eChapters

4.1 Introduction

Many styles of gardens do not follow strict rules and so those are known as informal gardens. Some gardens evolved as informal garden in due course of time as per the choice of people but some gardens are informal in nature from origin. Informal gardens are:

English garden

Japanese garden

Hindu garden

Buddhist garden

Laparoscopy is not only used in the examination of the abdominal cavity organs, surgical treatment but also in the diagnosis of the different disease conditioned by biopsy examination (removal of a sample of tissue from the living body for histopathological examination). Biopsy is indicated to ascertain a correct diagnosis, specific therapy and accurate prognosis. Laparoscopy is becoming an alternative method of monitoring biopsies of internal organs. It permits precise localization and accurate site on the various abdominal organs surface such as kidney, liver, spleen etc. Since, it is relatively noninvasive so it ranks highest amongst biopsy techniques. The technique allows visual control over the biopsy procedure, which considerably limits post biopsy complications and increases the likelihood of obtaining diagnostically useful biopsy specimens.

The solanaceous group of vegetables (tomato, eggplant, chili and bell peppers) generally take up large amounts of nutrients. The amount of nutrients they take up depends on the quantity of fruit and dry matter they produce, which in turn is influenced by a number of genetic and environmental variables. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) known as Tamatar in Hindi is one of the most popular and widely grown vegetables in the world ranking second in importance to potato in many countries. Tomato is widely grown in almost all parts of India and is adapted to wide range of soil and climate conditions. Tomato is consumed either as raw or cooked and is also very important crop for processing in the form of soups, juice, ketchup, puree, paste and powder. Tomato adds variety of colours and flavour to food.

Tomato is very well known for its nutritive value. Attractive red colour is due to lycopene pigment, pink and yellow colours are due to presence of anthocyanin and carotene pigments. Tomato is rich source of ascorbic acid, which varies from 15-31 mg per 100 g of fresh weight. Tomato also provides minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and sodium. Tomato is also rich in medicinal value. The pulp and juice is digestible, promoter of gastric secretion and blood purifier. It is also considered to be intestinal antiseptic. It is one of the richest vegetables, which keeps our stomach and intestine in good condition.

Introduction The Indian economy depends heavily on agriculture, which is also key to its expansion and advancement. In India, agriculture and related industries support more than two thirds of the people either directly or indirectly. 85 percent of Indian agriculture’s growers are small and marginal farmers (GOI, 2010-11). It is difficult for them to access markets, knowledge, loans, and agricultural extension services. As a result of the high transaction costs, the food sectors, finds challenges to buy agricultural products directly from farmers. This renders the supplychains ineffective and raises issues with food safety, lack of transparency, and traceability. Although debt is frequently stated as the direct cause of their misery, deeper problems including low scale operations, a lack of information, inadequate communication links with the wider market, etc., are also involve in these phenomena.

10.1 Introduction

The incredible technology usage in e-commerce over the last several years has resulted in the fast growth of e-business enterprises. Technological innovation has created new opportunities for online businesses looking to provide value added services. Technology adoption, enhanced customer support, and creative product development have given businesses the necessary competitiveness. Consumers are more demanding than ever and more aware of their rights. E-commerce businesses are pressured to develop and provide value for their customers in novel ways.

Viral Diseases in Domestic Animals
Viral diseases significantly impact the health and productivity of domestic animals, including livestock and companion animals, leading to substantial economic and emotional costs. In livestock, diseases like Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) and Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) cause severe production losses in terms of milk, meat, and wool. Similarly, in poultry, Newcastle disease and Avian Influenza outbreaks result in high mortality and disruptions to egg production. Among companion animals, viruses such as Canine Distemper and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) lead to serious morbidity and reduced quality of life. Current control measures rely heavily on vaccination and biosecurity practices, but the lack of effective antiviral treatments, coupled with the emergence of drug-resistant strains, underscores the need
for novel therapeutic approaches. Medicinal plants with antiviral properties have garnered significant interest as sustainable and holistic solutions. Plantderived bioactive compounds offer a dual advantage of modulating immune responses and directly targeting viral pathogens, making them a promising area of research for the management of viral diseases in both livestock and pet animals.

