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India has a unique social and cultural setting with diverse people, culture and religions. It is one of the oldest and greatest civilizations of the world. Geographically India extends snow clad Himalayan mountains in the north to the tropical rain forests of the south. It is the 7th largest country in the world and well recognised in Asia by its mountains, seas, deserts, and vast stretch of fertile plain land, which give the country a distinct geographical identity.

India has a very rich, diverse religious and cultural heritage. The four main religions of India are - Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism. Hinduism is the largest religion in India, with approximately 80% of the population is Hindu while Islam (Muslim) is the second-largest religion having 14% (approx.) share.

Religion in India is characterised by the diversity of religious beliefs and practices. In Indian history, religion has been an important part of the country's culture. Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world's major religions, namely, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism, which are collectively known as native Indian religions and represent 83% of the total population of India approximately.

Hinduism

Hinduism is the main Indian religion. It is considered as a religious and universal order, a way of life which followed by the people who believed in Hinduism. The word ‘Hindu’ refers group of particular people who believes and follow Hinduism, the oldest religion in the world. It has also been described as ‘Sanatana dharma’.

The most common indication for laparoscopy is to examine and biopsy the abdominal organs or masses. Additional diagnostic procedures that can be performed using laparoscopic guidance include gall bladder puncture to collect bile, contrast radiographic techniques for the diagnosis of bile duct obstructions, overdistension of gall bladder, portography and splenic pulp pressure measurement.

Rice is a staple food for millions of people in the world, particularly in developing countries like India. The demand for rice is growing with ever increasing population. In India more than 70 per cent of the ground and surface water is being used for Agriculture and out of this 70 per cent is allocated to rice cultivation. Each kg of rice produced with irrigation requires 3000- 5000 litres of water (Anonymous, 2011). The demand of rice in India is increasing with increase in population and is expected to be 140 m.t. by 2025 (Pandey et al., 2008).

In spite of its importance, little has been done to assess interactions of climatic variability with productivity performance of different livestock species, sustainability of livestock production systems, livestock based livelihoods and application of science of climate change on small holder and subsistence livelihoods. The climate and its change affect all productive traits and physiological functions of farm livestock and related livelihoods. Heat stress is the most detrimental constraint to livestock production, particularly in mountainous regions. Introduction and selection for highly productive animals and breeds has increased their susceptibility to adverse impacts of climate change. It is necessary to incorporate resilience through selection and breeding for thermo-tolerance and development of adaptable breeds. Modifications in shelter designs and management of production facilities will also be helpful in mitigating adverse climate impacts on animal production and health. Modern animal husbandry practices that target increased per animal productivity allow efficient utilization of feed nutrients and increase returns from fewer animals. Livestock need to be looked for their immense contribution to nutritional security and livelihoods. A well designed livestock production system is among the best ways for sustaining and improving livelihoods and this chapter details the possible options.

Abstract

The concept of functional foods has received significant media attention and, as a result, interest has focused on the need for research into the non- nutrient constituents of food plants. This has enabled market penetration of functional foods containing increased amounts of bioactive food compounds or physiologically active nutrients and non-nutrients within food that impart proven health benefits. Functional foods can take many forms. Some may be conventional foods with bioactive components that can now be identified and linked to positive health outcomes. Some may be fortified or enhanced foods, specifically created to reduce disease risk for a certain group of people. Numerous observational studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids enriched diets are associated with a reduction of cardiovascular mortality, heart attack and sudden death. In several studies, a higher fish intake has been associated with decreased incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiovascular mortality. A trial revealed that fish oil supplementation of 130 mg/kg of body weight each day decreased the number of stiff joints, duration of morning stiffness, pain and global arthritis activity. Many supplements contain active ingredients that have strong biological effects in the body. The bioavailability of nutrients within a given food is governed by the composition and microstructure of the food, commonly referred to as the food matrix. More specifically, numerous studies investigating the development of functional foods have shown that the interactions between nutrients and non-nutrients within the food matrix can be synergistic, additive, or neutralizing in nature. The preventive and curative effects of the functional foods on health concludes it to be integral components of established public health programs to reduce the risk of specific diseases.

