eChapters

Three female goats with age of 3, 4 and 24 month with bodyweight 7, 6 and 15 kg, respectively were presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-AnusandhanSansthan, Mathura, DUVASU during April-May 2024, with a history of right unilateral swelling below the ear and submandibular region. Based on physical examination, radiography and ultrasonography, swelling was found to be a fluid filled cystic structure. Exploratory puncture of the affected areas revealed colourless transparent fluid. Surgical exploration was done and the cystic structure was identified as Coenurus gaigeriupon parasitological inspection due to the presence of its characteristic four distinctive suckers on the scolices and a rostellum with a double crown of hooks. Coenurus gaigeri is the intermediate stage of Taenia multicepsgaigeri. Following surgical intervention, the animals were treated with praziquantel, antibiotic and an anti-inflammatory medication. By the 7th postoperative day, the animals showed uneventful recovery without any complications.

1. Term biotechnology was coined by_____________. (Karl Ereky)
2. Applied use of molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology is _______. (Biotechnology)
3. Bacteria are present everywhere except in_____________. (Distil water)
4. The branch of science dealing with the study of microbes is known as _______. (Microbiology)
5. The unique properties of each amino acid are determined by its particular_____________. (R-groups)
6. Optical isomerism arises from the presence of a/ an_____________ atom. (Asymmetric carbon)
7. In the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid,_____________ enzyme catalyses the successive steps. (Eleven)
8. _____________ plants are used to accumulate pollutants from soil thus clears soil from pollutants. (Phytoremediation)
9. _____________ contains only one type of nucleic acid. (Virus)

Biodynamic Farming introduces biodynamic preparations used within holistic approaches to soil and crop management. The chapter systematically presents formulations BD-500 and BD-501 and the compost preparations BD-502 to BD-508, prepared from materials such as yarrow, chamomile, stinging nettle, oak bark, dandelion, valerian, and horsetail. Cow Pat Pit is also included. The discussion emphasizes the preparation and intended agricultural role of these formulations within biodynamic farming systems. By presenting each preparation separately, the chapter provides students and practitioners with an organized reference for understanding traditional and biodynamic inputs and their place within broader sustainable, ecological, and natural farming practices. for reference.

Canopy manipulation in fruit crops has a seasonal and a life-time development pattern and have lifelong advantage and disadvantage. The unmanaged canopy of fruit trees poses many difficulties i.e. difficulty in spray, pruning and hand harvesting, poor light penetration and interception throughout the canopy. Low early light interception, leaf area index and fraction of land covered by canopy, leading to delayed and poor cropping.

A watershed is a geohydrological unit or all the land and water area bounded by a divide which contributes runoff to a common point. Watershed is considered to be synonymous with ‘catchment basin’ and ‘drainage basin’. In watershed management approach, development is not only confined to agricultural lands but also covers the area, starting from the highest point of the land to the outlet of the natural stream. Watershed management becomes increasingly important as a way to improve livelihood of people while conserving and regenerating their natural resources.

Watershed management is the process of creating and implementing plans, programmes and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human communities within a watershed boundary. It implies the judicious use of all the resources,i.e., land, water and vegetation in an area to prevent soil erosion, improve water availability and increase food, fodder, fuel and timber on sustained basis.

Appendix-'H'    :    Do's & Don'ts During Commercial Nuclear Disasters

1.1 Importance

Perfumes, essential oils and aroma are some of the products which indicate religious values, living standards, personality development for personal use and adornment from years back. The Vedic literatures also indicate the presence of perfumes and aromatics and were used for religious purposes as well as medicinal purposes. The word perfume has been used today to describe scented mixtures and is derived from the Latin word, “per fumum”, meaning through smoke. Perfumery has been one of the Indian arts and was a famous centre for perfume and perfume products. The essential oil means a class of volatile odoriferous oils, obtained from raw material of botanical source that impart the plant odour and other characteristic properties derived through distillation (usually with water or steam) or expression and obtained in the form of an oily liquid. The oils extracted through expression are some time called “Expression oils”. The aromatic substances being used from the Vedic period are defined as those plants which possess odoriferous steam volatile constituent’s (essential oil) in them.

Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia and USA are the major producers of aromatic materials. China is becoming increasingly important as a primary source and a very large quantity of aromatics and flowers as raw material is available. European Union and Switzerland are the main world markets for aromatics and also has established as a largest consumer of essential oils. The world’s largest importer of aromatic materials is the USA followed by Japan. The latter accounts for about 10% of world demand especially for lemon, clove, orange, peppermint and cedar wood oil.

India exports essential oils of lemongrass, mint, sandalwood, palmarosa, cardamom, ginger and eucalyptus in adequate quantity under AGMARK certification. But, for a better export quality there is a need to study the customer requirements, quality assurance and standards to keep pace with International market, Total Quality Management (TQM) through adulteration detection and modern analysis techniques with economic marketing channels.

