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The earth has two motions. (1) Rotation and (2) Revolution. The earth rotates about its axis (west to eastward) with a speed of 464 m/s or 1669 km/hr. Its angular speed of rotation is about 7.29 x 10^-5 radians/sec or 0.26244 radians per hour. This rotation causes day and night and diurnal variations of weather.

The rotating earth revolves round the sun in an elliptical orbit (with the sun at one of its Foci) with a speed (orbital speed) of about 1.073 x 10⁵ km/hr or 29770 m/s or 29.8 km/s. This revolution causes seasons. It has been stated earlier that the apparent path of the sun with respect to the celestial sphere is called ecliptic.

ABSTRACT

As we all know that emergence of internet has completely changed the way of transferring knowledge. Online videos and lectures have been adopted by the online educational community to meddle into the MOOCs massively to disperse the knowledge. No field has remained untouched from MOOCs. This is basically a study on the available MOOCs in India in Library and Information science.

Keywords: MOOCs, Massive Open Online Course, SWAYAM, Library and Information Science.

1. Introduction

Dave Cormier devised the term Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) in 2008 to describe an open online course “Connectivism and Connective Knowledge” designed by Siemens and Downes. University of Manitoba offered MOOC for the first time in 2008 formally as a credit course to regular students and informally with enrolment open to anybody in the world free of cost. Since then, there is proliferation of MOOCs worldwide.

The genus was named after Morax who first isolated the organisms from human conjunctivitis in 1896.

Properties of genus

1.   Morphology :  Moraxella are gram negative, small rods occurring in pair (diplobacilli). The aged cultures exhibit pleomorphism, occurring in pairs or chains as short, plump rods with rounded ends. Some strains may appear as cocci. The capsule is present in fresh isolates of some species (except Moraxella catarrhalis). They are non-motile and non-sporing. Moraxella bovis contains numerous type IV fimbriae on its surface.

2.   Moraxella is aerobic, fastidious and non-fermenting in nature. However, some strains prefer anaerobic condition for their growth.    

3.   Classification : The genus Moraxella belongs to the Moraxellaceae family. Previously it was known as Branhamella. Most of the species are commensal except a few, which have disease producing capabilities. Important species are M. bovis, M. ovis, M. catarrhalis, M. boevrei, M. canis, M. caprae, M. caviae, M. cuniculi, M. phenylpyruvica.

4. Resistance : Resistance to physical and chemical agents is not remarkable. They are susceptible to desiccation and do not survive long outside the host. The beta- lactam antibiotic resistance is observed among M. catarrhalis isolates from clinical cases. This resistance is associated with the production of beta-lactamase enzyme.

Moraxella bovis occurs as short (1.0 to 1.5 x 1.5 to 2.5 μm), plump Gramnegative rods or, occasionally, cocci which typically occur in pairs. This organism is non-motile, aerobic and usually catalase-positive and oxidasepositive. Although proteolytic, it is unable to utilize sugars. Growth, which is enhanced by the addition of blood or serum to media, does not occur on MacConkey agar. The optimal temperature for growth is 33-35°C. Most M.phenylpyruvica strains will grow on MacConkey agar. But M.bovis and M.lacunata are unable to do so.
Virulent strains, when isolated from cases of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, are fimbriate, haemolytic and grow into the agar. Species, other than M.bovis, which are periodically isolated from clinical specimens, are generally regarded as non-pathogenic.
Usual Habitat
Moraxella bovis is found on mucous membranes of carrier cattle. The organism is susceptible to desiccation and is short-lived in the environment. It can survive for up to 72 hours in the salivary organs and on the body surface of flies, which can act as vectors.
Colonial Appearance
On blood agar after 48 hours’ incubation the colonies of M.bovis are flat, round, small (1 mm diameter), greyish-white and friable, surrounded by a narrow zone of complete haemolysis. The appearance is not unlike that of a beta-haemolytic streptococcus. New isolates are often piliated and erode the agar, sinking into it. Colonial growths will autoagglutinate when suspended in saline. On subculture, colonial variation is common, pili are no longer formed and the colonies are butyrous and less likely to autoagglutinate. Some colonies can become non-haemolytic. The strains of M. hovis (M.equi) isolated from
horses are non-haemolytic even on primary isolation. M.lacunata and M. phenylpyruvica are non-haemolytic on blood agar and some strains of M. phenylpyruvica will grow on MacConkey agar.

