; Mahapatra et al., 1997; Suresh et al., 2001).

Communication is a key to understand things between two people. Today’s communication is entirely different from pre-historic era and has taken many evolution throughout the years. Before alphabets, signs, symbols, letters and telephone evolved, communication was restricted to interpersonal interaction (i.e.) from one person to another in the form of gestures. It is in other terms called non-verbal communication. Today, communicating between two or more people has become too easy that one can communicate with more than 10 members at a time which is in technical means called conferencing.

The growth of internet has paved way for innumerable means of communication. In other words it can be told as, communication is re-defined by technology. Texts, email, tweets, tele and video conferencing have widely saved much time of people and made them recipients of today’s fast moving world.

Communication beyond history

Ancient nomads used to communicate with the help of drawings and paintings. Chauvat Cave in France is one such example which proves that communication through cave painting had taken place 30,000 years ago Before Christ (BC). Throughout the world many such cave painting monuments has been discovered. One in South Sulawesi, Indonesia and Coliboaia Cave in Romania gives an idea about how communication would have prevailed among people those days.

Later came symbols. Historical evidences prove that, symbols were used by people around 10,000 B.C. Through rock carvings pictograms were developed by ancient people to tell a story to their next generations through logographic images. It is said that, culture among human groups have evolved through rock carvings. Later, ancient cultures developed ideograms. Egyptians had their own style of communication called Hieroglyphs. Chinese created their own characters. Lastly, the alphabets re-defined language and communication was developed around 2000 BC.

INTRODUCTION

Aquaculture is a technology driven industry which relies a lot on research to develop species diversification in culture system as well as in the appropriate technology for commercial production. The rapid development of aquaculture in the world depends largely on the availability of fish feed; which are traditionally based on fish meal as the main protein source (Hardy & Tacon, 2002; Krishnankutty, 2005; Yigit et al., 2006) but the major challenge is its availability, quality and cost (Ghazala et al., 2011; Tabinda and Butt, 2012). In the aqua feed formulation, protein is the main but expensive ingredient and its quality and quantity in fish feeds formulation plays a vital role in promoting fish growth (Pandian, 2001). Dietary protein provides essential and non essential amino acids to synthesize body protein and energy for maintenance. According to fish species, fish size, dietary protein sources and environmental conditions protein requirements ranges from 300 to 550 g /kg (NRC 1993).

In India there is a significant development in fresh water aquaculture in last few decades contributing greatly to overall fish production of the country. The fresh water aquaculture is crossing the traditional boundary of concentration on farming of major carp and entered the arena of diversification to the culture of other species like catfishes. So far in India majority of research works were concentrated on development of commercial fish feed mainly for carps and shrimps. To fulfill the objectives of large scale culture of cat fishes and development as an economic proposition, it is necessary to take up induced breeding and larval rearing of commercially important catfishes in controlled conditions and develop easily adoptable package of practices of the same to cater to the needs of interested fish entrepreneurs. Among the catfishes, Clarias magur, an air breathing species and popularly known as ‘magur’ or ‘walking catfish’ is a high valued fish in the Indian subcontinent and fetches higher price than many other fishes including major carps and it is highly revered for its nutritious flesh which is therapeutic in nature, hence, better prospects are there for developing its culture (Hussain et al., 2016). Vishwanath (2010) reported that this species is very much popular in Bangladesh due to use as important part of the diet for children and lactating mothers and also prescribed as diet for the convalescent of the patients. This fish is highly regarded for food due to its high protein (15.0%), low fat (1.0%) and high iron content (710mg/100g tissue). Paul et al. (2015) in their studies on Indian catfish namely magur (Clarias batrachus) and singhi (Heteropneustes fossilis) for proximate composition and mineral content concluded that both the fishes are rich in protein, fat and minerals content irrespective of their size and season.

India’s journey through the 75 years of independence and its splendid achievements are acclaimed by the Government of India through its initiative, Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav. Since independence, the nation has traversed a great distance and achieved feats in various spheres, such as agriculture, science, technology, art and culture, to name a few. Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav commemorates 75 glorious years of progressive India and its rich history, diverse population, magnificent culture and great achievements. The Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi’s, through this campaign, envisioned the foundation of a self-reliant India, and he said, “The Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav means elixir of energy of independence; elixir of inspirations of the warriors of freedom struggle; elixir of new ideas and pledges; and elixir of Aatmanir bharta. Therefore, this Mahotsav is a festival of awakening the nation a festival of fulfilling the dream of good governance, and a festival of global peace and development”

1 . The government of India, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of India’s independence, organised a series of events under the campaign Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav. 

Animals worldwide provide meat, milk, eggs, draft power, skins, transportation, and a variety of other useful items. India has a vast livestock population with a diverse spectrum of species. Animal husbandry plays an important role in the life of rural farmers. Animal breeding is an area of science concerned with sound animal husbandry methods. Animal breeding is the use of genetics and reproductive physiology to improve the genetic makeup of animals. The goal of animal breeding is to improve not only individual animals, but the entire animal population. The breeder has two basic tools namely selection and breeding for genetic improvement of livestock. The kinds of selection are natural and artificial selection. In artificial selection, breeder has choice to choose superior animals over the average of population for desired traits and allow them to produce offspring for future generation. Animals are selected using four criteria (basis): individual selection, pedigree selection, family selection, and progeny testing selection. Individual selection selects animals based on their own performances.  Individuals are chosen through pedigree selection using ancestral records. In Family selection,

Augmented designs are useful when a large number of standard varieties or treatments are available for replication but new or promising materials are available only in limited quantities. This chapter introduces augmented designs as modifications of standard experimental designs in which additional, usually unreplicated, entries are incorporated alongside replicated standard treatments. Applications include testing new varieties, seedlings, medicinal plants, growth regulators, seedling carriers, and progeny under forestry and agricultural conditions. The chapter explains the principles of augmented designs and their applications in experimental research. It also discusses augmented Completely Randomized Design, including its layout, analysis of variance, and comparison of replicated varieties and unreplicated seedlings.