Introduction

The hot arid regions are spread over about 31.7 million ha area mainly in the States of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, which inhabit on an average 61 persons per square km making up a population of nearly 20 million people. The Indian arid zone is characterized by high temperature and low and variable precipitation which limit the scope for high horticultural productivity. However, these conditions greatly favour development of high quality production in number of fruits such as date palm, ber, pomegranate, citrus, aonla, bael, grapes, guava and in vegetables such as cucurbitaceous crops, spices and some medicinal plants. The optimized technologies and inputs could increase the existing low productivity. It is now realized that there is a limited scope for quantum jump in fruit and vegetable production in the traditional production areas. The amelioration of the extreme conditions is also considered vital for life support to the inhabitants of this area. The recent awareness regarding the potential of these ecologically fragile lands for production of quality horticultural produce has not only opened up scope for providing economic sustenance for the people of this region, but also for bringing new areas to increase production through horticulture.

Biofertilizers are preparations containing micro-organisms, with capability of mobilizing nutritive elements from non usable form to usable form through biological processes. Bio-fertilizers have definite advantage over chemical fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers supply over nitrogen whereas bio-fertilizers provide in addition to nitrogen, certain growth promoting substances like hormones, vitamins, amino acids, etc, crops have to be provided with chemical fertilizers repeatedly to replenish the loss of nitrogen utilized for crop growth. Bio-fertilizers application in agriculture will have greater impact on organic agriculture and also on the control of environmental pollution, soil health improvement and reduction in input use. Farmers try to increase yields of vegetable crops by mean of heavy nutrition’s. The use of chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at high levels had an adverse effect on the accumulation of NH4+, NO3-, NO2- and PO4- in vegetable product tissues. Therefore, clean agriculture recently depends upon using biofertilizers as well as organic in order to produce high yields with the best commodity quality without contamination and less accumulation with heavy metals.

The application of high input technologies such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides have improved the production but there is growing concern over the adverse effects of the use of chemicals on soil productivity and environment quality. Thus, integrated nutrient management has become an accepted strategy to bring about improvement in soil fertility and protecting the environment. This strategy utilizes a judicious combination of fertilizers, organic manures and bio-fertilizers. Biofertilizer is a natural product carrying living microorganisms derived from the root or cultivated soil. So they don’t have any ill effect on soil health and environment. Besides their role in atmospheric nitrogen fixation and phosphorous solubilisation, these also help in stimulating the plant growth hormones providing better nutrient uptake and increased tolerance towards drought and moisture stress. A small dose of biofertilizer is sufficient to produce desirable results because each gram of carrier of bio-fertilizers contains at least 10 million viable cells of a specific strain. Biofertilizers means the product containing carrier base (solid or liquid)

Horse

The fascia in the cervical region of horse has two layers, the superficial and deep. Each of these is also double layered. The superficial fascia contains the cutaneus muscle the cutaneus colli. The fascia of the two sides meets at the median line along the nuchal ligament and ventrally at the fibrous raphe.

The brachiocephalicus is undivided. It arises from the mastoid process, nuchal crest and wing of the atlas and the transverse process of the second, third and fourth cervical vertebrae. The sternocephalicus is also undivided. It arises from the cartilage of the manubrium sterni and inserts at the angle of the lower jaw. The dorsal border of this muscle forms the ventral border of the jugular furrow. The sternothyrohyoideus muscle consists of two separate but unequal parts, the sternothyroideus and the sternohyoideus. The sternothyroideus is and the sternohyoideus is larger. The first part inserts on the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and the second part inserts to the body of the hyoid bone. The omohyoideus is more extensive in horse than that in ox. It arises from the subscapular fascia near the shoulder joint and inserts at the body and the lingual process of the hyoid bone. The scalinus has two parts like those of ox, but the dorsal part in horse is smaller. It arises on the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra and inserts on the first rib. The ventral part is very extensive. It arises from the transverse processes of the third to sixth cervical vertebrae and inserts on the medial surface of the cranial border of the first rib. The longus capitis (rectus capitis ventralis major) arises from the transverse process of third, fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae and is inserted on the tubercle at the junction of basilar part of occipital bone with the basi sphenoid. It does not form aponeurosis either at the origin or at its insertion. The rectus capitis ventralis (rectus capitis ventralis minor) is smaller in horse than that in ox. The intertransversarii cervicis (intertransversalis colli) are smaller and present six fasciculi. The most cranial of these is separated from the common mass formed by the rest of these fascicles.