ABSTRACT

Mushrooms are in use for centuries in traditional system of medicines, and have importance in greater Chinese and western pharmacopeia. Morchella species are well known across the globe as a popular and prized edible fungi and unique culinary saprophytes. They have a long history of usage in the formulation of different traditional medicine for centuries due to their anti- oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous and immuno-stimulatory properties. Inspite of high demand and day-by-day increasing importance, cultivation of M. esculenta Dill.ex Pers and other morels are limited, however, there is a report that some species of Morchella are successfully cultivated in China. Phytochemical studies reveals that polysaccharide groups, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and vitamin D are the most active molecules present in morels. In addition to these compounds, morels are also rich in carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids and several kinds of macro-and micronutrients. Literature revealed that no data on reproductive biology of M. esculenta are available till date. Future investigation is required to study the life cycle and the ecological association of different morels to high altitude regions, and causes of their association with coniferous and broad leaved trees such as Cedrus deodara, Pinus gerardiana, Picea smithiana, Quercus and Castanopsis species. There is an urgent need to explore all traditional knowledge associated with morels, phytochemistrys and associated pharmological studies of major compounds, reproductive cycle and their basic biology for future conservation of this precious mushrooms for man-kind.

Irrigation status at the national level
Out of the 140 m ha of net sown area in the country, 50 m ha ia under irrigation working out to a percentage of about 35. In the different states, the net irrigation per cent varies from 12 in Mizoram to as high as 90 in Punjab. Though at national level the contribution from canal and under ground water are almost equal, yet in Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and the other North eastern states, it is predominantly canal system, while in Gujarat , Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh and ground water predominates as the source. In Tamil Nadu, tank irrigation is an important irrigation source with almost Quarter of the irrigated area under this system. In the other southern states as well as in Orissa also tank system is in vogue to a considerable extent. The unscientific water use in both canal and lift irrigated commands has resulted in raising water table in the first case and fast receding ground water table in the second case. Thus, there is an imminent need for reducing the irrigation water application in agriculture with out affecting the yield and there by increasing the Water Use Efficiency (WUE) The options for increasing the water productivity/improve the WUE are discussed here.
Prevention of water losses in transportation system
Huge quantity of water is lost during the transportation of water from the source (reservoir/main canal! tank/ wells) to the field and till it reaches the root zone. Hardly 20 to 40 per cent of the water released reaches the root zone. The irrigation efficiency can be increased by the selection of proper method of irrigation along with proper design. Apart from the high evaporative and seepage losses occurring at the reservoirs and main canal, considerable amount of water is lost as seepage and evaporation in minors, distributaries, field channel etc. The losses occurring in a typical project in the alluvial plains as reported by the Second Irrigation Commission is given in table 2.

It is estimated that the country needs about 245mt of food grains, 30mt of sugar and jaggery, 7 lakh of tea, 1.7 lakh t of coffee, 10mt of vegetable oil and 17m bales of cotton. For realizing this, irrigated agriculture has to play an important role. To achieve this water use efficiency (WUE) in the irrigation sector has to be improved considerably as bulk of the available water is used in agriculture. But, with the ever-increasing population and industrialization problems, the demand for water by these sectors is bound to increase manyfolds in future. The requirement of water by different sectors during 2025 is estimated to be 105 m ham, which is 30 m ha m more than the present one. The share of water utilization for agriculture is expected to get reduced from the present percentage of 8~ to a value of 73 by 2025. Further, the demand for water for agricultural purposes is estimated to increase from 470 krrr’ to 740 krrr’ in a period of four decades (Table 1). During the same period there will be four­fold increase in the water demand for non-agriculture purposes.

5.1  Write True/False

Q.1    The null hypothesis H₀ is said to be composite if it does not specify the joint probability of x₁, x₂, ......, x_n completely.
Q.2    We may write null hypothesis as :
    H₀ : θΣ Ωθ_0-

Botany

The plant is highly cross pollinated due to heteromorphism and bees being the major pollinators.

Varieties: PKM 1 & PKM 2

Method of seed production : Seed to Seed.

Land requirement : Uproot all the wild and non specific moringa trees if any near the field within a radius of 1500ft. Good drainage facility is must for moringa.

Isolation requirement : A distance of at least 500 M is necessary for seed production.

Season : Early season (July August), Mid season (September), Late season (October -November). Best season is September October, so that flowering starts during summer which facilities better pollination and seed set.

Abstract

There is a consensus amongst the geoscientists that overall there has been progradation along the east and west coasts of peninsular India. However, the present day configuration of the coasts and some of the geomorphologic features such as absence of spit and delta along west coast and absence of major estuaries and petroliferous structures along east coast still remain controversial. The present study, based on the appreciation of certain geomorphological and tectonic features on Landsat imagery and aerial photographs of southern part of Indian Peninsula, suggests that the evolution of the coastline has been mainly controlled by tectonism.

The tapering nature of the coastline is attributed to the Precambrian orographic axis. The serrated nature of the post Precambrian coast line is due to the Precambrian transverse faults, whereas the serrated margin of the post Gondwana, Post cretaceous and post Tertiary coast lines are attributed once again to the Precambrian faults reactivated time and again. During the Quaternary period the coast line has undergone many modifications. The coast line attained sinuosity due to Pleistocene folding which is well manifested by river migration. The coast line was subsequently faulted and shifted with en echelon pattern due to N-S regional compression which is referable to the collision of Indian Plate with Tibetan plate.