India possesses a number of resources as plant parts, ample land and varied climatic conditions with low production costs but the essential oil producers need to study the customer needs for a regular supply of best quality products at a competitive rates. Today, second important factor for successful competition is the quality assurance. The consumers, these days, are very much aware about the quality and safety of using perfumes, essential oils and other pharmaceutical products. The third most important point is the packaging which attracts the consumers most of the times. Proper packaging along with an attractive label is always a plus point for the marketing of any product. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and Good Manfacturing Practices (GMP’s) are the quality assurance systems which continuously controls and regulate the quality production of commodities, needs strict enforcement. ISO 9000, TQM and ISO 14000 series are the some of quality management organizations, working for the development of quality standards.

Blossom end rot is a very common problem on green and ripe tomatoes. It started with light tan, water-soaked lesion, and then increased to black and tough. Although blossom blight itself caused only local damage, secondary biological invasions frequently lesions caused fruit rot complete.

The overuse of chemical pesticides and farmers’ improper application of them have resulted in a number of issues, including residue in food, feed, and fodder; resistance developing; resurgence, secondary outbreaks; and, most importantly, pollution of the environment. This has caused a condition known as Pesticide Treadmill, which is characterized by the need to apply ever-increasing amounts of chemical pesticides. Integrated Pest/Management was developed as an environmentally sound substitute for the exclusive use of chemicals after Rachel Carson’s book “Silent Spring” in 1962 sparked widespread concern about the overuse of pesticides.
The IDM Concept
In disease management, every alternative control strategy—cultural, biological, mechanical, resistant varieties, physical, etc.—is applied in combination to keep the disease below the threshold of economic injury . In order to control the disease, pesticides are employed if it spreads and hits the economic threshold. With consideration for the agro-ecosystem, this approach to integrated disease management uses the minimum amount of pesticides possible. In reality, we don’t aim for complete control while managing diseases—rather, we let them progress below what is tolerable, such as the economic threshold. Additionally, it offers agents the chance to endure by controlling the diseases and maintaining a particular state of equilibrium. Therefore, the goal of the integrated disease management concept is to manage the disease using all available strategies while achieving positive effects on the environment, society, and economy.

Introduction
Chromosome manipulation, the targeted alteration of chromosome quantity and combination, represents a cornerstone of genetic enhancement in aquaculture. Initially rooted in early twentieth-century studies focused on fundamental biology—particularly in amphibian models—this field has significantly expanded to enhance desirable traits through methods like polyploidy and uniparental inheritance (Arai, 2001; Benfey, 1999; Benfey, 2011; Cherfas, 1975; Devlin & Nagahama, 2002; Felip et al., 2001; Guo et al., 2009; Hulata, 2001; Komen & Thorgaard, 2007; Nagy, et al., 1979; Nagy, et al., 1978; Neyfakh, 1956; Ojima & Makino 1978). Over time, researchers worldwide have meticulously refined these techniques, transforming chromosome manipulation into a powerful tool for developing aquaculture strains with improved performance traits. By the late 20th century, aquaculture research began leveraging chromosomal modifications in finfish and aquatic invertebrates to achieve increased growth rates, disease resistance, and enhanced survival, with such techniques becoming extensively applied in commercial aquaculture operations (Pandian & Koteeswaran, 1998; Piferrer et al., 2009; Purdom, 1972). Over the past 30 years, a wide body of research has focused on optimizing treatment conditions specific to each target species, yielding robust evaluations of various aquaculture performance metrics. These metrics, including survival, growth, reproductive maturation, and disease resistance, have proven essential in assessing the effectiveness of polyploid and uniparental (gynogenetic and androgenetic) progeny (Purdom, 1976; Refstie et al., 1977; Romashov et al., 1960; Romashov & Belyaeva 1964; Stanley 1976; Stanley, 1976; T. J. Pandian, 2011; Devlin & Nagahama 2002; Guo, et al., 2009; Hulata, 2001; Komen & Thorgaard, 2007). As aquaculture has grown into the fastest-expanding sector of animal food production globally, the demand for sustainably produced, high-quality protein continues to rise. This surge in demand is driven, in part, by the decline of global fisheries due to overfishing, pollution, and habitat degradation. Consequently, the aquaculture industry faces the challenge of increasing output sustainably, necessitating the development of improved fish strains that support the resilience and efficiency of farmed stocks. To meet these demands, a range of genetic modification methods has been employed, aiming to produce fish with desirable traits such as rapid growth, superior meat quality, and enhanced resistance to disease (Xu et al., 2015). Chromosome manipulation has thus emerged as a critical tool, facilitating precise genetic interventions to enhance farmed species’ overall performance and adaptability.