MEANING & DEFINITION OF ACCOUNTING

Accounting is the science of recording, classifying and summarizing business transactions and events primarily of a financial character in a significant manner and interpreting and communicating the results to decision-making persons thereof.

The AICPA defined, Accounting is the process that are used in accounting, recording, classifying, summarizing and interpreting the monetary language in which financial language is expressed.

The recent concept of intellectual property emerged in England in the 17^th & 18^th centuries. The term Intellectual Property came in use in the 19^th century and in the late 20^th century. As of now the Intellectual Property has occupied common position in the global legal systems. There are different forms of Intellectual property rights which include patents, copyright, industrial design, trademarks, plant variety rights, trade dress, geographical indications and in some jurisdictions trade secrets too

Introduction

We shall discuss in this section some of the fundamental Statistical Tests that may be applied in the field of research in Aquaculture. Introduction to tests of hypothesis, test procedures and the concept of decision making are also covered here. At the outset, stages of research process and different formulae are briefly enlisted, for a quick reference by the young researchers. Later, a detail discussion is made on various fundamental statistical tests, including one-way and two-way ANOVA.

Research Methodology

What is Research

A good researcher should first feel/realize the importance/relevance of the research, he is undertaking. It should be quite convincingly clear to him particularly on the issue of “why” such research.

Plant parasitic nematodes are microscopic, thread like, soil-born organism, found in every conceivable environment. Severity of nematodes as plant pathogen is more a problem in tropical than temperate climate. These organisms are basically root feeders causing injury to the plants, which adversely affect the function of the root to absorb and translocate nutrients and water efficiently. This result into nutrient deficiency like symptoms, and as such nematode problems go unnoticed. Such symptoms are not corrected even after a dose of fertilizers.

Based on feeding habits, they are classified as migratory ectoparasitic, sedentary semi-endoparasitic or endoparasitic nematodes. They feed silently but constantly without killing the host producing debilitating symptoms and in the process reproducing to great numbers at the end of the crop season. Normally, nematodes complete their life cycles in a span of 20-25 days at temperature of 25-30 °C. They have a great egg laying capacity, which varies from 40-1000 eggs.

The most important nematode is root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne sp. distributed worldwide and can infest more than 2000 species of plants. Cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae - an important nematode pest of wheat, barley and oat, citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans associated with citrus dieback and slow decline, burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis causing spreading decline in plantation crops, the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis in vegetables and cotton and the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella spp in lowland rice are few other damaging nematodes.

Introduction

While Indian agriculture has evolved to provide food to our ever growing population, nutrition security still remains a distant dream. Fruits an important component of a healthy diet, are rich source of nutraceuticals. Such health components comprising of flavonoides, carotenoides, vitamins, anthocyanins and other polyphenolics provide health benefits of disease prevention through antioxidant activity and reduced disease risks. Of late there has been an explosion of consumer interest in the health enhancing role of physiologically-active specific food components commonly referred to as nutraceuticals and functional foods.

The term ‘nutraceutical’ was first coined by an American doctor Stephen DeFelice in the 1990s. Today, healthcare market is flooded with different new nutraceutical related terminologies like, cosmeceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, herbaceuticals, ayuraceuticals, dermaceuticals, nutri-cosmetics etc. A review of 200 epidemiological studies showed that cancer risk in people consuming diets high in fruits was only one-half that in those consuming few of these foods. Increased acceptance and use of nutraceuticals and functional foods in the western world has resulted in increased export of such commodities from these countries. World-wide market for nutraceuticals and medicinal plant products today has surpassed US $ 15 billion with the top markets being United States (US $ 3 billion), Europe (US$ 2.4 billion), Japan (US$ 2.7 billion) and Asia (US$ 2.7 billion). It is increasing at the rate of 10% per annum. USA holds a significant share (35%) in world nutraceutical market followed by Japan (25%). As per the US estimates, the market for natural food colorants is estimated at US $ 500 million out of which anthocyanin and lutein together account for US $ 200 millions. Other large, emerging international markets in south and southeast Asia and mid-east gulf countries include UAE, Qatar, Oman and Kuwait. At present nutraceuticals and food supplement based functional foods account for trade worth US$ 170 billions and India’s share in this market is less than one per cent.