A. Morphological Examination of Bacterial Samples
Introduction
Bacteria are most widely distributed, the simplest in morphology, the smallest in size and difficult to identify. They are prokaryotic and a few are photosynthetic. Most bacteria are only 0.5 to 2.0 μm in diameter. Bacteria are generally rod, spherical or curved shaped. Rod shaped bacteria may vary considerably in length, have square round or pointed ends and may be motile or non-motile. The spherical or coccus shaped bacteria may occur single, in pairs in tetrads, in chains or in regular masses. The helical and curved shaped bacteria exist as slender spirochetes, spirillum and bent rods (vibrios). In this exercise the ubiquitousness of these organisms will be demonstrated in the air and water, on body and in mouth etc.
Materials
1. Petri plates containing nutrient agar
2. Sterile cotton swabs
3. Sterile water blank
4. Tube of nutrient broth
5. Materials for simple staining

Abstract

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is known as the king of oil seeds in India due to the high oil content (50-54%) of its seed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate morphology of sesame under high temperature stress. Seventeen released varieties of sesame (Sesame indicum L.) were studied during kharif 2009 under rainfed conditions. Analysis of variance on ten quantitative and qualitative traits was carried out. The mean, range, phenotypic and genotypic variation, heritability in broad sense and genetic advance were calculated.

Introduction
The Kashmir Valley, situated in the western Himalayas between latitudes 33°01'N and 35°00'N and longitudes 73°48'E and 75°30'E, spans an area of 4,920 square kilometers and sits at an elevation of 1,585 meters. This region is rich in water resources, featuring numerous lakes, rivers, and wetlands. The ecosystem benefits from a continuous supply of water from perennial glaciers, mountain streams, and a multitude of springs. It is estimated that more than Exclusively Distributed by NIPA GENX Electronic Resources and Solution Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 6% of Kashmir's land surface is covered by various types of water bodies, enhancing the valley's natural beauty (Zutshi and Gopal, 2000). Whether from glaciers, springs, rivers, or lakes, the water in Kashmir contributes significantly to its picturesque landscape. The Kashmir Valley hosts a variety of 23 fish species, both native and introduced (Bhat et al., 2020). Cypriniformes, the largest group of freshwater fish, are divided into two main superfamilies: Cyprinoidea (carp like fishes) and Cobitoidea (loach fishes). This classification covers a wide variety of aquatic species, highlighting the extensive biodiversity within the Cypriniformes order (Nelson et al, 2016). The initial documentation of cold-water fish in India was provided by Hamilton in 1822. The Cobitidae family, known as true loaches, includes species such as Botia birdi found in the Kashmir Valley. The family Balitoridae, specifically the subfamily Nemacheilinae, in this region include two scaleless fish species earlier named as Cobitis vittata and C. marmorata by Heckel (1838) but Kullander et al. (1999) renamed them as Triplophysa marmorata and T. kashmirensis and Paraschistura punjabensis. Loaches are a fascinating subject for aquatic enthusiasts and researchers alike. Found predominantly in Eurasian waters, these bottom-dwelling fish are recognized for their distinctive elongated bodies, small scales, and barbels around the mouth which aid in their sensory and feeding functions. Loaches are renowned for their adaptability, thriving in a variety of habitats ranging from fast-flowing rivers to stagnant ponds. With over 200 species classified across several genera, loaches exhibit a remarkable range of behaviours and ecological roles, from the well-known clown loach (Chromobotia macracanthus), popular in the aquarium trade, to the stone loach (Barbatula barbatula), a species integral to the ecosystems of European rivers and streams (Nelson, 2006; Kottelat, 2012). Loaches play significant roles in their natural habitats, contributing to the benthic community dynamics and nutrient cycling. Their sensitivity to environmental changes makes them valuable bioindicators for assessing the health of freshwater ecosystems (Kottelat & Freyhof, 2007).

Objective

1. To know the morphology of different spices and condiments.

Materials: The crop of spices and condiments available at Horticulture research farm

Method of observation: Identification of various spices and condiments plants by carefully observing the root, stem, leaves, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seeds of the plants.

General

1. Habitat: A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of plant. The term typically refers to the zone in which the plant lives and where it can find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction It is the natural home of a plant. Each habitat has its own particular type of climate like:
   1. Tropical Spices: These are grown at 1800 m - 3500 m height from ground level eg. clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, konkam, galangal, small cardamom, vanilla, black pepper, ginger, turmeric.
   2. Subtropical Spices: These are grown at 300 m - 900 m height from ground level eg. cumin, dill, fennel, coriander, fenugreek, onion, garlic
   3. Temperate Spices: These are grown at 900 m - 1800 m height from ground level eg. saffron, asafetida, caraway seed, celery seed, savoy, caper, balm, origanum, calamus, thyme etc.