Cut greens are essential components of floral arrangements, providing structure, contrast, visual balance and supporting foliage around flowers. This chapter introduces commercially important cut foliage crops and explains their ornamental and economic significance. It covers species such as Adiantum, Aglaonema, Alocasia, Alpinia, Anthurium, Asparagus and Aspidistra, together with their cultivation requirements. Climate, shade, soil, irrigation, nutrition, weed management, pests and diseases are discussed along with harvesting, postharvest treatments, pulsing solutions and vase life. The chapter demonstrates how commercial cut-green production can complement flower enterprises and provide additional income opportunities for floriculture growers.

Sustainable development and efficient management of water is an increasingly complex challenge in India. Increasing population, growing urbanization and rapid industrialization combined with the need for raising agricultural production generates competing claims for water. Ground water has an important role in meeting the water requirements of agriculture, industrial and domestic sectors in India. About 85 percent of India’s rural domestic water requirements, 50 percent of its urban water requirements and more than 50 percent of its irrigation requirements are being met from ground water resources. Ground water is annually replenishable resource but its availability is non-uniform in space and time. Technically, the dynamic ground water refers to the quantity of ground water available in the zone of water level fluctuation, which is replenished annually. Hence, the sustainable development of ground water resources warrants precise quantitative assessment based on reasonably valid scientific principles. National Water Policy, 2012 has laid emphasis on periodic assessment of ground water resources on scientific basis. The trends in water availability due to various factors including climate change must also be assessed and accounted for during water resources planning. To meet the increasing demands of water, it advocates direct use of rainfall, desalination and avoidance of inadvertent evapo-transpiration for augmenting utilizable water resources. The National Water Policy, 2012 also states that safe water for drinking and sanitation should be considered as pre-emptive needs followed by high priority allocation for other domestic needs (including needs of animals), achieving food security, supporting sustenance agriculture and minimum eco-system needs. Available water, after meeting the above needs should be allocated in a manner to promote its conservation and efficient use.

Physiological disorders are non-pathogenic abnormalities that reduce flower quality, yield, marketability and postharvest performance. This chapter explains the causes and symptoms of physiological disorders affecting important flower crops. Environmental stresses, nutritional imbalance, temperature, humidity, light, water, growth regulators, storage conditions and other factors are examined. Disorders associated with Alstroemeria, Anthurium, Carnation, Lilium, Heliconia, Zantedeschia and other crops are described. The chapter emphasizes identification, prevention and corrective management. Understanding these disorders is essential for maintaining uniform commercial production and avoiding economic losses, particularly under protected cultivation where environmental conditions can strongly influence flower development.

The world ‘‘Unfruitfulness’’ means a state or character of being unfruitful or barrenness. It is a vital constraint in so many fruit crops leading to a great loss to the farming community. In contrary, ‘Fruitfulness’ is the state where a fruit plant is not only having the ability of flowering and fruiting, but also carry on these fruits up to maturity. The inability of the plant to do so is known as ‘unfruitfulness’ or ‘barrenness’. Despite of profuse flowering, poor fruit retention in an orchard has been found owing to poor fruit setting at initial stage and subsequently abscission of the fruitlets. All the trees of an orchard do not bear flowers and fruits in the same extent or regularly and sometimes fail to bear flowers and fruits under similar conditions while other trees bears heavily. Such type of characteristics of trees may be attributed to unfruitfulness. Thus, all the problems affecting fruit retention upto final stage can be considered under unfruitfulness of a tree. Therefore, it is a very complex problem of an orchard and needs proper understanding for economical and effective management to maintain sustainable production of fruit crops.