Introduction

The guava fruit is a good source of vitamin C, pectin, calcium and phosphorus. The fruit is used for the preparation of processed products like jams, jellies and beverages. Guava jelly puree is very popular for its attractive purplish-red colour, pleasant taste and aroma. The puree can be used in juice, cakes, puddings, sauces, ice-cream, jam and jelly. Fruits can be preserved by canning as halves or quarters, with or without seed core (shells). Good quality salad can be prepared from the shell of ripe fruits. Their cultivation in India about 1.32 lakh ha area with production is 17.12 lakh tonnes. Biointensive pest management is use to major emphasis on conservation and enhancement of natural enemies and utilization of all compatible methods for achieving effective economical and safe pest control. These methods are the most appropriate in horticulture and in protected cultivation. The major aim of Biointensive pest management is to provide guidelines and options for the effecting management of pests and beneficial organisms in an ecological context. It will help to reduce the dependence on chemical pesticides and ecological deterioration. Biointensive pest management includes bio-pesticides derived from microbes, parasitoides, predators, botanicals and all conventional non-chemical methods or use of need based. Large number of insect pests has been reported to occur on guava at various growth stages. More than 80 species of insects and mites have recorded on affecting the growth and production. About three species of fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. Cucurbitae and B. Zonata found to attack guava fruits, B. Dorsalis being the dominant. Maximum activity of fruit flies is observed during August to December reaching its peak during September. Two species of bark eating caterpillars, Indarbela quadrinota and I. Tetraonis are commonly found in the region. Sucking pests included Mealy scale, Chloropulvinaria psidii, Mealy bugs Ferrisia virgata, Plannococcus citri, Tea mosquito bugs, Helopeltis antonii, aphid, jassids etc (Azad Thakur et al., 2009). The major pests of guava that are economically damage on this crop given below:

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Ever since the man appeared on the earth, he has been harnessing the natural resources to meet his basic requirements. Reference to soil, water and air as basic resources, their management and means to keep them pure are mentioned in the Vedas, Upanishads and in ancient Hindu literature. Agriculture began sometime during 10000 BC and during 1930 AD use of chemical came into vogue (Sarswat et al., 2003). The phenomenal increase in population of both man and animal in the last century and fast growing industrialization and urbanization in last few decades have overstrained the natural resource base, which are getting degraded much faster than ever before. Thus, the attention of whole world is focused on how to increase production to feed the burgeoning population and the question uppermost in every ones mind is “how can we produce enough food without damage to the natural resource base, in a sustainable manner?” Precision farming is a promise in this regard. It appears to reduce risk of crop failure (De Boer, 1997).

Verbal communication-definition and meaning-Verbal vs Oral communication - Types-Styles-Barriers to effective verbal communication

Meaning

Verbal communication takes place directly between the superiors and juniors in organizations and between farmers and extension functionaries in the field and is often known as face to face communication. It takes the form of talks, a public address, verbal discussions, telephonic talks, telecommunications and other forms such as audio-visual aids speeches and orders, holdings of meetings and conferences, lectures, social get-togethers, training sessions, public address systems, museums, counseling etc.

Definition

The Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein the message is transmitted through the spoken words. Here the sender gives words to his feelings, thoughts, ideas and opinions and expresses them in the form of speeches, discussions, presentations, and conversations.

Verbal vs Oral communication

Verbal Communication - Oral: It consists of spoken messages which include exchange of ideas, questions or comments. Few examples of verbal (oral) communication are face-to-face conversations, group discussions, counselling, interview, radio, television, calls, etc. Man is the only privileged species which can use language. Language is mostly used in speech and writing comes later. Oral communication has much wide and acceptable use when compared to written communication. As a part of everyday life, in informal relations or formal organization, we communicate more orally than in writing. Oral communication is a building block of human relations. Without oral communication, any interaction is lifeless. Thus, its importance cannot be ignored.

Verbal Communication - Written: This type of verbal communication does not require speech or sound. Though technically, written communication is nonverbal, it falls under this category as it includes the use of words and language. Few examples of verbal (written) communication are books, letters, text, newspapers, etc.