Introduction 
Tree-based biofuels, which are made from non-edible oilseeds of perennial trees, have emerged as a renewable energy source with considerable environmental and economic benefits. Unlike annual biofuel crops, tree-based biofuels have the potential for long-term yields, soil conservation benefits, and the ability to survive on marginal terrain (Dwivedi et al.,2011). Various tree species have been identified globally for their biofuel potential, with an emphasis on sustainability and low competition with food crops (Pandey et al., 2012). In India, there is a diverse range of over 100 tree species that produce seed oil suitable for biodiesel. These oil tree species can be cultivated on non-agricultural lands, ensuring that they do not compete with food and fodder production. Globally, tree-based biofuels are crucial for energy security. Palm, jatropha, pongamia, and mahua are among the feedstocks investigated by the US, Brazil, and Europe for biodiesel production. Tree-borne oilseeds (TBOs) are critical for biodiesel generation in India, which relies heavily on fossil fuel imports. India has implemented both the National Biofuel Policy (2009) and the National Agroforestry Policy (2014). The former policy aims to replace fossil fuels with biofuels, targeting a 5% replacement by 2012, 10% by 2017, and exceeding 10% beyond 2017. The latter policy focuses on integrated land use options for livelihood, environment, and energy security. Notably, important tree-borne oilseeds (TBOs) such as Jatropha, Karanj, Mahua, and Simarouba have been efficiently incorporated into agroforestry systems, yielding beneficial results and providing a significant source of non-edible oilseeds from trees. The need for alternatives to fossil fuels is particularly urgent for countries like India, which have a vibrant economy and high consumption of fossil fuels, heavily relying on imports. Biofuels, as renewable liquid fuels derived from biological sources, have proven to be promising substitutes for oil in the energy sector (Mahapatra et al.,2021). In India, the focus on biofuels is primarily on non-edible oils obtained from tree species’ seeds since oils from food crops like corn, sweet sorghum, and soybean cannot be diverted for biodiesel production (Raju et al., 2012). Tree-borne oilseeds (TBOs) are cultivated across the country in various agro-climatic conditions, including forest and non-forest areas, as well as wastelands, deserts, and hilly regions. India has a vast potential for oilseeds derived from trees, such as Mahua (Madhuca indica), Neem (Azadirachta indica),

Moringa oleifera Linn. belongs to the family Moringaceae, that consists of only one genus with about 13 species of deciduous trees (Keay, 1989). It is believed to be the native of India-Pakistan-Nepal borders, but now is becoming widely distributed and grown in several countries, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions (Satti et al., 2013). Besides some other species, M. oleifera is recently being the most widely cultivated in numerous countries in Asia, including the Arabian Peninsula, central and south America and in most African countries like Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameron, Senegal, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya and Sudan (Nasir and Ali, 1972; Ramachandran et al., 1980 and Parrotta, 2001).

Appendix-'I'    :    Mock Drill Reporting Format
    
Appendix-'J'    :    Suggested Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders

Wilt

Fusarium udum

Economic Importance

• Wilt is widely prevalent throughout the world but more important in India and in eastern Africa.
• Wilt is the worst disease of red gram in India, causing severe damage wherever the crop is grown, especially in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Tamil Nadu.
• The disease is reported to cause 30-100% loss in grain yield and may cause 100% yield losses in susceptible genotypes.
• The annual losses due to wilt have been estimated at $71 million in India.

Introduction
 
The major challenges in 21^st century are food security, environmental quality and soil health. Besides, shrinking land holdings and increasing cost of inputs in India merit adoption of scientific use of plant nutrient for higher crop productivity. The soil fertility and fertilizer use project initiated in 1953 following a study by Stewart in 1947 which was the first systematic attempt in India to relate the knowledge of the soils to the judicious use of chemical fertilizers. The soil testing programme was started in India during the year 1955-56 with the setting up of 16 soil testing laboratories under the Indo-US Operational Agreement for “Determination of Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Use”. In 1965, five of the existing laboratories were strengthened and nine new laboratories were established to serve the Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) in selected districts.