CAUSES OF UNFRUITFULNESS

There are innumerable causes perceived behind unfruitfulness. Majorly, It may be due to poor root shoot ratio, lack of balance between vegetative and reproductive (fruiting) growth, heavy crop load which leads to restriction of fruit bud production and finally short of the crop in the following years.

Concept of Review of Literatures

The Review of literature is a systematic, explicit, and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers, scholars, and practitioners. The Review of literature is also a resource paper, which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. These are available mostly in academic and scholastic journals.

Review of literature provides the basics for research in nearly every academic f ield. The aim of review of literature is to highlight what has been done so far in the field of interest and how our findings are related to earlier research. The review of literature also indicates the following by providing referential inputs.

(i) Approaches

(ii) Methods

(iii) Variables used

(iv) Statistical procedure

(v) Expected results

1. Introduction

Starting a fish hatchery has the potential to be a profitable endeavor with substantial income growth. Fish hatcheries are essential to the aquaculture sector because they breed and raise fish for a variety of uses, including commercial operations, recreational fishing, and stocking. This business has numerous advantages such as the opportunity for sustainable production methods, consistent demand for fish products, and very low initial investment expenses. Furthermore, fish hatcheries offer a practical way to address the growing global demand for seafood while also promoting economic development and job creation in nearby communities. The context for discussing the benefits and potential of establishing a fish hatchery as a way to double revenue was established by this introduction. In an established fish hatchery, fish eggs are produced and reared under carefully monitored circumstances in preparation for their eventual release into the wild or transfer to aquaculture farms. The potential of fish hatcheries to double income is examined in this introduction, which also emphasizes important aspects such as market demand, sustainability, technological improvements, and financial feasibility.

INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the most important inputs essential for tree growth, development and fruit production. Fruit trees need it continuously during their life in optimum quantities. It profoundly influences photosynthesis, respiration, absorption, translocation and utilization of mineral nutrients, and cell division besides some other processes. Both its shortage and excess affect the growth and development of a plant directly and, consequently, its yield and quality. In India, however, rainfall is notoriously capricious, causing floods and droughts alternately. Its frequency distribution and amount are not in accordance with the needs of the particular fruit crops. Artificial water supplies through irrigation on one occasion, and the removal of excess water through drainage on another occasion, therefore, become imperative, if the fruit crops are to be raised successfully. Water management in India, thus, comprises irrigation or drainage or both, depending considerably on the environmental conditions, soil, crops and climate. Applying the proper amount of water at the right time is important for reducing costs and maximizing profits. It is essential, therefore, that there be a scientifically sound method for determining when to irrigate and how much water to apply for optimum crop response and efficient use of resources.

‘Extension’ acts as a potential link between ‘research’ and ‘teaching’ which also facilitates transfer of technology. In this context new concepts, like Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) are becoming more meaningful now-a-days.

Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)
i) RRA can be defined as a systematic but semi-structured study, carried out in the field by a multi-disciplinary team over a short period ranging from three days to three weeks, based on information collected in advance from published and/or unpublished sources, direct observations and interviews as to generate working hypotheses for subsequent action
ii) RRA study aims at generating information on rural life and conditions that is relevant, timely, accurate and usable in

The two limbs of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal form parts of North Indian Ocean (NIO) on the left and right respectively. Though the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are located in the same latitudinal belt and receive the same amount of solar radiation, oceanographically these two basins exhibit remarkable differences. The reason for it is Bay of Bengal is shallow and less saline due to heavy river water discharge and Arabian Sea is deep and cold and more saline.

13.1 Introduction

13.1.1 Bridging the Gap: Towards a More Equitable Digital Landscape

In an age dominated by digital technologies, the concept of a more equitable digital landscape is paramount to ensuring that the benefits of technology are accessible to all segments of society. The term "digital landscape" encompasses not only the physical infrastructure, such as internet connectivity and hardware, but also the socio-economic and educational factors that influence individuals' ability to participate in the digital realm. The digital divide, often exacerbated by disparities in access to technology, internet connectivity, and digital literacy, presents a significant challenge. This paper, titled "Bridging the Gap: Towards a More Equitable Digital Landscape," seeks to explore the multifaceted nature of the digital divide and propose strategies to overcome these challenges.