Major International Treaties Related to IPR & TRIPS

There are different forms of intellectual property like Patents, Copyright, Trademarks, Industrial design, Plant Varieties etc. Various meeting and conventions were also convened for the protection in these intellectual properties at international level from time to time and to bring uniformity and coordination among member countries. These were reflected in different treaties, which are mentioned below. Among all these treaties/conventions the agreement on Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS), which runs under aegis of World Trade Organization is most influential, comprehensive and inclusive of all.

Introduction

Aquaculture stands as the swiftest expanding sector within the food industry, with an escalating per capita consumption of fish-derived animal protein. India, as the world's third-largest fish producer, contributes significantly to this trend, boasting a fish production of 16.24 million tons, which corresponds to 8% of the global fish production. Nevertheless, several challenges persist and must be addressed, including the absence of species-specific or functional feeds, the dearth of genetically modified strains or breeds, the availability of high-quality fish species, and the rising incidence of fish diseases. Recent strides in "omics" technologies have furnished a potent toolkit and conceptual framework that enables the comprehensive dissection of the phenotypic and functional networks of genes and proteins within cells or organisms (Mohanty et al., 2019). This innovative research domain has spawned technological advancements that harness the power of "omics" to scrutinize diverse biological systems (Ning and Lo, 2010). The integration of "omics" in aquaculture research has effectively surmounted numerous challenges related to production and reproduction, thereby ensuring its relevance and economic viability. This technology empowers researchers to analyze an array of molecules on a massive scale, marking an early and groundbreaking technological leap forward in this field.

Livestock is considered one of the essential variables in the revenue of a farmer. The sector (excluding fisheries) contributes 30 per cent to India’s agriculture gross domestic product, and it is valued at more than Rs. 9 lakh crores. India is also one of the largest producers of milk in the world; around 70 million rural households are engaged in professions linked to dairy. India is also the second largest exporter of bovine meat after Brazil. This sector provides a substantial income to farmers and supports the economy by generating enough demand in the rural and semi-urban regions. This animal husbandry sector comprising dairy and poultry is extremely valuable for farmer’s income security, and Covid-19 has the potential to disrupt this sector.

In developing countries such as India, where dairy farming is one of the most important sources of livelihood for 60 million rural households, 80 per cent of whom are landless, small and marginal farmers who depend on dairy for daily income, the crisis is extreme. Thus, even a small decline in the growth of the dairy sector significantly affects a large chunk of our population which are already vulnerable due to low income, poor savings, and lack of livelihood alternatives. Small production in multiple households leads to more reliance on efficient transportation for procurement. In addition to this, the Indian dairy sector is still dominated by the unorganized sector which handles more than 50 per cent of the marketable surplus. Milkman and vendors collect a small quantity of loose milk from different households and then supply it to urban consumers, roadside eateries, hotels, and sweetshops. Closure of shops and restrictions on transportation has ruthlessly disturbed this arrangement. Even in the formal sector out of the total milk processed 65 to 70 per cent is sold as liquid milk which is immediately vended after packing and only 30 per cent is processed into other dairy products like ghee, butter, cheese, curd, ice-cream, milk powder, etc. Thus, the formal sector also lacks sufficient infrastructure and storage facilities for processing and storing surplus milk after value addition.

Introduction
Helminths are a group of internal parasites of animals and human beings that usually infest gastrointestinal tract that feed from the host which provides protection to the parasite. The infestation cause loss of blood and nutrients from the host, making it weak, and vulnerable to other infections. There can be injury to other organs due to the migration of different stages of the parasite, formation of cysts or secretion of toxins that can cause damage.
The heminths belong to two phyla including nemathelminthes which are round worms and Platyhelminthes that has flukes, and tapeworms. Nematodes are round worms who have a resistant cuticle and most of them have separate sexes with direct or indirect life cycle. The major nematodes include Ascarids, Strongyles, strongyloides, Trichostrongyles, Filarids, Trichuris etc. Tape worms have a flat body with a head or scolex, neck and strobili having proglottids. They are hermaphrodites and the proglottids contain reproductive organs. They require more than one host for completion of life cycle. The flukes are ususally leaf like , unsegmented and have suckers that help them to attach to the internal organs of the host. They also have a life cycle in more than one host.