Palms are monocot species, belonging to the family Palmae (Arecaceae). They are perennial and distinguished by having woody stems. Coconut, Arecanut and Oil palm are the major crops coming under this group. Palmyra is a naturally occurring palm in many parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal States. Palmyrah is utilized by the locals for tapping inflorescence sap and for fruit. Palms of India are represented by 20 genera and about 96 species among which 24 species belonging to nine genera are endemic to India. The largest genus, Calamus with 44 species is followed by Phoenix seven, Pinanga five and the rest with less than five species each. The genera Borassus, Salaca, Livistona, Nypa, Hyphaene and Ptychoraphis are represented by a single species each. In addition, C. nucifera and A. catechu are extensively cultivated as plantation crops. They have almost naturalized in parts of Kerala and Andaman Nicobar Islands. Except P. sylvestris, C. urens and B. flabellifer which are widespread in peninsular India, the rest are of restricted distribution in specialized eco-geographical regions of the country. The forests of Andaman–Nicobar islands (13 genera, 24 species), northeastern and eastern Himalayan region (12 genera, 36 species) and the Western Ghats (7 genera, 30 species) are major centres of palm concentration. Nypa fruticans and Phoenix paludosa are fringe mangrove species occurring in salt marshes of Sundar-bans and Andaman–Nicobar islands. P. paludosa is also found in Orissa.

Introduction

Two types of interactions, i.e. competitive and complementary, are found in ecosystems and agroecosystems (Callaway 1998), which shape community structure, plant diversity and system’s functions (Callaway 1995; Pugnaire et al. 1996; Bruno et al. 2003). Competitive interaction in ecosystems (Wedin and Tilman 1993) and agro-ecosystems (Pandey et al. 1999) is well documented. Mechanism of complementary interaction, however, is not much understood so far. Some studies (Bertness and Callaway 1994; Callaway 1998) argue that complementary interaction is facilitative, either facultative or obligatory, and occur generally in harsh physical environments. This suggests that habitat amelioration by neighbours is a common denominator of positive interactions (Bertness and Callaway 1994; Callaway and Walker 1997). Other studies report that complementary interaction is mutualistic (Boucher et al. 1982). Irrespective of whether facultative or mutualistic, it is now well established that complementary interaction is evolutionary (Bertness and Callaway 1994). But, it is still inconclusive how two species exist together in ecosystems and agroecosystems (Bertness and Callaway 1994).

Abstract

Since the landslides have started spreading over to the most of the mountain provinces of all over the world, having developed expertise in Landslide vulnerability mapping, Factor of safety, Rock mechanic studies etc. the scientists and the technocrats have started focusing towards developing landslide early warning systems using instruments. As the instrumentation in such vast areas is not feasible satellite based monitoring of landslide movements is fast emerging. In this connection the paper discusses InSAR interferometry based landslide movements carried out in Nainital and Mansadevi areas, Uttrakhand Himalayas, India.

Keywords: SAR interferometry, Monitoring movements, Nainital & Mansadevi Landslides.

INTRODUCTION

Landslides pose greater threats to the population of India also, especially those living in mountainous regions, the top being the Himalayas. Many villages and vital transport routes are endangered by landslides and losses of lives and important infrastructure now become a routine phenomenon. Therefore, studies on surface displacements and landslide movements have become very important. However, due to the large aerial extent of the landslide prone provinces, this task may not be effectively carried out by ground based methods. In the recent years, the availability of interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data from a variety of satellite and airborne remote sensing sensors has emerged, as a potential tool that can yield accurate data on surface displacements. Although, monitoring of such low velocity deformations, as we observe in landslides, is only possible if considerably long time series images are available. InSAR derived displacement measurements are not only feasible but also moderate in their costs compared to many ground-based methods. This paper discusses Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) algorithm used to monitor landslide movements.

India has made considerable progress in improving its food security. The agricultural development strategy pursued in the country, particularly since the mid-sixties, is recognized and appreciated world over. The integration of agricultural research with quality education and a properly planned extension education system has been one of the fundamental foundations of this developmental strategy, which also led to revolutions in many other sectors of agriculture and allied enterprises. As a part of this strategy, several programmes of transfer of technology from research stations to farmers’ fields were launched in the country. These included National Demonstration Project, Lab to Land Programme, Operational Research Project and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (Farm Science Centers). The programmes were continuously reviewed from time to time and reformulated for their effectiveness. Presently the Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) have been recognized as an effective link between agricultural research and extension system in the country (Venkatasubramanian et. al., 2009).

Krishi Vigyan Kendras (Farm Science Centers), an innovative science-based institution, were established mainly to impart vocational skill training to the farmers and field-level extension workers. The concept of vocational training in agriculture through KVK grew substantially due to greater demand for improved/agricultural technology by the farmers. The farmers require not only knowledge and understanding of the intricacy of technologies, but also progressively more and more skills in various complex agricultural operations for adoption on their farms. The effectiveness of the KVK was further enhanced by adding the activities related to on-farm testing and front-line demonstrations on major agricultural technologies.

The term “diagnosis” is derived from Greek words dia (between) and gignoskein (to know). It literally means to recognizing a disease and knowing
difference between the two diseases or conditions. Therefore, diagnosis includes – determination of specific cause, abnormality of structure and
function produced by the causative agents and clinical manifestations associated with the abnormality.