Ixora is an ornamental plant which is a medium-sized, tropical flowering, evergreen shrub that is used in landscapes. The genus Ixora belongs to the family Rubiaceae. The plants have glossy green leaves which are arranged oppositely along each stem. All Ixoras produce clusters of star-shaped flowers on stem tips or terminal growth. They are grown for their beautiful flowers which bloom in summer in clusters of different shades of red, pink or yellow (De Block, 1998 and Husain and Paul, 1988). The colour of the wild flowers is red or reddish-orange but ornamental varieties may have white, yellow, salmon or pink flowers. It is commonly known as West Indian Jasmine. The other common names of this plant are Jungle Geranium, Flame of the Woods, Jungle Flame, Burning Love, Red Ixora, Ixora, Amor Ardiente, Cruz de Malta, Dola de Coral, Equisosea and Rajana (Griffiths,1994 and Liogier,1997), Rangan, Kheme, Ponna, Chann Tanea, Techi, Pan, Santan, Jarum-Jarum and many more. Members of Ixora prefer acidic soil and are suitable for bonsai (Frommer, 2001). I. coccinea is used extensively for landscaping and is also grown as a potted ornamental (Lakshmanan et al., 1997). Ixora coccinea and Ixora parviflora are generally used as the ornamental plants in gardens and parks.

It is also a popular choice for hedges in parts of South East Asia like Thailand. Red Ixora flowers are commonly used in Hindu worship as well as in Indian folk medicine. The flowers, leaves, roots and the stems are used to treat various ailments in the Indian traditional system of medicine, the Ayurveda. The fruits are used as a dietary source. The plant possesses antioxidative, antibacterial, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiarrhoeal, antinociceptive, antimutagenic, antineoplastic and chemopreventive effects. The oil extracted from the flowers is helpful in conditions like scabies, eczema, pruritis and other skin infections. It is also used for hedges and borders and planted as an indoor potted plant. In laboratory tests, extracts of Jungle Geranium have shown anti-bacterial (Kumer et al., 1997) and anti-tumour (Serrame and Lim-Sylianco, 1995 and Latha and Panikkar, 2000) activity. From a methanol extract of the flowers, 13 chemicals were identified including ursolic acid which has known antitumor and antiviral activity (Monteath et al., 2001). In the traditional medicine of India, infusions of the leaves and juice from the roots are used to treat a wide variety of ailments including dysentery, ulcers, and gonorrhea (Parrotta, 2001).

ABSTRACT

Medicinal plants are known to contain innumerable bioactive compounds that play an important role in conventional as well as western medicine. These bioactive molecules occur in plants as secondary metabolites, which have pharmacological relevance and aid in defense mechanism. In India, herbal medicines have been the basis of treatment and cure for various diseases. Conventionally, natural products have been tested as crude extracts containing complex mixtures of compounds, which if showing a desired activity, require a process of purification and identification of the active components, which can be lengthy and efficient.

In order to understand the function of these active compounds, X-ray crystallographic studies are carried out.

The present study involves the three dimensional structure analysis of purified compounds from the plants Phyllanthus amarus, Sphaeranthus indicus, Scoparia dulcis and Mangifera indica and Leonotis nepetaefolia.

Introduction

About 65 percent population of the country is living in the economically undeveloped area. Therefore, many evils such as illiteracy, superstitions, unhealthy practices etc. took roots in our country. After Second World War or after independence, it was thought to settle all these problems properly and so, many development programmes were reinvigorated. It is wrong to declare that there was nothing done during slavery period. However, those works, which were executed at that time, were very few in number according to the needs. Looking at a vast country like India, during British rule some selected social workers had started some programmes of rural development. The evolution of extension programme is described in two stages.