SYNOPSIS

Urban and rural agriculture are different entities in terms of stakeholder involvement and enabling environment for farming but they are dialectically interlinked in providing food and nutrition security of any country. Urban agriculture is more suitable on the production of nutritious crops, while rural agriculture’s first priority is to produce more food from staple. Attaining nutrition security is more complex than it is previously thought. However, while existing systems of production should continue at field levels by developing more nutritionally rich cropping patterns, its integration with farmers’ farming systems remains more important.

Food irradiation involves exposure of food to short wave energy to achieve specific purposes like extension in shelf life, insect disinfestations and elimination of food-borne pathogens and parasites. Compared to heat or chemical treatment, irradiation is more effective and an appropriate technology to destroy food-borne pathogens without much loss to the quality of food. It offers a number of advantages to producers, processors, retailers and consumers. Irradiation is a cold process and can be used to pasteurize and sterilize foods without affecting freshness and texture of food. Unlike chemical fumigants, irradiation does not leave any harmful toxic residues in food and is more effective. It is efficient and can be used to treat prepacked commodities. The FAO estimates that about 25% of world’s total food production is lost due to insects, bacteria and rodents after harvesting. Use of radiation can play an important role in cutting these losses and reducing dependence on chemical pesticides. The food borne diseases claim millions of lives all over the world every year. Irradiation of food can reduce these incidences by destroying harmful microorganisms.

The modern commercial poultry production in India is barely 50 years old, although backyard poultry keeping dates back to pre-historic period. In between 1955 to 1965, some Christian Missionaries had imported White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red and White Rock breeds, to upgrade the local chicken, having very high disease resistance power; but highly broody. Later, hybrid broiler (Arbor Acres) and layer (Babcock) strains were brought to India in early seventies, to start modern poultry industry. Among the two, the layer industry took wings early and registered a spectacular growth rate between 1970 and 1985. The broiler industry came to existence five years later and showed 25 -100% annual growth rate initially and 10-20% growth rate subsequently; between 1975 – 2005. The growth indicators of poultry development in India are presented

Protozoa are single celled eukaryotes which are either parasitic or free living belonged to family apicomplexa. These protozoan affects the different birds like chickens, turkey, ducks, pigeons, game birds and also various pet birds. The infection caused by protozoan diseases may affect one system or more than one system of the body depending on the causative agents involved. The common protozoan diseases like leukocytozonosis, chochlosomiasis, cryptosporidiosis, coccidiosis, histoplasmosis causes infection in the ducks. The protozoan diseases cause severe economic loss to the poultry industry due to death of birds, expenditure on the treatment and prevention of disease and loss of egg and meat production.

Introduction

Land is one of the most important resources on which human beings depend. The rate of soil degradation is continuously increasing with the advancement of science and technology, industrial expansion, urbanisation and population explosion. The most important cause of land degradation is the destruction of forests and other vegetation in sloping lands, riverbanks and other areas sensitive to damage (Pramod and Mohapatra, 2012). Anthropogenic activities like over grazing, wood cutting and burning have intensified land degradation, resulting in soil deterioration all over the world (Jin, 2002). Vegetation acts as a protective cover against the forces of wind and water, protecting the soil from being washed or blown away and preserving the physical and hydrographic balance of nature (Jain and Singh, 1998).

Synopsis

Food safety has become increasingly important with globalization due to various factors such as increased volume and diversity of trade in foods, greater public demand for health protection, changing hazards e.g., resistant microbes, more sophisticated methods for detection of hazards, changes in production and consumption pattern, etc. Food safety contributes significantly to food security as unsafe and poor quality food leads to illnesses as well as food wastage. This leads to a strong need to emphasize not only on availability of food but also ensure that the same is safe.

INTRODUCTION

The genus Pratylenchus was established in 1936. It has a cosmopolitan distribution prevalent in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions. The species of Pratylenchus are popularly known as lesion nematode or meadow nematode. They are migratory endoparasites. Various pulse crops are damaged by them. P. thornei attacks chickpea,  P.zeae on mungbean (Walia and Seshadri, 1986); P. mulchandani on urdbean (Nanad Kumar et al., 1969) and Pratylenchus sp.on lentil (Mishra and Gaur, 1980) and cowpea (Aung and Prot, 1990).
Besides pulses species of Pratylenchus attack a number of other crops also. The infested plants exhibit various types of symptoms and results in heavy yield losses. Investigations have been made on various aspects of host-nematode relationship, distribution, host range, yield losses, biology, life cycle, disease cycle, interaction with other microorganism and management through cultural, physical, chemical, biological methods and host resistance.

The modern breeds of chicken have known to be descended from the wild jungle fowl. India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka and Malaysia are the homeland to these jungle fowls. There are four known species of jungle fowl viz. Gallus gallus (Red jungle fowl), Gallus lafayetti (Ceylon jungle fowl), Gallus sonnerati (Grey jungle fowl) and Gallus varius (Java jungle fowl). The domestic breeds of chicken/fowl have originated from Gallus gallus.