Eventhough nematodes occupy nearly every habitat on earth, they are remarkably similar in morphology and life stages. Despite their structural complexity, certain basic principles are common to all nematodes. Nematodes are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented, pseudocoelomate, vermiform and colourless animals. The plant parasitic nematodes are slender, elongate, spindle shaped or fusiform, tapering towards both ends and circular in cross section. The length of the nematodes may very from 0.2 mm (Paratylenchus) to about 11.0 mm (Paralongidorus maximus). Their body width vary from 0.01 to 0.05 mm. In few genera, the females on maturity assume pear shape (Meloidogyne), globular shape (Globodera), reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis) or saccate (Tylenchulus semipenetrans). The swelling increases the reproductive potential of the organism. Radially symmetric traits (triradiate, tetraradiate and hexaradiate) exist in the anterior region. The regions of intestine, excretory and reproductive systems show tendencies towards asymmetry. The nematodes have one or two tubular gonads which open separately in the female and into the rectum in the male which also have the copulatory spicules.

The free living saprophytic nematodes are generally larger in size. The animal and human parasitic helminths may have length of few centimetres to even a meter or more. The helminth parasitising whale fish is about 27 feet long. The study on these animals and human parasites are known as Helminthology.

Eventhough nematodes occupy nearly every habitat on earth, they are remarkably similar in morphology and life stages. Despite their structural complexity, certain basic principles are common to all nematodes. Nematodes are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented, pseudocoelomate, vermiform and colourless animals.

Guava is a fast growing evergreen shrub or small tree that can grow to a height of 3-10 m. It has a shallow root system. Guava produces low drooping branches from the base and suckers from the roots. The trunk is slender, 20 cm in diameter, covered with a smooth green to red brown bark that peels off in thin flakes. Young twigs are pubescent. The leaves grow in pairs, opposite each other. The leaf blade is elliptic to oblong in shape, 5-15 cm long x 3-7 cm broad, finely pubescent and veined on the lower face, glabrous on the upper face. The flowers are white in colour, about 3 cm in diameter, solitary or in 2-3 flower clusters borne at the axils of newly emerging lateral shots. The fruit is a fleshy, pyriform or ovoid berry that can weigh up to 500 g. The skin colour is yellowish to orange. The flesh can be white, yellow, pink or red, sour to sweet, juicy and aromatic. The fruit contains a variable number of seeds (about 3-5 mm long) and its mesocarp is characterized by the presence of small (0.1 mm) and hard fibrous structures called stone cells (sclereids), which may cause damage to processing machinery (Toma & Luchian, 2019).
3.1 Reproductive Biology and Pollination
Research on breeding systems in Psidium focuses primarily on P. guajava, which is an allogamous species characterized by an open pollination reproductive cycle. Nevertheless, self-pollination can occur. Bee-pollination, in which pollen is the sole reward, is the dominant pollination system in Psidium. Species of the superfamily Apoidea are important pollinators of both P. guajava and P. guineense. Both species are also pollinated by the European honeybee, Apis mellifera. Psidium guyanense, P. nutans, P. rostratum, and P. rutidocarpum lack comprehensive studies of their breeding systems, pollination, and dispersal (Sarkar & Sarkar, 2022).

1. Morphology of Bacteria
Structure of Bacteria
Bacteria are very small with a diameter of 0.5 – 1 μm in size. Due to this small size the surface area / volume ratio is very high compared to that of large organisms of similar shape. The large surface area compared to a small volume facilitates easy nourishment of all areas of the cell. So there is no circulatory mechanism to distribute the nutrients and there is little or no cytoplasmic movement within the cell.
i) Shape
Bacteria exhibit three types of morphology;
• Spherical - cocci (coccus) - Greek word kokkos, meaning a berry
• Straight rods - bacilli (bacillus) - Latin word bacillus, meaning a stick
• Helically curved rods -spirilla (spirillum)
Variations in these basic forms are also seen. Eg: cocobacillary, ovoid and filamentous.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Electrocardiogram is a graphic record of electrical events of the heart recorded by the electrocardiograph. It represents the sum up surface voltage and direction of electrical activity produced during cardiac muscle depolarization and repolarization plotted against time (Fig. 33). The time is represented on the X- axis (horizontal line) and amplitude of voltage is represented on the Y-axis (vertical line) of the graph. The potential difference occurring over the surface of the body (at different lead placement locations) is associated with depolarization and repolarization of heart muscle (myocardium). The amplitude of the potential difference is measured as milli volt (mV) and their duration is measured in second or milliseconds.